Treatment options for prostate cancer (PCa) are diverse and depend on the stage of the disease. Surgical radical prostatectomy or local radiation therapies, including external beam radiation and brachytherapy, remain standard approaches for …

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) encompasses a heterogeneous group of histologically confirmed metastatic cancers where the primary site remains unknown despite standardized diagnostic workup [ 1 ]. In the head and neck region, cervical CUP accounts …

EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 15% of lung adenocarcinomas in Western populations and up to 50% in Asian cohorts [ 1 ]. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have dramatically changed the therapeutic …

Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors pose significant challenges due to their heterogeneous nature, frequently limited prognosis, and substantial impact on quality of life. Despite advances in biological characterization, tumor …

Primary cutaneous T‑cell lymphomas (CTCLs) represent a heterogenous group of lymphomas that manifest within the skin, without any extracutaneous involvement at the initial diagnosis [ 1 ]. This pathology is considered rare, with an annual incidence …

Prostate cancer remains one of the most prevalent cancers in men, usually presenting at a late stage with metastasis. Nearly all cells in the body, as well as cancerous cells, produce extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are nanoparticles that …

LILRB4 consists of two extracellular immunoglobulin domains: a transmembrane domain and three immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). As an inhibitory receptor, it is essential for immune checkpoint pathways. It also regulates the …