Skip to main content

Tipp

Weitere Artikel dieser Ausgabe durch Wischen aufrufen

Erschienen in: Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Schweiz 4/2018

16.11.2018 | Originalien

Der Effekt von Wachstumshormon auf die menschlichen Alterungsprozesse. Teil 2

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. med. Michael Klentze

Erschienen in: Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Schweiz | Ausgabe 4/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Eine große Anzahl von Studien weist auf die signifikante Reduktion der Wachstumshormonsekretion und der damit zusammenhängenden IGF-1-Plasmaspiegel während des menschlichen Alterungsprozesses hin. Dies geht mit der Erniedrigung von Muskelmasse, Knochenmasse, Vitalität und dem Verlust von anderen wichtigen physiologischen Funktionen einher. Dazu gehören die Verschlechterung mentaler und kognitiver Funktionen, erhöhte Altersfragilität, ausgeprägte Adipositas, Insulinresistenz, Diabetes Typ 2 und kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen. In dieser Arbeit werden die Effekte von Wachstumshormon auf die Alterungsprozesse dargestellt.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Helmert U, Strube H (2004) Die Entwicklung der Adipositas in Deutschland im Zeitraum von 1985 bis 2002. Gesundheitswesen 66:409–415 CrossRefPubMed Helmert U, Strube H (2004) Die Entwicklung der Adipositas in Deutschland im Zeitraum von 1985 bis 2002. Gesundheitswesen 66:409–415 CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Prugger C, Keil U (2007) Entwicklung der Adipositas in Deutschland – Größenordnung, Determinanten und Perspektiven. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 132:892–897 CrossRefPubMed Prugger C, Keil U (2007) Entwicklung der Adipositas in Deutschland – Größenordnung, Determinanten und Perspektiven. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 132:892–897 CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL (2002) Prevalance and trends on obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA 288:1723–1727 CrossRefPubMed Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL (2002) Prevalance and trends on obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA 288:1723–1727 CrossRefPubMed
5.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat De Boer H, Blok G‑J, Van der Veen EA (1995) Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocr Rev 16:63–86 CrossRefPubMed De Boer H, Blok G‑J, Van der Veen EA (1995) Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocr Rev 16:63–86 CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Wilhelmsen L, Lappas G et al (1994) Serum insulinlike growth factor I in a random population sample of men and women: relationship to age, sex, smoking habits, coffee consumption and physical activity, blood pressure and concentrations of plasma lipids, fibrinogen, parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41:351–357 CrossRef Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Wilhelmsen L, Lappas G et al (1994) Serum insulinlike growth factor I in a random population sample of men and women: relationship to age, sex, smoking habits, coffee consumption and physical activity, blood pressure and concentrations of plasma lipids, fibrinogen, parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41:351–357 CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bl H, Berg C, Vogel E, Nowak T, Renzig-Koehler K, Mann K, Saller B (2004) Effects of a combination of recombinant human growth hormone with metformin on glucose metabolism and body composition in patients with metabolic syndrome. Horm Metab Res 36(1):54–61 CrossRef Bl H, Berg C, Vogel E, Nowak T, Renzig-Koehler K, Mann K, Saller B (2004) Effects of a combination of recombinant human growth hormone with metformin on glucose metabolism and body composition in patients with metabolic syndrome. Horm Metab Res 36(1):54–61 CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Van der Klaauw AA et al (2007) The Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is incerased in patients with GH deficiency, irrespective of long-term substitution with recombinant GH. Eur J Endocrinol 156(4):455–462 CrossRefPubMed Van der Klaauw AA et al (2007) The Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is incerased in patients with GH deficiency, irrespective of long-term substitution with recombinant GH. Eur J Endocrinol 156(4):455–462 CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Beauregard C, Utz AL, Schaub AE, Nachtigall L, Biller BM, Miller KK et al (2008) Growth hormone decreases visceral fat and improves cardiovascular risk markers in women with hypopituitarism: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2063–2071 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Beauregard C, Utz AL, Schaub AE, Nachtigall L, Biller BM, Miller KK et al (2008) Growth hormone decreases visceral fat and improves cardiovascular risk markers in women with hypopituitarism: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2063–2071 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Blackman MR, Sorkin JD, Münzer T, Bellantoni MF, Busby-Whitehead J, Stevens TE et al (2002) Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:2282–2292 CrossRefPubMed Blackman MR, Sorkin JD, Münzer T, Bellantoni MF, Busby-Whitehead J, Stevens TE et al (2002) Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:2282–2292 CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Johannsson G, Marin P, Lonn L et al (1997) Growth hormone treatment of abdominally obese men reduces abdominal fat mass, improves glucose and lipoprotein metabolism, and reduces diastolic blood pressure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(3):727–734 PubMed Johannsson G, Marin P, Lonn L et al (1997) Growth hormone treatment of abdominally obese men reduces abdominal fat mass, improves glucose and lipoprotein metabolism, and reduces diastolic blood pressure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(3):727–734 PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Angelin