Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diabetes mellitus und Schwangerschaft

  • Living reference work entry
  • Latest version View entry history
  • First Online:
Die Geburtshilfe

Part of the book series: Springer Reference Medizin ((SRM))

  • 92 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Die Betreuung einer Schwangeren mit Typ-1- oder Typ-2-Diabetes stellt eine große Herausforderung dar. Durch eine präkonzeptionelle Optimierung der Blutzuckereinstellung und Behandlung von Spätkomplikationen können schwere mütterliche (Progression von Retino- und Nephropathie, Stoffwechselentgleisung in Richtung hyper- oder hypoglykämisches Koma, eine erhöhte Inzidenz von Präeklampsie, Infektionen) wie kindliche Komplikationen (Hyperinsulinismus, der mit Makrosomie, Organomegalie, intrauterinerer Asphyxie, Frühgeburtlichkeit, intrauteriner Wachstumsrestriktion/Fruchttod einhergehen kann) verringert werden.

Die Probleme beim Gestationsdiabetes (GDM) entsprechen teilweise (diabetische Fetopathie) denen von Schwangerschaften mit vorbestehendem Diabetes mellitus. Sie sind allerdings wegen fehlender diabetischer Spätkomplikationen und geringerer Hyperglykämie weniger ausgeprägt und nicht mit einer diabetischen Embryopathie assoziiert.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn DW (2014) Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD002252. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002252.pub3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aerts L, Holemans K, Van Assche F (1990) Maternal diabetes during pregnancy: consequences for the offspring. Diabetes Metab Rev 6:147–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, Yap M, Chatterjee S, Kew T, Debenham L, Llavall AC, Dixit A, Zhou D, Balaji R, Lee SI, Qiu X, Yuan M, Coomar D, Sheikh J, Lawson H, Ansari K, van Wely M, van Leeuwen E, Kostova E, Kunst H, Khalil A, Tiberi S, Brizuela V, Broutet N, Kara E, Kim CR, Thorson A, Oladapo OT, Mofenson L, Zamora J, Thangaratinam S, for PregCOV-19 Living Systematic Review Consortium (2020) Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 370:m3320. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3320

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AWMF-Leitlinien-Register (2003) Leitlinie zur Betreuung Neugeborener diabetischer Mütter. Nr 024/006. http://www.awmf-leitlinien.de

  • Battelino T, Danne T, Bergenstal RM, Amiel SA, Beck R, Biester T, Bosi E, Buckingham BA, Cefalu WT, Close KL, Cobelli C, Dassau E, DeVries JH, Donaghue KC, Dovc K, Doyle FJ 3rd, Garg S, Grunberger G, Heller S, Heinemann L, Hirsch IB, Hovorka R, Jia W, Kordonouri O, Kovatchev B, Kowalski A, Laffel L, Levine B, Mayorov A, Mathieu C, Murphy HR, Nimri R, Norgaard K, Parkin CG, Renard E, Rodbard D, Saboo B, Schatz D, Stoner K, Urakami T, Weinzimer SA, Phillip M (2019) Clinical targets for continuous glucose monitoring data interpretation: recommendations from the international consensus on time in range. Diabetes Care 42(8):1593–1603. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0028

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bell R, Glinianaia SV, Tennant PW, Bilous RW, Rankin J (2012) Periconception hyperglycemia and nephropathy are associated with risk of congenital anomaly in women with pre-existing diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia 55:936–947

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benhalima K, Van Crombrugge P, Moyson C, Verhaeghe J, Vandeginste S, Verlaenen H, Vercammen C, Maes T, Dufraimont E, De Block C, Jacquemyn Y, Mekahli F, De Clippel K, Van Den Bruel A, Loccufier A, Laenen A, Devlieger R, Mathieu C (2018a) The sensitivity and specificity of the glucose challenge test in a universal two-step screening strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus using the 2013 World Health Organization criteria. Diabetes Care 41(7):e111–e112. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-0556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benhalima K, Van Crombrugge P, Moyson C, Verhaeghe J et al (2018b) A modified two-step screening strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus based on the 2013 WHO criteria by combining the glucose challenge test and clinical risk factors. J Clin Med 7(10):351. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boulot P, Chabbert-Buffet N, d'Ercole C, Floriot M, Fontaine P, Fournier A, Gillet JY, Gin H, Grandperret-Vauthier S, Geudj AM, Guionnet B, Hauguel-de-Mouzon S, Hieronimus S, Hoffet M, Jullien D, Lamotte MF, Lejeune V, Lepercq J, Lorenzi F, Mares P, Miton A, Penfornis A, Pfister B, Renard E, Rodier M, Roth P, Sery GA, Timsit J, Valat AS, Vambergue A, Verier-Mine O, Diabetes and Pregnancy Group, France (2003) French multicentric survey of outcomes of pregnancy in women with pregestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:2990–2993

