Skip to main content
Erschienen in: hautnah 4/2022

11.10.2022 | Chronisch entzündliche Dermatosen

Oraler Lichen planus

verfasst von: Dr. Christina Ellersdorfer, Michael Edelmayer, Klemens Rappersberger, Babak Itzlinger-Monshi

Erschienen in: hautnah | Ausgabe 4/2022

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Der orale Lichen planus (OLP), als mukosale Variante des Lichen ruber planus, ist mit einer weltweiten Prävalenz von 1 % eine häufige Erkrankung. Klinisch charakteristisch ist die farnkrautartige weißliche Wickham-Streifung. Es kommen jedoch auch erythematöse, hyperkeratotische, papulöse sowie erosive und ulzerierende Varianten vor. Die häufigsten Lokalisationen sind die Wangenschleimhaut, die Gingiva und die Zunge, in seltenen Fällen können der Oropharynx und der Ösophagus betroffen sein. Die Pathogenese ist unklar und umfasst eine durch aktivierte CD8+-T-Zellen verursachte Zerstörung der basalen Keratinozyten (lichenoide Interface-Dermatitis). Der konsekutive Kohärenzverlust zwischen Epithel und Bindegewebe führt in der maximalen Ausprägung zu klinischen Erosionen bzw. Ulzerationen. Die Diagnosestellung erfolgt in Zusammenschau von Klinik und Histologie und ggf. unter Einbeziehung der direkten Immunfluoreszenz. Insbesondere andere leukoplakische, dysplastische und autoimmunbullöse Erkrankungen müssen differenzialdiagnostisch abgegrenzt werden. Als fakultative Präkanzerose geht der OLP mit einem erhöhten Risiko von Dysplasien und Plattenepithelkarzinomen der Mundschleimhaut einher, weshalb regelmäßige klinische Kontrollen notwendig sind. Milde bis moderate Fälle, welche geringe Symptome verursachen, können mit topischen Steroiden und topischen Calcineurininhibitoren gut beherrscht werden. Erosive oder ulzeröse Krankheitsverläufe, welche mit chronischen Schmerzen und einer deutlich verminderten Lebensqualität einhergehen, benötigen oft eine systemische Therapie. Neben systemischen Glukokortikoiden und Immunsuppressiva wie Ciclosporin A bieten neue Therapieansätze wie JAK-Inhibitoren und Apremilast möglicherweise erfolgversprechende Perspektiven.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Wickham LF (1895) Sur un signe pathognomonique du Lichen du Wilson (lichen plan) stries et ponctuations grisatres. Ann Dermatol Syph 6:517–520 Wickham LF (1895) Sur un signe pathognomonique du Lichen du Wilson (lichen plan) stries et ponctuations grisatres. Ann Dermatol Syph 6:517–520
2.
Zurück zum Zitat González-Moles MÁ, Warnakulasuriya S, González-Ruiz I et al (2021) Worldwide prevalence of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis 27:813–828PubMedCrossRef González-Moles MÁ, Warnakulasuriya S, González-Ruiz I et al (2021) Worldwide prevalence of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis 27:813–828PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Scully C, Beyli M, Ferreiro MC et al (1998) Update on oral lichen planus: etiopathogenesis and management. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 9:86–122PubMedCrossRef Scully C, Beyli M, Ferreiro MC et al (1998) Update on oral lichen planus: etiopathogenesis and management. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 9:86–122PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Gabriella D, Klemens R, Xiao-Hui R‑F et al (2021) Effect of personality traits on the oral health-related quality of life in patients with oral lichen planus undergoing treatment. Clin Oral Investig 25:2381–2389PubMedCrossRef Gabriella D, Klemens R, Xiao-Hui R‑F et al (2021) Effect of personality traits on the oral health-related quality of life in patients with oral lichen planus undergoing treatment. Clin Oral Investig 25:2381–2389PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Eisen D (2002) The clinical features, malignant potential, and systemic associations of oral lichen planus: a study of 723 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 46:207–214PubMedCrossRef Eisen D (2002) The clinical features, malignant potential, and systemic associations of oral lichen planus: a study of 723 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 46:207–214PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Scully C, Carrozzo M (2008) Oral mucosal disease: Lichen planus. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46:15–21PubMedCrossRef Scully C, Carrozzo M (2008) Oral mucosal disease: Lichen planus. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46:15–21PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Roopashree MR, Gondhalekar RV, Shashikanth MC et al (2010) Pathogenesis of oral lichen planus—a review. J Oral Pathol Med 39:729–734PubMedCrossRef Roopashree MR, Gondhalekar RV, Shashikanth MC et al (2010) Pathogenesis of oral lichen planus—a review. J Oral Pathol Med 39:729–734PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Brant JMC, Vasconcelos AC, Rodrigues LV (2008) Role of apoptosis in erosive and reticular oral lichen planus exhibiting variable epithelial thickness. Braz Dent J 19:179–185PubMedCrossRef Brant JMC, Vasconcelos AC, Rodrigues LV (2008) Role of apoptosis in erosive and reticular oral lichen planus exhibiting variable epithelial thickness. Braz Dent J 19:179–185PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Hashimi I, Schifter M, Lockhart PB et al (2007) Oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 103(Suppl):S25.e1–S25e12 Al-Hashimi I, Schifter M, Lockhart PB et al (2007) Oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 103(Suppl):S25.e1–S25e12