B, Rudling M (1994) Growth hormone and hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 5:160–165 CrossRefPubMed Angelin B, Rudling M (1994) Growth hormone and hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 5:160–165 CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Mekala KC, Tritos NA (2009) Effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in obesity in adults: a meta analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(1):130–137 CrossRefPubMed Mekala KC, Tritos NA (2009) Effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in obesity in adults: a meta analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(1):130–137 CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Bolli GB, Gerich JE (1984) The “dawn phenomenon”—A common occurrence in both non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 310:746–750 CrossRefPubMed Bolli GB, Gerich JE (1984) The “dawn phenomenon”—A common occurrence in both non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 310:746–750 CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Kotler DP, Muurahainen N, Grunfeld C et al (2004) Effects of growth hormone on abnormal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35(3):239–252 CrossRefPubMed Kotler DP, Muurahainen N, Grunfeld C et al (2004) Effects of growth hormone on abnormal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35(3):239–252 CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Bengtsson B‑Å (1993) The consequences of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Acta Endocrinol 128(Suppl 2):2–5 PubMed Bengtsson B‑Å (1993) The consequences of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Acta Endocrinol 128(Suppl 2):2–5 PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Lund S, Flyvbjerg A, Holman GD, Larsen FS, Pedersen O, Schmitz O (1994) Comparative effects of IGF-I and insulin on the glucose transporter system in rat muscle. Am J Physiol 267:E461–E466 PubMed Lund S, Flyvbjerg A, Holman GD, Larsen FS, Pedersen O, Schmitz O (1994) Comparative effects of IGF-I and insulin on the glucose transporter system in rat muscle. Am J Physiol 267:E461–E466 PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Rudling M, Norstedt G, Olivecrona H, Reihne’r E, Gustafsson J‑Å, Angelin B (1992) Importance of growth hormone for the induction of hepatic low density lipoprotein receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci Usa 89:6983–6987 CrossRefPubMed Rudling M, Norstedt G, Olivecrona H, Reihne’r E, Gustafsson J‑Å, Angelin B (1992) Importance of growth hormone for the induction of hepatic low density lipoprotein receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci Usa 89:6983–6987 CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Bengtsson B‑Å, Ede’n S, Lönn L et al (1993) Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:309–317 PubMed Bengtsson B‑Å, Ede’n S, Lönn L et al (1993) Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:309–317 PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Richelsen B, Pedersen SB, Børglum JD, Møller-Pedersen T, Jørgensen J, Jørgensen JO (1994) Growth hormone treatment of obese women for 5 wk; effect on body composition and adipose tissue LPL activity. Am J Physiol 266:E211–E216 PubMed Richelsen B, Pedersen SB, Børglum JD, Møller-Pedersen T, Jørgensen J, Jørgensen JO (1994) Growth hormone treatment of obese women for 5 wk; effect on body composition and adipose tissue LPL activity. Am J Physiol 266:E211–E216 PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Rasmussen MH (2010) Obesity, growth hormone and weight loss. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(2):147–153 CrossRefPubMed Rasmussen MH (2010) Obesity, growth hormone and weight loss. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(2):147–153 CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Cordido F et al (2010) The decreased growth hormone resposne to growth hormone relasing hormone in obesity is associated to cardiometabolic factors. Mediators Inflamm 2010:434562 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cordido F et al (2010) The decreased growth hormone resposne to growth hormone relasing hormone in obesity is associated to cardiometabolic factors. Mediators Inflamm 2010:434562 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Shadid S, Jensen M (2003) Effects of growth hormone administration in human obesity. Obes Res 11:170–175 CrossRefPubMed Shadid S, Jensen M (2003) Effects of growth hormone administration in human obesity. Obes Res 11:170–175 CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Franco C, Brandberg J et al (2005) Growth hormone treatment reduces abdominal visceral fat in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity :a 12-month placebo controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol 90(3):1466–1474 CrossRef Franco C, Brandberg J et al (2005) Growth hormone treatment reduces abdominal visceral fat in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity :a 12-month placebo controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol 90(3):1466–1474 CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Rasmussen MH (2009) Obesity, growth hormone and weight loss. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(2):147–201 CrossRefPubMed Rasmussen MH (2009) Obesity, growth hormone and weight loss. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(2):147–201 CrossRefPubMed
