Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 1/2019

12.04.2019 | leitlinien für die praxis

Lebensstil: körperliche Aktivität und Training in der Prävention und Therapie des Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus (Update 2019)

verfasst von: Claudia Francesconi, Josef Niebauer, Paul Haber, Raimund Weitgasser, Christian Lackinger

Erschienen in: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift | Sonderheft 1/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Lebensstil, insbesondere regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil in der Prävention und Therapie des Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus und sollte fester Bestandteil jeglicher Betreuung von Patienten sein. Es besteht breiter Konsens, dass eine effiziente Diabetes-Prävention und Therapie in den meisten Fällen auch von einer Modifikation des Lebensstils begleitet sein muss.
Ziele der Förderung der körperlichen Aktivität sind zunächst das Training des Herz-Kreislaufsystems, Kräftigung der Muskulatur, Steigerung des Energieverbrauchs und die Reduktion von Inaktivität. Für einen substanziellen gesundheitlichen Nutzen sind wöchentlich mindestens 150 min aerobe körperliche Aktivität mit mittlerer oder höherer Intensität und zusätzlich muskelkräftigende Bewegungen erforderlich.
Der positive Effekt von Bewegung steht in direktem Verhältnis zum Grad der erreichten kardiorespiratorischen Fitness, der erreicht wird. und hält nur so lange an, wie diese aufrechterhalten werden kann. Der Effekt von Bewegung ist alters- und geschlechtsunabhängig und reproduzierbar. Körperliches Training im Speziellen hat die Potenz nicht nur positiven Einfluss auf die Glykämie durch Verbesserung der Insulinresistenz und funktionelle Verbesserung der Insulinsekretion zu nehmen, sondern ist auch in der Lage, das kardiovaskuläre Risiko zu senken.
Inaktivität per se gilt unabhängig vom Konstrukt der körperlichen Aktivität als Risikofaktor. Insbesondere langandauernde sitzende Tätigkeit soll vermieden werden.
Angeleitete Bewegungsprogramme sind bestens geeignet, um ein ausreichendes wöchentliches Ausmaß an gesundheitsfördernder körperlicher Aktivität zu erreichen. Großes Potential liegt in standardisierten, regionalen Bewegungsangeboten, jedoch gibt es aktuell noch viele Barrieren in der Verordnung von körperlicher Aktivität. Um dieser Herausforderung gerecht zu werden, fordert die Österreichische Diabetes Gesellschaft die Position des Bewegungsberaters als fixen Bestandteil eines multidisziplinären Behandlungsansatzes.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Marwick TH, Hordern MD, Miller T, Chyun DA, Bertoni AG, Blumenthal RS, et al. Exercise training for type 2 diabetes mellitus: impact on cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;30;119(25):3244–62. Jun.CrossRef Marwick TH, Hordern MD, Miller T, Chyun DA, Bertoni AG, Blumenthal RS, et al. Exercise training for type 2 diabetes mellitus: impact on cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;30;119(25):3244–62. Jun.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruce CR, Thrush AB, Mertz VA, Bezaire V, Chabowski A, Heigenhauser GJ, et al. Endurance training in obese humans improves glucose tolerance and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and alters muscle lipid content. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291:99–107.CrossRef Bruce CR, Thrush AB, Mertz VA, Bezaire V, Chabowski A, Heigenhauser GJ, et al. Endurance training in obese humans improves glucose tolerance and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and alters muscle lipid content. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291:99–107.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Barakat A, Williams KM, Prevost AT, Kinmonth AL, Wareham NJ, Griffin SJ, et al. Changes in physical activity and modelled cardiovascular risk following diagnosis of diabetes: 1‑year results from the ADDITION-Cambridge trial cohort. Diabet Med. 2013;30(2):233–8. Feb.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Barakat A, Williams KM, Prevost AT, Kinmonth AL, Wareham NJ, Griffin SJ, et al. Changes in physical activity and modelled cardiovascular risk following diagnosis of diabetes: 1‑year results from the ADDITION-Cambridge trial cohort. Diabet Med. 2013;30(2):233–8. Feb.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Larose J, Sigal RJ, Khandwala F, Kenny GP. Comparison of strength development with resistance training and combined exercise training in type 2 diabetes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;22(4):e45–54. Aug.PubMedCrossRef Larose J, Sigal RJ, Khandwala F, Kenny GP. Comparison of strength development with resistance training and combined exercise training in type 2 diabetes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;22(4):e45–54. Aug.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Blüher M, Bullen JWJ, Lee JH, Kralisch S, Fasshauer M, Klöting N, et al. Circulating adiponectin and expression of adiponectin receptors in human skeletal muscle: associations with metabolic parameters and insulin resistance and regulation by physical training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(6):2310–6.PubMedCrossRef Blüher M, Bullen JWJ, Lee JH, Kralisch S, Fasshauer M, Klöting N, et al. Circulating adiponectin and expression of adiponectin receptors in human skeletal muscle: associations with metabolic parameters and insulin resistance and regulation by physical training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(6):2310–6.