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Shao S, Tsoi LC, Sarkar MK et al (2019) IFN‑γ enhances cell-mediated cytotoxicity against keratinocytes via JAK2/STAT1 in lichen planus. Sci Transl Med 11:eaav7561PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shao S, Tsoi LC, Sarkar MK et al (2019) IFN‑γ enhances cell-mediated cytotoxicity against keratinocytes via JAK2/STAT1 in lichen planus. Sci Transl Med 11:eaav7561PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramón-Fluixá C, Bagán-Sebastián J, Milián-Masanet M, Scully C (1999) Periodontal status in patients with oral lichen planus: a study of 90 cases. Oral Dis 5:303–306PubMedCrossRef Ramón-Fluixá C, Bagán-Sebastián J, Milián-Masanet M, Scully C (1999) Periodontal status in patients with oral lichen planus: a study of 90 cases. Oral Dis 5:303–306PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Alaizari NA, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Shamiri HM et al (2016) Hepatitis C virus infections in oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust Dent J 61:282–287PubMedCrossRef Alaizari NA, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Shamiri HM et al (2016) Hepatitis C virus infections in oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust Dent J 61:282–287PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Otero Rey EM, Yáñez-Busto A, Henriques RIF et al (2019) Lichen planus and diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis 25:1253–1264PubMedCrossRef Otero Rey EM, Yáñez-Busto A, Henriques RIF et al (2019) Lichen planus and diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis 25:1253–1264PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Li D, Li J, Li C et al (2017) The association of thyroid disease and oral lichen planus: a literature review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol 8:310CrossRef Li D, Li J, Li C et al (2017) The association of thyroid disease and oral lichen planus: a literature review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol 8:310CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat González-Moles MÁ, Ruiz-Ávila I, González-Ruiz L et al (2019) Malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 96:121–130PubMedCrossRef González-Moles MÁ, Ruiz-Ávila I, González-Ruiz L et al (2019) Malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 96:121–130PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen MP, Chen C, Brugger AM (2003) Interpretation of visual analog scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trials of postoperative pain. J Pain 4:407–414PubMedCrossRef Jensen MP, Chen C, Brugger AM (2003) Interpretation of visual analog scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trials of postoperative pain. J Pain 4:407–414PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Escudier M, Ahmed N, Shirlaw P et al (2007) A scoring system for mucosal disease severity with special reference to oral lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 157:765–770PubMedCrossRef Escudier M, Ahmed N, Shirlaw P et al (2007) A scoring system for mucosal disease severity with special reference to oral lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 157:765–770PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Slade GD, Spencer AJ (1994) Development and evaluation of the oral health impact profile. Community Dent Health 11:3–11PubMed Slade GD, Spencer AJ (1994) Development and evaluation of the oral health impact profile. Community Dent Health 11:3–11PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Harpenau LA, Plemons JM, Rees TD (1995) Effectiveness of a low dose of cyclosporine in the management of patients with oral erosive lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 80:161–167PubMedCrossRef Harpenau LA, Plemons JM, Rees TD (1995) Effectiveness of a low dose of cyclosporine in the management of patients with oral erosive lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 80:161–167PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Shiohara K, Tetsuo Y (2006) 12 lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses. Bolognia, Jean L., MD. Dermatology 11:188–207 Shiohara K, Tetsuo Y (2006) 12 lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses. Bolognia, Jean L., MD. Dermatology 11:188–207
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Rujitharanawong C, Tuchinda P, Chularojanamontri L et al (2022) Direct immunofluorescence staining patterns compared between oral and cutaneous lichen planus. Clin Exp Dermatol 47:389–393PubMedCrossRef Rujitharanawong C, Tuchinda P, Chularojanamontri L et al (2022) Direct immunofluorescence staining patterns compared between oral and cutaneous lichen planus. Clin Exp Dermatol 47:389–393PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Meij EH, van der Waal I (2003) Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications. J Oral Pathol Med 32:507–512PubMedCrossRef van der Meij EH, van der Waal I (2003) Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications. J Oral Pathol Med 32:507–512PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Ioannides D, Vakirlis E, Kemeny L et al (2020) European S1 guidelines on the management of lichen planus: a cooperation of the European Dermatology Forum with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 34:1403–1414PubMedCrossRef Ioannides D, Vakirlis E, Kemeny L et al (2020) European S1 guidelines on the management of