27.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Bredella MA, Gerweck AV, Lin E, Landa MG, Torriani M, Schoenfeld DA, Hemphill LC, Miller KK (2013) Effects of GH on body composition and cardiovascular risk markers in young men with abdominal obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(9):3864–3872 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bredella MA, Gerweck AV, Lin E, Landa MG, Torriani M, Schoenfeld DA, Hemphill LC, Miller KK (2013) Effects of GH on body composition and cardiovascular risk markers in young men with abdominal obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(9):3864–3872 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Bondanelli M, Ambrosio MR, degli Uberti EC (2001) Pathogenesis and prevalence of hypertension in acromegaly. Pituitary 4(4):239–249 CrossRefPubMed Bondanelli M, Ambrosio MR, degli Uberti EC (2001) Pathogenesis and prevalence of hypertension in acromegaly. Pituitary 4(4):239–249 CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Tivesten A, Barlind A, Caidahl K, Klintland N, Cittadini A, Ohlsson C, Isgaard J (2004) Growth hormone-induced blood pressure decrease is associated with increased mRNA levels of the vascular smooth muscle KATP channel. J Endocrinol 183(1):195–202 CrossRefPubMed Tivesten A, Barlind A, Caidahl K, Klintland N, Cittadini A, Ohlsson C, Isgaard J (2004) Growth hormone-induced blood pressure decrease is associated with increased mRNA levels of the vascular smooth muscle KATP channel. J Endocrinol 183(1):195–202 CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Climent Payá V, Marín Ortuño F, Valencia VP, Picó AAM, Martínez Martínez GJ, Quiles Llorens AJ, García de Burgos F, Sogorb Garri F (2001) The Influence of the growth hormone in the profile of blood pressure. Results in adult patients with deficiency in this hormone. Rev Esp Cardiol 54(4):469–475 CrossRefPubMed Climent Payá V, Marín Ortuño F, Valencia VP, Picó AAM, Martínez Martínez GJ, Quiles Llorens AJ, García de Burgos F, Sogorb Garri F (2001) The Influence of the growth hormone in the profile of blood pressure. Results in adult patients with deficiency in this hormone. Rev Esp Cardiol 54(4):469–475 CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Hunt KJ, Lukanova A, Rinaldi S et al (2006) A potential inverse association between Insulin like growth factor −1 and hypertension in a cross sectional study. Ann Epidemiol 16(7):563–571 CrossRefPubMed Hunt KJ, Lukanova A, Rinaldi S et al (2006) A potential inverse association between Insulin like growth factor −1 and hypertension in a cross sectional study. Ann Epidemiol 16(7):563–571 CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Colao A, Terzolo M, Bondanelli M et al (2008) GH and IGF-1 excess control contributes to blood pressure control: results of an observational , retrospective, multicenter study in 105 hypertensive acromegalic patients on heypertensive treatments. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69(4):613–620 CrossRef Colao A, Terzolo M, Bondanelli M et al (2008) GH and IGF-1 excess control contributes to blood pressure control: results of an observational , retrospective, multicenter study in 105 hypertensive acromegalic patients on heypertensive treatments. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69(4):613–620 CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Caidahl K, Ede’n S, Bengtsson B‑Å (1994) Cardiovascular and renal effects of growth hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40:393–400 CrossRef Caidahl K, Ede’n S, Bengtsson B‑Å (1994) Cardiovascular and renal effects of growth hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40:393–400 CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Copeland KC, Nair KS (1994) Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor—I increases forearm blood flow. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:230–232 PubMed Copeland KC, Nair KS (1994) Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor—I increases forearm blood flow. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:230–232 PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Friberger P, Knos M, Gustavsson S, Aurell L, Claeson G (1978) Methods for determination of plasmin, antiplasmin and plasminogen by means of substrate S‑2251. Haemostasis 7:138–145 PubMed Friberger P, Knos M, Gustavsson S, Aurell L, Claeson G (1978) Methods for determination of plasmin, antiplasmin and plasminogen by means of substrate S‑2251. Haemostasis 7:138–145 PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Tengborn L, Wilhelmsen L, Bengtsson BA (1997) Elevated fibrinogen levels decrease following treatment of acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46:69–74 CrossRef Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Tengborn L, Wilhelmsen L, Bengtsson BA (1997) Elevated fibrinogen levels decrease following treatment of acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46:69–74 CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Vague P, Juhan-Vague I, Aillaud MF et al (1986) Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level, and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects. Metabolism 35:250–253 CrossRefPubMed Vague P, Juhan-Vague I, Aillaud MF et al (1986) Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level, and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects. Metabolism 35:250–253 CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Landin K, Stigendal L, Eriksson E et al (1990) Abdominal obesity is associated with impaired fibrinolytic activity and elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Metabolism 39:1044–1048 CrossRefPubMed Landin K, Stigendal L, Eriksson E et al (1990) Abdominal obesity is associated with impaired fibrinolytic activity and elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Metabolism 39:1044–1048 CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Holloway L, Butterfield G, Hintz RL, Gesundheit N, Marcus R (1994) Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on metabolic indices, body composition, and bone turnover in healthy elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:470–479 PubMed Holloway L, Butterfield G, Hintz RL, Gesundheit N, Marcus R (1994) Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on metabolic indices, body composition, and bone turnover in healthy elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:470–479 PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams RD (2011) Clinical Brief: acrmegaly in adults. Top Integr Health Care 2(2):4005 Williams RD (2011) Clinical Brief: acrmegaly in adults. Top Integr Health Care 2(2):4005
44.