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulvain M, Senat MV, Perrotin F, Winer N, Beucher G, Subtil D, Bretelle F, Azria E, Hejaiej D, Vendittelli F, Capelle M, Langer B, Matis R, Connan L, Gillard P, Kirkpatrick C, Ceysens G, Faron G, Irion O, Rozenberg P, Groupe de Recherche en Obstétrique et Gynécologie (GROG) (2015) Induction of labour versus expectant management for large-for-date fetuses: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 385(9987):2600–2605. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61904-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulvain M, Irion O, Dowswell T, Thornton JG (2016) Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:CD000938

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausen TD, Mathiesen E, Ekbom P, Hellmuth E, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Damm P (2006) Poor pregnancy outcome in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:323–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowther C, Hiller J, Moss J, McPhee A, Jeffries W, Robinson J (2005) Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcome. N Engl J Med 352:2477–2486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dargel S, Schleußner E, Kloos C, Groten T, Weschenfelder F (2021) Awareness of euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis during pregnancy prevents recurrence of devastating outcomes: a case report of two pregnancies in one patient. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 21(1):552. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-04035-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dittkrist L, Vetterlein J, Henrich W, Ramsauer B, Schlembach D, Abou-Dakn M, Gembruch U, Schild RL, Duewal A, Schaefer-Graf UM (2022) Percent error of ultrasound examination to estimate fetal weight at term in different categories of birth weight with focus on maternal diabetes and obesity. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 22(1):241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04519-z

  • Eriksson U, Wentzel P, Hod M (2003) Clinical and experimental advances in the understanding of diabetic embryopathy. In: Hod M, Jovanovic L, Di Renzo G, De Leiva A, Langer O (Hrsg) Textbook of diabetes and pregnancy. Dunitz, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers I, de Valk H, Visser G (2004) Risk of complications of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes: nationwide prospective study in the Netherlands. Br Med J 10:1136–1141

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrar D, Tuffnell DJ, West J, West HM (2016) Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6:CD005542. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005542.pub3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feig DS, Donovan LE, Corcoy R, Murphy KE, Amiel SA, Hunt KF, Asztalos E, Barrett JFR, Sanchez JJ, de Leiva A, Hod M, Jovanovic L, Keely E, McManus R, Hutton EK, Meek CL, Stewart ZA, Wysocki T, O’Brien R, Ruedy K, Kollman C, Tomlinson G, Murphy HR, Conceptt Collaborative Group (2017) Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trial. Lancet 390(10110):2347–2359. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32400-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman AZ, Brown FM (2016) Management of Type 1 diabetes in pregnancy. Curr Diab Rep 16(8):76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-016-0765-z

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fuhrmann K, Reiher H, Semmler K, Fischer F, Fischer M, Glockner E (1983) Prevention of congenital malformations in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. Diabetes Care 6:219–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harreiter J, Dovjak G, Kautzky-Willer A (2014) Gestational diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk after pregnancy. Women Health 10(1):91–108. https://doi.org/10.2217/whe.13.69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauffe F, Schaefer-Graf UM, Fauzan R, Schohe AL, Scholle D, Sedlacek L, Scherer KA, Klapp C, Ramsauer B, Henrich W, Schlembach D, Abou-Dakn M (2019) Higher rates of large-for-gestational-age newborns mediated by excess maternal weight gain in pregnancies with Type 1 diabetes and use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs multiple dose insulin injection. Diabet Med 36(2):158–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hummel M (2004) Bekommt mein Kind auch Diabetes? In: Kleinwechter H, Schäfer-Graf U, Mäder U (Hrsg) Der große Schwangerschaftsratgeber für Diabetikerinnen. Thieme-Trias, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (2010) Recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 33:676–682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen DM, Korsholm L, OvesenP B-NH, Moelstat-Pedersen L, Westergaard J, Moeller M, Damm P (2009) Peri-conceptual HbA1c and risk for serious adverse pregnancy outcome in 933 women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32:1046–1048