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Oberbach A, Bossenz Y, Lehmann S, Niebauer J, Adams V, Paschke R, et al. Altered fiber distribution and fiber-specific glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activity in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(4):895–900.PubMedCrossRef Oberbach A, Bossenz Y, Lehmann S, Niebauer J, Adams V, Paschke R, et al. Altered fiber distribution and fiber-specific glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activity in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(4):895–900.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Sixt S, Beer S, Bluher M, Korff N, Peschel T, Sonnabend M, et al. Long- but not short-term multifactorial intervention with focus on exercise training improves coronary endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus type 2 and coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(1):112–9.PubMedCrossRef Sixt S, Beer S, Bluher M, Korff N, Peschel T, Sonnabend M, et al. Long- but not short-term multifactorial intervention with focus on exercise training improves coronary endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus type 2 and coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(1):112–9.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Seals DR, Hagberg JM, Hurley BF, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. Effects of endurance training on glucose tolerance and plasma lipid levels in older men and women. JAMA. 1984;252(5):645–9.PubMedCrossRef Seals DR, Hagberg JM, Hurley BF, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. Effects of endurance training on glucose tolerance and plasma lipid levels in older men and women. JAMA. 1984;252(5):645–9.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Valenta I, Dilsizian V, Quercioli A, Schelbert HR, Schindler TH. The influence of insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes mellitus on vascular tone and myocardial blood flow. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2012;14(2):217–25. Apr.PubMedCrossRef Valenta I, Dilsizian V, Quercioli A, Schelbert HR, Schindler TH. The influence of insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes mellitus on vascular tone and myocardial blood flow. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2012;14(2):217–25. Apr.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Brooks N, Layne JE, Gordon PL, Roubenoff R, Nelson ME, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Strength training improves muscle quality and insulin sensitivity in Hispanic older adults with type 2 diabetes. Int J Med Sci. 2006;18(4):19–27. Brooks N, Layne JE, Gordon PL, Roubenoff R, Nelson ME, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Strength training improves muscle quality and insulin sensitivity in Hispanic older adults with type 2 diabetes. Int J Med Sci. 2006;18(4):19–27.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan S, Li W, Wang J. Effects of six months of combined aerobic and resistance training for elderly patients with a long history of type 2 diabetes. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11(3):495–501.PubMedPubMedCentral Tan S, Li W, Wang J. Effects of six months of combined aerobic and resistance training for elderly patients with a long history of type 2 diabetes. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11(3):495–501.PubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Niebauer J, Schreier MM, Bauer U, Reiss J, Osterbrink J, Iglseder B. Combined endurance and resistance training during geriatric day care improve exercise capacity, balance and strength. Sports Orthopaedics and. Traumatology (Tallahass Fla). 2018;34(1):15–22. Niebauer J, Schreier MM, Bauer U, Reiss J, Osterbrink J, Iglseder B. Combined endurance and resistance training during geriatric day care improve exercise capacity, balance and strength. Sports Orthopaedics and. Traumatology (Tallahass Fla). 2018;34(1):15–22.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat U.S. Department of Health Human services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2007 [11. Nov. 2013]; Available from: Accessed Februar 10 2013. U.S. Department of Health Human services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2007 [11. Nov. 2013]; Available from: Accessed Februar 10 2013.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett DR Jr., Tudor-Locke C, et al. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(8):1575–81.PubMedCrossRef Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett DR Jr., Tudor-Locke C, et al. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(8):1575–81.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Titze S, Ring-Dimitriou S, Schober P, Halbwachs C, Samitz G, Miko H, et al. Österreichische Empfehlungen für gesundheitswirksame Bewegung. Wien: Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, Geschäftsbereich Fonds Gesundes Österreich; 2010. Titze S, Ring-Dimitriou S, Schober P, Halbwachs C, Samitz G, Miko H, et al. Österreichische Empfehlungen für gesundheitswirksame Bewegung. Wien: Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, Geschäftsbereich Fonds Gesundes Österreich; 2010.