Zurück zum Zitat van Bunderen CC, van Varsseveld NC, Erfurth EM, Ket JC, Drent ML (2014) Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency: a systematic review of studies on morbidity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 81(1):1–14 CrossRef van Bunderen CC, van Varsseveld NC, Erfurth EM, Ket JC, Drent ML (2014) Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency: a systematic review of studies on morbidity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 81(1):1–14 CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong JH, Dukes J, Levy RE, Sos B, Mason SE, Fong TS, Weiss EJ (2008) Sex differences in thrombosis in mice are mediated by sex-specific growth hormone secretion patterns. J Clin Invest 118(8):2969–2978 PubMedPubMedCentral Wong JH, Dukes J, Levy RE, Sos B, Mason SE, Fong TS, Weiss EJ (2008) Sex differences in thrombosis in mice are mediated by sex-specific growth hormone secretion patterns. J Clin Invest 118(8):2969–2978 PubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Rudman D, Kutner MH, Rogers CM et al (1981) Impaired growth hormone secretion in the adult population: relation to age and adiposity. J Clin Invest 67(5):1361–1369 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rudman D, Kutner MH, Rogers CM et al (1981) Impaired growth hormone secretion in the adult population: relation to age and adiposity. J Clin Invest 67(5):1361–1369 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Duchaine D (1984) The underground steroid handbook. HLR Technical Books, Venice Duchaine D (1984) The underground steroid handbook. HLR Technical Books, Venice
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Sonksen P (2013) Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency in adults, Ben Johnson and the Somatopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(6):2270–2273 CrossRefPubMed Sonksen P (2013) Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency in adults, Ben Johnson and the Somatopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(6):2270–2273 CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Perls TT, Reisman NR, Olshansky SJ (2005) Provision or distribution of growth hormone for “antiaging”: clinical and legal issues. JAMA 294(16):2086–2090 CrossRefPubMed Perls TT, Reisman NR, Olshansky SJ (2005) Provision or distribution of growth hormone for “antiaging”: clinical and legal issues. JAMA 294(16):2086–2090 CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Clemmons DR, Van Wyk JJ (1984) Factors controlling blood concentration of somatomedin C. Clin Endocrinol Metab 13:113–143 CrossRefPubMed Clemmons DR, Van Wyk JJ (1984) Factors controlling blood concentration of somatomedin C. Clin Endocrinol Metab 13:113–143 CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Bates AS, Evans AJ, Jones P, Clayton RN (1995) Assessment of GH status in adults with GH deficiency using serum growth hormone, serum insulin-like growth factor-I and urinary growth hormone excretion. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42:425–430 CrossRef Bates AS, Evans AJ, Jones P, Clayton RN (1995) Assessment of GH status in adults with GH deficiency using serum growth hormone, serum insulin-like growth factor-I and urinary growth hormone excretion. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42:425–430 CrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghigo E, Mazza E, Imperiale E, Rizzi G, Benso L, Muller EE et al (1987) The enhancement of the cholinergic tone by pyridostigmine promotes both basal and growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-induced GH secretion in children of short stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:452–456 CrossRefPubMed Ghigo E, Mazza E, Imperiale E, Rizzi G, Benso L, Muller EE et al (1987) The enhancement of the cholinergic tone by pyridostigmine promotes both basal and growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-induced GH secretion in children of short stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:452–456 CrossRefPubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghigo E, Imperiale E, Buffano GM, Mazza E, Bellone J, Arvat E et al (1990) A new test for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency due to primary pituitary impairment: combined administration of pyridostigmine and growth hormone-releasing hormone. J Endocrinol Invest 13:307–316 CrossRefPubMed Ghigo E, Imperiale E, Buffano GM, Mazza E, Bellone J, Arvat E et al (1990) A new test for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency due to primary pituitary impairment: combined administration of pyridostigmine and growth hormone-releasing hormone. J Endocrinol Invest 13:307–316 CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellone J, Valente F, Aimaretti G, Loche S, Cappa M, Bartolotta E et al (1993) Peak GH response to various provocative stimuli in children with normal and familial short stature. Pediatr Res 5(Suppl):S25 CrossRef Bellone J, Valente F, Aimaretti G, Loche S, Cappa M, Bartolotta E et al (1993) Peak GH response to various provocative stimuli in children with normal and familial short stature. Pediatr Res 5(Suppl):S25 CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenwood FC, Landon J, Stamp TC (1965) The plasma sugar, free fatty acid, cortisol and growth hormone response to insulin in