lichen planus: a cooperation of the European Dermatology Forum with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 34:1403–1414PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Conrotto D, Carbone M, Carrozzo M et al (2006) Ciclosporin vs. clobetasol in the topical management of atrophic and erosive oral lichen planus: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 154:139–145PubMedCrossRef Conrotto D, Carbone M, Carrozzo M et al (2006) Ciclosporin vs. clobetasol in the topical management of atrophic and erosive oral lichen planus: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 154:139–145PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Campisi G, Giandalia G, De Caro V et al (2004) A new delivery system of clobetasol-17-propionate (lipid-loaded microspheres 0.025 %) compared with a conventional formulation (lipophilic ointment in a hydrophilic phase 0.025 %) in topical treatment of atrophic/erosive oral lichen planus. A Phase IV, randomized, observer-blinded, parallel group clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 150:984–990PubMedCrossRef Campisi G, Giandalia G, De Caro V et al (2004) A new delivery system of clobetasol-17-propionate (lipid-loaded microspheres 0.025 %) compared with a conventional formulation (lipophilic ointment in a hydrophilic phase 0.025 %) in topical treatment of atrophic/erosive oral lichen planus. A Phase IV, randomized, observer-blinded, parallel group clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 150:984–990PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Carbone M, Arduino PG, Carrozzo M et al (2009) Topical clobetasol in the treatment of atrophic-erosive oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial to compare two preparations with different concentrations. J Oral Pathol Med 38:227–233PubMedCrossRef Carbone M, Arduino PG, Carrozzo M et al (2009) Topical clobetasol in the treatment of atrophic-erosive oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial to compare two preparations with different concentrations. J Oral Pathol Med 38:227–233PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Carbone M, Goss E, Carrozzo M et al (2003) Systemic and topical corticosteroid treatment of oral lichen planus: a comparative study with long-term follow-up. J Oral Pathol Med 32:323–329PubMedCrossRef Carbone M, Goss E, Carrozzo M et al (2003) Systemic and topical corticosteroid treatment of oral lichen planus: a comparative study with long-term follow-up. J Oral Pathol Med 32:323–329PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamani G, Rad M, Zarei MR et al (2015) Efficacy of tacrolimus and clobetasol in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 54:996–1004PubMedCrossRef Chamani G, Rad M, Zarei MR et al (2015) Efficacy of tacrolimus and clobetasol in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 54:996–1004PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Monshi B, Ellersdorfer C, Edelmayer M et al (2021) Topical cyclosporine in oral lichen planus‑A series of 21 open-label, biphasic, single-patient observations. J Clin Med 10:5454PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Monshi B, Ellersdorfer C, Edelmayer M et al (2021) Topical cyclosporine in oral lichen planus‑A series of 21 open-label, biphasic, single-patient observations. J Clin Med 10:5454PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Eisen D, Ellis CN, Duell EA et al (1990) Effect of topical cyclosporine rinse on oral lichen planus. A double-blind analysis. N Engl J Med 323:290–294PubMedCrossRef Eisen D, Ellis CN, Duell EA et al (1990) Effect of topical cyclosporine rinse on oral lichen planus. A double-blind analysis. N Engl J Med 323:290–294PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattsson U, Magnusson B, Jontell M (2010) Squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with oral lichen planus treated with topical application of tacrolimus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 110:e19–25PubMedCrossRef Mattsson U, Magnusson B, Jontell M (2010) Squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with oral lichen planus treated with topical application of tacrolimus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 110:e19–25PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu P‑C, Huang I‑H, Liu C‑W, Huang Y‑C (2021) Topical calcineurin inhibitors and risk of lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 19:1265–1269PubMed Wu P‑C, Huang I‑H, Liu C‑W, Huang Y‑C (2021) Topical calcineurin inhibitors and risk of lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 19:1265–1269PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Baudet-Pommel M, Janin-Mercier A, Souteyrand P (1991) Sequential immunopathologic study of oral lichen planus treated with tretinoin and etretinate. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 71:197–202PubMedCrossRef Baudet-Pommel M, Janin-Mercier A, Souteyrand P (1991) Sequential immunopathologic study of oral lichen planus treated with tretinoin and etretinate. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 71:197–202PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Scardina GA, Messina P, Carini F, Maresi E (2006) A randomized trial assessing the effectiveness of different concentrations of isotretinoin in the management of lichen planus. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 35:67–71PubMedCrossRef Scardina GA, Messina P, Carini F, Maresi E (2006) A randomized trial assessing the effectiveness of different concentrations of isotretinoin in the management of lichen planus. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 35:67–71PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Buajeeb W, Kraivaphan P, Pobrurksa C (1997) Efficacy of topical retinoic acid compared with topical fluocinolone acetonide in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 83:21–25PubMedCrossRef Buajeeb W, Kraivaphan P, Pobrurksa C (1997) Efficacy of topical retinoic acid compared with topical fluocinolone acetonide in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 83:21–25PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Nair GR, Naidu GS, Jain S et al (2016) Clinical effectiveness of aloe vera in the management of oral mucosal diseases- a systematic review. J Clin Diagn Res 10:ZE1–ZE7PubMedPubMedCentral Nair GR, Naidu GS, Jain S et al (2016) Clinical effectiveness of aloe vera in the management of oral mucosal diseases- a systematic review. J Clin Diagn Res 10:ZE1–ZE7PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Paslin DA (1985) Sustained remission of generalized lichen planus induced by cyclophosphamide. Arch Dermatol 121:236–239PubMedCrossRef Paslin DA (1985) Sustained remission of generalized lichen planus induced by cyclophosphamide. Arch Dermatol 121:236–239PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu Y, Zhou G, Zeng H et al (2010) A randomized double-blind, positive-control trial of topical thalidomide in erosive oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 110:188–195PubMedCrossRef Wu Y, Zhou G, Zeng H et al (2010) A randomized double-blind, positive-control trial of topical thalidomide in erosive oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 110:188–195PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Perschy L, Anzengruber F, Rappersberger K et al (2022) Apremilast in oral lichen planus—a multicentric, retrospective study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 20:343–346PubMed Perschy L, Anzengruber F, Rappersberger K et al (2022) Apremilast in oral lichen planus—a multicentric, retrospective study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 20:343–346PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Hafner J, Gubler C, Kaufmann K et al (2016) Apremilast is effective in lichen planus mucosae-associated stenotic esophagitis. Case Rep Dermatol 8:224–226PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hafner J, Gubler C, Kaufmann K et al (2016) Apremilast is effective in lichen planus mucosae-associated stenotic esophagitis. Case Rep Dermatol 8:224–226PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Bettencourt M (2016) Oral lichen planus treated with apremilast. J Drugs Dermatol 15:1026–1028PubMed Bettencourt M (2016) Oral lichen planus treated with apremilast. J Drugs Dermatol 15:1026–1028PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Damsky W, Wang A, Olamiju B et al (2020) Treatment of severe lichen planus with the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib. J Allergy Clin Immunol 145:1708–1710.e2PubMedCrossRef Damsky W, Wang A, Olamiju B et al (2020) Treatment of severe lichen planus with the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib. J Allergy Clin Immunol 145:1708–1710.e2PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Balestri R, Bortolotti R, Rech G et al (2022) Treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with upadacitinib. JAMA Dermatol 158:457–458PubMedCrossRef Balestri R, Bortolotti R, Rech G et al (2022) Treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with upadacitinib. JAMA Dermatol 158:457–458PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Iorizzo M, Haneke E (2021) Tofacitinib as treatment for nail lichen planus associated with alopecia universalis. JAMA Dermatol 157:352–353PubMedCrossRef Iorizzo M, Haneke E (2021) Tofacitinib as treatment for nail lichen planus associated with alopecia universalis. JAMA Dermatol 157:352–353PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang CC, Khanna T, Sallee B et al (2018) Tofacitinib for the treatment of lichen planopilaris: a case series. Dermatol Ther 31:e12656PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yang CC, Khanna T, Sallee B et al (2018) Tofacitinib for the treatment of lichen planopilaris: a case series. Dermatol Ther 31:e12656PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Holmstrup P, Schiøtz AW, Westergaard J (1990) Effect of dental plaque control on gingival lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 69:585–590PubMedCrossRef Holmstrup P, Schiøtz AW, Westergaard J (1990) Effect of dental plaque control on gingival lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 69:585–590PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S (1999) The management of oral lichen planus. Oral Dis 5:196–205PubMedCrossRef Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S (1999) The management of oral lichen planus. Oral Dis 5:196–205PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Oraler Lichen planus
verfasst von
Dr. Christina Ellersdorfer
Michael Edelmayer
Klemens Rappersberger
Babak Itzlinger-Monshi
Publikationsdatum
11.10.2022
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
hautnah / Ausgabe 4/2022
Print ISSN: 1866-2250
Elektronische ISSN: 2192-6484
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12326-022-00537-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2022

hautnah 4/2022 Zur Ausgabe