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Lackinger C, Dorner TE. Achievement of physical activity recommendation and activity levels in students of human medicine compared with the general Austrian population aged between 20 and 29 years. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2015;19:116–23.CrossRef Lackinger C, Dorner TE. Achievement of physical activity recommendation and activity levels in students of human medicine compared with the general Austrian population aged between 20 and 29 years. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2015;19:116–23.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Drechsler K, Dietz R, Klein H, Wollert KC, Storp D, Molling J, et al. Euro heart failure survey. Medical treatment not in line with current guidelines. Z Kardiol. 2005;94(8):510–5.PubMedCrossRef Drechsler K, Dietz R, Klein H, Wollert KC, Storp D, Molling J, et al. Euro heart failure survey. Medical treatment not in line with current guidelines. Z Kardiol. 2005;94(8):510–5.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;3;344(18):1343–50. May.CrossRef Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;3;344(18):1343–50. May.CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;7;346(6):393–403. Feb. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;7;346(6):393–403. Feb.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindstrom J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson JG, Hemio K, et al. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet. 2006;11;368(9548):1673–9. Nov.CrossRef Lindstrom J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson JG, Hemio K, et al. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet. 2006;11;368(9548):1673–9. Nov.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat American Diabetes Association. Diabetes clinical practice recommendations focus attention on individualization of care. Med Econ. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2014;25;91(16):22. Aug. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes clinical practice recommendations focus attention on individualization of care. Med Econ. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2014;25;91(16):22. Aug.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Standards of medical care in diabetes—2012. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan;35 Suppl 1:S11–63. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2012. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan;35 Suppl 1:S11–63.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes: recommendations for standard, comprehensive, and minimal care. Diabet Med. 2006 Jun;23(6):579–93. Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes: recommendations for standard, comprehensive, and minimal care. Diabet Med. 2006 Jun;23(6):579–93.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Colberg S, Sigal R, Fernhall B, Regensteiner J, Blissmer B, Rubin R, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):147–67.CrossRef Colberg S, Sigal R, Fernhall B, Regensteiner J, Blissmer B, Rubin R, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):147–67.CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Blair SN, Sallis RE, Hutber A, Archer E. Exercise therapy—the public health message. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;22(4):e24–8. Aug.PubMedCrossRef Blair SN, Sallis RE, Hutber A, Archer E. Exercise therapy—the public health message. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;22(4):e24–8. Aug.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Weitgasser R, Niebauer J. [Life-style modification]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2012 Dec;124 Suppl 2:7–9.PubMedCrossRef Weitgasser R, Niebauer J. [Life-style modification]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2012 Dec;124 Suppl 2:7–9.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006 Feb;16 Suppl 1:3–63.PubMedCrossRef Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006 Feb;16 Suppl 1:3–63.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirk AF, Barnett J, Mutrie N. Physical activity consultation for people with Type 2 diabetes. Evidence and guidelines. Diabet Med. 2007;24:809–16.PubMedCrossRef Kirk AF, Barnett J, Mutrie N. Physical activity consultation for people with Type 2 diabetes. Evidence and guidelines. Diabet Med. 2007;24:809–16.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, De Feo P, Cavallo S, Cardelli P, et al. Effect of an intensive exercise intervention strategy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial: the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). Arch Intern Med. 2010;8;170(20):1794–803. Nov.CrossRef Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, De Feo P, Cavallo S, Cardelli P, et al. Effect of an intensive exercise intervention strategy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial: the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). Arch Intern Med. 2010;8;170(20):1794–803. Nov.CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Lackinger C, Lamprecht T, Winhofer Y, Kosi L, Kautzky-Willer A. Recruitment of patients with type 2 diabetes for target group specific exercise programs at an Outpatient Department of a Medical University: A factor analysis. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2011;123(11–12):350–3. Jun.PubMedCrossRef Lackinger C, Lamprecht T, Winhofer Y, Kosi L, Kautzky-Willer A. Recruitment of patients with type 2 diabetes for target group specific exercise programs at an Outpatient Department of a Medical University: A factor analysis. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2011;123(11–12):350–3. Jun.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Bax JJ, Young LH, Frye RL, Bonow RO, Steinberg HO, Barrett EJ. Screening for coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(10):2729–36.PubMedCrossRef Bax JJ, Young LH, Frye RL, Bonow RO, Steinberg HO, Barrett EJ. Screening for coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(10):2729–36.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Mallah MH, Juraschek SP, Whelton S, Dardari ZA, Ehrman JK, Michos ED, et al. Sex Differences in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: The Henry Ford ExercIse Testing (FIT) Project. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(6):755–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Al-Mallah MH, Juraschek SP, Whelton S, Dardari ZA, Ehrman JK, Michos ED, et al. Sex Differences in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: The Henry Ford ExercIse Testing (FIT) Project. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(6):755–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Department of Health. s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for Adults. Australia: years). Canberra; 2014. S. 18–64. Department of Health. s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for Adults. Australia: years). Canberra; 2014. S. 18–64.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Young DR, Hivert MF, Alhassan S, Camhi SM, Ferguson JF, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(13):15.CrossRef Young DR, Hivert MF, Alhassan S, Camhi SM, Ferguson JF, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(13):15.CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Thorp AA, Healy GN, Winkler E, Clark BK, Gardiner PA, Owen N, et al. Prolonged sedentary time and physical activity in workplace and non-work contexts: a cross-sectional study of office, customer service and call centre employees. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:128.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Thorp AA, Healy GN, Winkler E, Clark BK, Gardiner PA, Owen N, et al. Prolonged sedentary time and physical activity in workplace and non-work contexts: a cross-sectional study of office, customer service and call centre employees. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:128.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Healy GN, Matthews CE, Dunstan DW, Winkler EA, Owen N. Sedentary time and cardio-metabolic biomarkers in US adults: NHANES 2003-06. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(5):590–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Healy GN, Matthews CE, Dunstan DW, Winkler EA, Owen N. Sedentary time and cardio-metabolic biomarkers in US adults: NHANES 2003-06. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(5):590–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunstan DW, Howard B, Healy GN, Owen N. Too much sitting—a health hazard. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;97(3):368–76.PubMedCrossRef Dunstan DW, Howard B, Healy GN, Owen N. Too much sitting—a health hazard. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;97(3):368–76.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Thosar SS, Bielko SL, Mather KJ, Johnston JD, Wallace JP. Effect of prolonged sitting and breaks in sitting time on endothelial function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(4):843–9.PubMedCrossRef Thosar SS, Bielko SL, Mather KJ, Johnston JD, Wallace JP. Effect of prolonged sitting and breaks in sitting time on endothelial function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(4):843–9.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat American Diabetes Association. 4. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S38–S50. American Diabetes Association. 4. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S38–S50.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Billinger SA, Arena R, Bernhardt J, Eng JJ, Franklin BA, Johnson CM, et al. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45(8):2532–53. Aug.PubMedCrossRef Billinger SA, Arena R, Bernhardt J, Eng JJ, Franklin BA, Johnson CM, et al. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45(8):2532–53. Aug.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Lackinger C, Haider S, Kosi L, Harreiter J, Winhofer Y, Kautzky-Willer A. Potential of a Sports Club-Based Exercise Program for Improving Physical Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12(9):1221–8. Sep.PubMedCrossRef Lackinger C, Haider S, Kosi L, Harreiter J, Winhofer Y, Kautzky-Willer A. Potential of a Sports Club-Based Exercise Program for Improving Physical Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12(9):1221–8. Sep.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Lackinger C, Wilfinger J, Mayerhofer J, Strehn A, Dick D, Dorner TE. Adherence to and effects on physical function parameters of a community-based standardised exercise programme for overweight or obese patients carried out by local sports clubs. Public Health. 