control subjects. J Clin Invest 45(4):429 CrossRef Greenwood FC, Landon J, Stamp TC (1965) The plasma sugar, free fatty acid, cortisol and growth hormone response to insulin in control subjects. J Clin Invest 45(4):429 CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Biller BM, Samuels MH, Zagar A, Cook DM, Arafah BM, Bonert V et al (2002) Sensitivity and specificity of six tests for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2067–2079 CrossRefPubMed Biller BM, Samuels MH, Zagar A, Cook DM, Arafah BM, Bonert V et al (2002) Sensitivity and specificity of six tests for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2067–2079 CrossRefPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Isidori AM, Kaltsas GA, Perry L, Burrin JM, Besser GM, Monson JP (2003) The effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on adrenal androgen secretion in adult onset hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58(5):601–611 CrossRef Isidori AM, Kaltsas GA, Perry L, Burrin JM, Besser GM, Monson JP (2003) The effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on adrenal androgen secretion in adult onset hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58(5):601–611 CrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Mantzoros CS, Tzonou A, Signorello LB, Stampfer M, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO (1997) Insulin-like growth factor 1 in relation to prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Cancer 76:1115–1118 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mantzoros CS, Tzonou A, Signorello LB, Stampfer M, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO (1997) Insulin-like growth factor 1 in relation to prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Cancer 76:1115–1118 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Gann PH, Ma J, Wilkinson P et al (1998) Plasma insulin like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science 279:563–566 CrossRefPubMed Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Gann PH, Ma J, Wilkinson P et al (1998) Plasma insulin like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science 279:563–566 CrossRefPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA et al (1998) Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 351:1393–1396 CrossRefPubMed Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA et al (1998) Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 351:1393–1396 CrossRefPubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Webb SM (2008) Measurements of quality of life in patients with growth hormone deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest 31(Suppl 9):52–55 PubMed Webb SM (2008) Measurements of quality of life in patients with growth hormone deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest 31(Suppl 9):52–55 PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Grimberg A, DiVall SA, Polychronakos C, Allen DB, Cohen LE, Quintos JB, Rossi WC, Feudtner C, Murad MH (2016) Guidelines for growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I treatment in children and adolescents: growth hormone deficiency, idiopathic short stature, and primary insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 86:361–397 CrossRefPubMed Grimberg A, DiVall SA, Polychronakos C, Allen DB, Cohen LE, Quintos JB, Rossi WC, Feudtner C, Murad MH (2016) Guidelines for growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I treatment in children and adolescents: growth hormone deficiency, idiopathic short stature, and primary insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 86:361–397 CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Toogood AA, O’Neill PA, Shalet SM (1996) Beyond the somatopause: growth hormone deficiency in adults over the age of 60 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(2):460–465 PubMed Toogood AA, O’Neill PA, Shalet SM (1996) Beyond the somatopause: growth hormone deficiency in adults over the age of 60 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(2):460–465 PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams T, Berelowitz M, Joffe SN (1984) Impaired growth hormone responses to growth hormone-releasing factor in obesity. A pituitary defect reversed with weight reduction. N Engl J Med 311(22):1403–1407 CrossRefPubMed Williams T, Berelowitz M, Joffe SN (1984) Impaired growth hormone responses to growth hormone-releasing factor in obesity. A pituitary defect reversed with weight reduction. N Engl J Med 311(22):1403–1407 CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Pontiroli E, Lanzi R, Monti LD, Sandoli E, Pozza G (1991) Growth hormone (GH) autofeedback on GH response to GH-releasing hormone. Role of free fatty acids and somatostatin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72(2):492–495 CrossRefPubMed Pontiroli E, Lanzi R, Monti LD, Sandoli E, Pozza G (1991) Growth hormone (GH) autofeedback on GH response to GH-releasing hormone. Role of free fatty acids and somatostatin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72(2):492–495 CrossRefPubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Friend KE, Hartman ML, Pezzoli SS, Clasey JL, Thorner MO (1996) Both oral and transdermal estrogen increase growth hormone release in postmenopausal women—a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(6):2250–2256 