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kainer F, Weiss PAM, Hüttner U, Haas J (1997) Ultrasound growth parameters in relation to levels of amniotic fluid insulin in women with diabetes type I. Early Hum Dev 49:113–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kautzky-Willer A, Prager R, Ludvik B, Pacini G, Tura A, Bieglmeyer C, Schneider B, Waldhäusl W (2001) Elevated plasma leptin in gestational diabetes. Diabetologia 44:164–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kautzky-Willer A, Bancher-Todesca D, Weitgasser R, Prikoszovich T, Steiner H, Shnawa N, Schernthaner G, Birnbacher R, Schneider B, Marth C, Roden M, Lechleitner M (2008) The impact of risk factors and more stringent diagnostic criteria of gestational diabetes on outcomes in Central European Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:1689–1695

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirwan J, Mouzon H-D, Lepercq J et al (2002) TNF-alpha is a predictor of insulin resistance in human pregnancy. Diabetes 51:2207–2213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzmiller J, Gavin L, Gin G, Jovanonvic-Peterson L, Main E, Zigrang W (1991) Preconception care of diabetes: glycemic control prevents congenital anomalies. JAMA 265:731–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzmiller J, Dang-Kilduff D, Taslimi M (2007) Gestational diabetes after delivery. Diabetes Care 30:S225–S234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kjos S, Schäfer-Graf U, Sardesi S et al (2001) A randomized controlled trial using glycemic plus fetal ultrasound parameters versus glycemic parameters to determine insulin therapy in gestational diabetes with fasting hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 24:1904–1910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kjos SL, Leung A, Henry OA, Victor MR, Paul RH, Medearis AL (1995) Antepartum surveillance in diabetic pregnancies: predictors of fetal distress in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:1532–1539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kremer C, Duff P (2004) Glyburide for treatment of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190:1438–1439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network et al (2009) A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med 361(14):1396–1398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langer O, Conway D, Berkus M (2000) A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women with gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med 343:1134–1138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langer O, Yogev Y, Most O, Xenakis E (2005a) Gestational diabetes: the consequences of not treating. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:989–997

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langer O, Yogev Y, Xenakis EMJ, Brustman L (2005b) Overweight and obese in gestational diabetes: the impact on pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192(6):1768–1776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2004.12.049

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larciprete G, Valensise H, Vasapollo B et al (2003) Fetal subcutaneous tissue thickness in healthy and gestational diabetic pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 22:591–597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macintosh MC, Fleming KM, Bailey JA, Doyle P, Modder J, Acolet D, Golightly S, Miller A (2006) Perinatal mortality and congenital anomalies in babies of women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: population based study. Br Med J 333(7560):177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger BE, Dyer AR (2014) New threshold levels for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus correctly identify women at risk? Diabetes Care 37(2):e30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Sheridan B, Hod M, Chen R, Yogev Y, Coustan DR, Catalano PM, Giles W, Lowe J, Hadden DR, Persson B, Oats JJ, HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group (2008a) Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome (HAPO) Study. Associations with neonatal Anthropometrics. Diabetes 58:453–459. https://doi.org/10.2337/db08-1112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, Coustan DR, Hadden DR, McCance DR, Hod M, McIntyre HD, Oats JJ, Persson B, Rogers MS, Sacks DA, HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group (2008b) Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 358:1991–2002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy HR, Howgate C, O’Keefe J, Myers J, Morgan M, Coleman MA, Jolly M, Valabhji J, Scott EM, Knighton P, Young B, Lewis-Barned N, National Pregnancy in Diabetes Advisory Group (2021) Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: a 5-year national population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 9(3):153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30406-X