2017;147:109–18.PubMedCrossRef Lackinger C, Wilfinger J, Mayerhofer J, Strehn A, Dick D, Dorner TE. Adherence to and effects on physical function parameters of a community-based standardised exercise programme for overweight or obese patients carried out by local sports clubs. Public Health. 2017;147:109–18.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Titze S, Lackinger C, Grossschaedl L, Strehn A, Dorner TE, Niebauer J, et al. How Does Counselling in a Stationary Health Care Setting Affect the Attendance in a Standardised Sports Club Programme? Process Evaluation of a Quasi-Experimental Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1):E134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010134 PubMedCentralCrossRef Titze S, Lackinger C, Grossschaedl L, Strehn A, Dorner TE, Niebauer J, et al. How Does Counselling in a Stationary Health Care Setting Affect the Attendance in a Standardised Sports Club Programme? Process Evaluation of a Quasi-Experimental Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1):E134. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​ijerph15010134 PubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Smock C, Alemagno S. Understanding health care provider barriers to hospital affiliated medical fitness center facility referral: a questionnaire survey and semi structured interviews. Bmc Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):17–2474.CrossRef Smock C, Alemagno S. Understanding health care provider barriers to hospital affiliated medical fitness center facility referral: a questionnaire survey and semi structured interviews. Bmc Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):17–2474.CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison RA, Roberts C, Elton PJ. Does primary care referral to an exercise programme increase physical activity one year later? A randomized controlled trial. J Public Health (oxf). 2005;27(1):25–32. Mar.CrossRef Harrison RA, Roberts C, Elton PJ. Does primary care referral to an exercise programme increase physical activity one year later? A randomized controlled trial. J Public Health (oxf). 2005;27(1):25–32. Mar.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirk A, Barnett J, Leese G, Mutrie N. A randomized trial investigating the 12-month changes in physical activity and health outcomes following a physical activity consultation delivered by a person or in written form in Type 2 diabetes: Time2Act. Diabet Med. 2009;26(3):293–301. Mar.PubMedCrossRef Kirk A, Barnett J, Leese G, Mutrie N. A randomized trial investigating the 12-month changes in physical activity and health outcomes following a physical activity consultation delivered by a person or in written form in Type 2 diabetes: Time2Act. Diabet Med. 2009;26(3):293–301. Mar.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Anokye NK, Trueman P, Green C, Pavey TG, Hillsdon M, Taylor RS. The cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:954.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Anokye NK, Trueman P, Green C, Pavey TG, Hillsdon M, Taylor RS. The cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:954.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Foley L, Maddison R, Jones Z, Brown P, Davys A. Comparison of two modes of delivery of an exercise prescription scheme. N Z Med J. 2011;8;124(1338):44–54. Jul. Foley L, Maddison R, Jones Z, Brown P, Davys A. Comparison of two modes of delivery of an exercise prescription scheme. N Z Med J. 2011;8;124(1338):44–54. Jul.
51.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Hagan C, De Vito G, Boreham CA. Exercise prescription in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus : current practices, existing guidelines and future directions. Sports Med. 2013;43(1):39–49. Jan.PubMedCrossRef O’Hagan C, De Vito G, Boreham CA. Exercise prescription in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus : current practices, existing guidelines and future directions. Sports Med. 2013;43(1):39–49. Jan.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Corra U, Piepoli MF, Carre F, Heuschmann P, Hoffmann U, Verschuren M, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: physical activity counselling and exercise training: key components of the position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(16):1967–74. Aug.PubMedCrossRef Corra U, Piepoli MF, Carre F, Heuschmann P, Hoffmann U, Verschuren M, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: physical activity counselling and exercise training: key components of the position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(16):1967–74. Aug.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Lebensstil: körperliche Aktivität und Training in der Prävention und Therapie des Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus (Update 2019)
verfasst von
Claudia Francesconi
Josef Niebauer
Paul Haber
Raimund Weitgasser
Christian Lackinger
Publikationsdatum
12.04.2019
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift / Ausgabe Sonderheft 1/2019
Print ISSN: 0043-5325
Elektronische ISSN: 1613-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-019-1457-x

Weitere Artikel der Sonderheft 1/2019

Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 1/2019 Zur Ausgabe