PubMed Friend KE, Hartman ML, Pezzoli SS, Clasey JL, Thorner MO (1996) Both oral and transdermal estrogen increase growth hormone release in postmenopausal women—a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(6):2250–2256 PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Weissberger J, Ho KKY, Lazarus L (1991) Contrasting effects of oral and transdermal routes of estrogen replacement therapy on 24-hour growth hormone (GH) secretion, insulin-like growth factor I, and GH-binding protein in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72(2):374–381 CrossRefPubMed Weissberger J, Ho KKY, Lazarus L (1991) Contrasting effects of oral and transdermal routes of estrogen replacement therapy on 24-hour growth hormone (GH) secretion, insulin-like growth factor I, and GH-binding protein in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72(2):374–381 CrossRefPubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Malozowski S, Tanner LA, Wysowski D, Fleming GA (1993) Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and benign intracranial hypertension. N Engl J Med 329:665–666 CrossRefPubMed Malozowski S, Tanner LA, Wysowski D, Fleming GA (1993) Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and benign intracranial hypertension. N Engl J Med 329:665–666 CrossRefPubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohn L, Feller AG, Draper MW, Rudman IW, Rudman D (1993) Carpal tunnel syndrome and gynaecomastia during growth hormone treatment of elderly men with low circulating IGF-I concentrations. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39:417–425 CrossRef Cohn L, Feller AG, Draper MW, Rudman IW, Rudman D (1993) Carpal tunnel syndrome and gynaecomastia during growth hormone treatment of elderly men with low circulating IGF-I concentrations. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39:417–425 CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Munzer T, Harman SM, Hees P, Shapiro E, Christmas C, Bellantoni MF, Stevens TE, O’Connor KG, Pabst KM, St Clair C, Sorkin JD, Blackman MR (2001) Effects of GH and/or sex steroid administration on abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in healthy aged women and men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3604–3610 CrossRefPubMed Munzer T, Harman SM, Hees P, Shapiro E, Christmas C, Bellantoni MF, Stevens TE, O’Connor KG, Pabst KM, St Clair C, Sorkin JD, Blackman MR (2001) Effects of GH and/or sex steroid administration on abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in healthy aged women and men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3604–3610 CrossRefPubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Weltman A, Weltman JY, Veldhuis JD, Hartman ML (2001) Body composition, physical exercise, growth hormone and obesity. Eat Weight Disord 6:28–37 PubMed Weltman A, Weltman JY, Veldhuis JD, Hartman ML (2001) Body composition, physical exercise, growth hormone and obesity. Eat Weight Disord 6:28–37 PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Broussard JL, Chapotot F, Abraham V, Day A, Delebecque F, Whitmore HR, Tasali E (2015) Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men. Diabetologia 58(4):791–798 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Broussard JL, Chapotot F, Abraham V, Day A, Delebecque F, Whitmore HR, Tasali E (2015) Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men. Diabetologia 58(4):791–798 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Tannenbaum GS, Martin JB (1976) Growth induced by pulsatile infusion of an amidated fragment of human growth hormone releasing factor in normal and GHRF-deficient rats. Endocrinology 98:562–570 CrossRefPubMed Tannenbaum GS, Martin JB (1976) Growth induced by pulsatile infusion of an amidated fragment of human growth hormone releasing factor in normal and GHRF-deficient rats. Endocrinology 98:562–570 CrossRefPubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Tannenbaum GS, Painson, La Pointe M, Gurd W, Mc Carthy G (1990) Interplay of somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone in genesis of episodic growth hormone secretion. Metab Clin Exp 39(9, Suppl. 2):35–39 CrossRefPubMed Tannenbaum GS, Painson, La Pointe M, Gurd W, Mc Carthy G (1990) Interplay of somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone in genesis of episodic growth hormone secretion. Metab Clin Exp 39(9, Suppl. 2):35–39 CrossRefPubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Tannenbaum GS, Ling N (1984) The interrelationship of growth hormone(GH)-releasing factor and somatostatin in generation of the ultradian rhythm of GH secretion. Endocrinology. 115(5):1952–1957 CrossRefPubMed Tannenbaum GS, Ling N (1984) The interrelationship of growth hormone(GH)-releasing factor and somatostatin in generation of the ultradian rhythm of GH secretion. Endocrinology. 115(5):1952–1957 CrossRefPubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim CT, Grossman A, Khoo B (2014) Normal physiology of ACTH and GH release in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in man. In: De Groot LJ, Beck-Peccoz P, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, McLachlan R, New M, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Weickert MO (Hrsg) Endotext. MDText.com, Inc, South Dartmouth Lim CT, Grossman A, Khoo B (2014) Normal physiology of ACTH and GH release in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in man. In: De Groot LJ, Beck-Peccoz P, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, McLachlan R, New M, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Weickert MO (Hrsg) Endotext. MDText.com, Inc, South Dartmouth
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Jean-Louis G, von Gizycki H, Zizi F (1998) Melatonin effects on sleep, mood, and cognition in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. J Pineal Res 25:177–183 CrossRefPubMed Jean-Louis G, von Gizycki H, Zizi F (1998) Melatonin effects on sleep, mood, and cognition in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. J Pineal Res 25:177–183 CrossRefPubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Valcavi R, Zini M, Maestroni GJ, Conti A, Portioli I (1993) Melatonin stimulates growth hormone secretion through pathways other than the growth hormone-releasing hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39(2):193–199 CrossRef Valcavi R, Zini M, Maestroni GJ, Conti A, Portioli I (1993) Melatonin stimulates growth hormone secretion through pathways other than the growth hormone-releasing hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39(2):193–199 CrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Nassar E, Mulligan C, Taylor L et al (2007) Effects of a single dose of N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (Melatonin) and resistance exercise on the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis in young males and females. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 4:14 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nassar E, Mulligan C, Taylor L et al (2007) Effects of a single dose of N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (Melatonin) and resistance exercise on the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis in young males and females. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 4:14 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Russell-Aulet M, Dimaraki EV, Jaffe CA et al (2001) Aging-related growth hormone (GH) decrease is a selective hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone pulse amplitude mediated phenomenon. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:M124–M129 CrossRefPubMed Russell-Aulet M, Dimaraki EV, Jaffe CA et al (2001) Aging-related growth hormone (GH) decrease is a selective hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone pulse amplitude mediated phenomenon. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:M124–M129 CrossRefPubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Villalobos C, Núñez L, Frawley LS et al (1997) Multi-responsiveness of single anterior pituitary cells to hypothalamic-releasing hormones: a cellular basis for paradoxical secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14132–14137 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Villalobos C, Núñez L, Frawley LS et al (1997) Multi-responsiveness of single anterior pituitary cells to hypothalamic-releasing hormones: a cellular basis for paradoxical secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14132–14137 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
88.
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathieni G (1980) Growth hormone secretion by arginine stimulus: the effect of both low doses and oral arginine. Boll Soc It Sper Biol 56:2254 Mathieni G (1980) Growth hormone secretion by arginine stimulus: the effect of both low doses and oral arginine. Boll Soc It Sper Biol 56:2254
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Marcell TJ, Taaffe DR, Hawkins SA, Tarpenning KM, Pyka G et al (1999) Oral arginine does not stimulate basal or augment exercise-induced GH secretion in either young or old adults. J Gerontol 54A(8):M395–M399 CrossRef Marcell TJ, Taaffe DR, Hawkins SA, Tarpenning KM, Pyka G et al (1999) Oral arginine does not stimulate basal or augment exercise-induced GH secretion in either young or old adults. J Gerontol 54A(8):M395–M399 CrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC (1998) Growth hormone and bone. Endocr Rev 19(1):55–79 PubMed Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC (1998) Growth hormone and bone. Endocr Rev 19(1):55–79 PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Wüster C, Abs R, Bengtsson BA, Bennmarker et al (2001) The influence of growth hormone deficiency, growth hormone replacement therapy, and other aspects of hypopituitarism on fracture rate and bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res 16(2):398–405 CrossRefPubMed Wüster C, Abs R, Bengtsson BA, Bennmarker et al (2001) The influence of growth hormone deficiency, growth hormone replacement therapy, and other aspects of hypopituitarism on fracture rate and bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res 16(2):398–405 CrossRefPubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Raben MS (1958) Treatment of a pituitary dwarf with human growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 18:901–903 CrossRefPubMed Raben MS (1958) Treatment of a pituitary dwarf with human growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 18:901–903 CrossRefPubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans HM, Long JA (1922) Characteristic effects upon growth, oestrus, and ovulation induced by the intra peritoneal administration of fresh anterior hypophyseal substance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8:38–39 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Evans HM, Long JA (1922) Characteristic effects upon growth, oestrus, and ovulation induced by the intra peritoneal administration of fresh anterior hypophyseal substance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8:38–39 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Perls TT, Reisman NR, Olshansky SJ (2005) Provision and distribution of growth hormone for “antiaging”: clinical and legal issues. JAMA 294:2086–2090 CrossRefPubMed Perls TT, Reisman NR, Olshansky SJ (2005) Provision and distribution of growth hormone for “antiaging”: clinical and legal issues. JAMA 294:2086–2090 CrossRefPubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu H et al (2007) Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly. Ann Intern Med 146:104–115 CrossRefPubMed Liu H et al (2007) Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly. Ann Intern Med 146:104–115 CrossRefPubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Landsmann MA (2006) Forever young? What role does human growth hormone play in the aging process? The question is rife with controversy. Adv Healthy Aging 2:54–61 Landsmann MA (2006) Forever young? What role does human growth hormone play in the aging process? The question is rife with controversy. Adv Healthy Aging 2:54–61
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Shimon I (2003) Growth hormone replacement for adult growth hormone deficiency. Expert Opin Pharmacother 4(11):1977–1983 CrossRefPubMed Shimon I (2003) Growth hormone replacement for adult growth hormone deficiency. Expert Opin Pharmacother 4(11):1977–1983 CrossRefPubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Bartke A, Brown-Borg H, Kinney B, Mattison J, Wright C, Hauck St, Coschiogano K, Kopchick JM (2000) Growth hormone and aging. J Am Aging Assoc 23:219–225 PubMedPubMedCentral Bartke A, Brown-Borg H, Kinney B, Mattison J, Wright C, Hauck St, Coschiogano K, Kopchick JM (2000) Growth hormone and aging. J Am Aging Assoc 23:219–225 PubMedPubMedCentral
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Jenkins PJ, Mukherjee A, Shalet SM (2006) Does growth hormone cause cancer ? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64(2):115–121 CrossRef Jenkins PJ, Mukherjee A, Shalet SM (2006) Does growth hormone cause cancer ? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64(2):115–121 CrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Sklar CA (2004) Growth hormone treatment: cancer risk. Horm Res 62(Suppl 3):30–34 PubMed Sklar CA (2004) Growth hormone treatment: cancer risk. Horm Res 62(Suppl 3):30–34 PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Banerjee I, Clayton PE (2007) Growth hormone treatment and cancer risk. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 36(1):247–263 CrossRefPubMed Banerjee I, Clayton PE (2007) Growth hormone treatment and cancer risk. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 36(1):247–263 CrossRefPubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat CohenP personal Informationan during a telephone discussion in Tegernesse 2004. Novo-Nordisk Conference on Growth Hormone, 2005, Tegernsee CohenP personal Informationan during a telephone discussion in Tegernesse 2004. Novo-Nordisk Conference on Growth Hormone, 2005, Tegernsee
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Grimberg A, Liu B, Bannerman P, El-Deiry WS, Cohen P (2002) IGFBP-3 mediates p53-induced apoptosis during serum starvation. Int J Oncol 21(2):327–335 PubMedPubMedCentral Grimberg A, Liu B, Bannerman P, El-Deiry WS, Cohen P (2002) IGFBP-3 mediates p53-induced apoptosis during serum starvation. Int J Oncol 21(2):327–335 PubMedPubMedCentral
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Blackman MR, Sorkin J, Münzer T, Bellantoni M, Busby-Whitehead J, Stevens T et al (2002) Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:2282–2292 CrossRefPubMed Blackman MR, Sorkin J, Münzer T, Bellantoni M, Busby-Whitehead J, Stevens T et al (2002) Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:2282–2292 CrossRefPubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowers CY, Merriam GR, Veldhuis JD (2008) Validation of growth-hormone-releasing peptide 2 for the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 4:68–69 CrossRefPubMed Bowers CY, Merriam GR, Veldhuis JD (2008) Validation of growth-hormone-releasing peptide 2 for the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 4:68–69 CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Der Effekt von Wachstumshormon auf die menschlichen Alterungsprozesse. Teil 2
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. med. Michael Klentze
Publikationsdatum
16.11.2018
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Schweiz / Ausgabe 4/2018
Print ISSN: 1995-6924
Elektronische ISSN: 2520-8500
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41975-018-0064-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2018

Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Schweiz 4/2018 Zur Ausgabe

News-Screen Assistierte Reproduktion

News-Screen Assistierte Reproduktion

Editorial

Éditorial

Tipps & Tricks im Gyn-Ultraschall

Der gynäkologische Ultraschall