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen LR, Damm P, Mathiesen ER (2009) Improved pregnancy outcome in type 1 diabetic women with microalbuminuria or diabetic nephropathy: effect of intensified antihypertensive therapy? Diabetes Care 32(1):38–44. Epub 22 Oct 2008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Plagemann A, Harder T, Rake A et al (1999) Malformation of hypothalamic nuclei in hyperinsulinaemic offspring of gestational diabetic mother rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 17:37–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiher H, Fuhrmann K, Noack S et al (1983) Age-dependent insulin secretion of the endocrine pancreas in vitro from fetuses of diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Diabetes Care 6:446–451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reitzle L, Schmidt C, Heidemann C, Icks A, Kaltheuner M, Ziese T, Scheidt-Nave C (2021) Gestationsdiabetes in Deutschland: Zeitliche Entwicklung von Screeningquote und Prävalenz. J Health Monitor 6(2):3–19. https://doi.org/10.25646/8324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringholm L, Secher AL, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Thorsteinsson B, Andersen HU, Damm P, Mathiesen ER (2013) The incidence of severe hypoglycaemia in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus can be reduced with unchanged HbA1c levels and pregnancy outcomes in a routine care setting. Diabetes Res Clin Pract pii:S0168-8227(13)00228-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.06.002

  • Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LCY, Syngelaki A, O’Gorman N, de Paco Matallana C, Akolekar R, Cicero S, Janga D, Singh M, Molina FS, Persico N, Jani JC, Plasencia W, Papaioannou G, Tenenbaum-Gavish K, Nicolaides KH (2017) ASPRE trial: performance of screening for preterm pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 50(4):492–495. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.18816

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenn B, Miodovnik M, Holcberg G, Khoury J, Siddiqi T (1995) Hypoglycemia: the price of intensive insulin therapy for pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol 85:417–422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan JA, Hague WM, Gao W, Battin MR, Moore MP, Investigators MGT (2008) Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:2003–2015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan JA, Rush EC, Obolonkin V, Battin M, Wouldes T, Hague WM (2011) Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): body composition at 2 years of age. Diabetes Care 34(10):2279–2284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan JA, Rush EC, Plank LD, Lu J, Obolonkin V, Coat S, Hague WM (2018) Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): body composition and metabolic outcomes at 7–9 years of age. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 6(1):e000456. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000456

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Ramos L, Bernstein S, Kaunitz A (2002) Expectant management versus labor induction for suspected fetal macrosomia: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 100:997–1002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer UM, Songster G, Xiang A, Berkowitz K, Buchanan TA, Kjos SL (1997) Congenital malformations in offspring of women with hyperglycemia first detected during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:1165–1171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer-Graf U, Buchanan T, Xiang A, Songster G, Montoro M, Kjos S (2000) Patterns of congenital anomalies and relationship to initial maternal fasting glucose levels in pregnancies complicated by type 2 and gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182:313–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer-Graf U, Kjos S, Bühling K et al (2003) Amniotic fluid insulin levels and fetal abdominal circumference at time of amniocentesis in pregnancies with diabetes. Diabet Med 20:349–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer-Graf U, Kjos S, Fauzan O et al (2004) A randomized trial evaluating a predominately fetal growth-based strategy to guide management of gestational diabetes in Caucasian women. Diabetes Care 27:297–302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer-Graf U, Pawliczek J, Passow D et al (2005) Birth weight and parental BMI predict overweight in children from mothers with gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:1745–1750

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer-Graf UM, Graf K, Kulbacka I, Kjos SL, Dudenhausen J, Vetter K, Herrera E (2008) Maternal lipids as strong determinants of fetal environment and growth in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 31(9):1858–1863

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer-Graf UM, Klavehn S, Hartmann R, Kleinwechter H, Demandt N, Sorger M, Kjos SL, Vetter K, Abou-Dakn M (2009) How do we reduce the number of missed postpartum diabetes in women with recent gestational diabetes? Diabetes Care 32(11):1960–1964

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman B, Rizzo T, Cho N, Metzger B (1998) Long-term effects of the intrauterine environment. The Northwestern University Diabetes in Pregnancy Center. Diabetes Care 21(Suppl 2):142–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Stene L, Magnus P, Lie R, Sovik O, Joner G (2001) Birth weight and childhood onset type 1 diabetes: population based cohort study. Br Med J 322:889–892

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetterlein J, Doehmen CAE, Voss H, Dittkrist L, Klapp C, Henrich W, Ramsauer B, Schlembach D, Abou-Dakn M, Maresh MJA, Schaefer-Graf UM (2021) Antenatal risk prediction of shoulder dystocia: influence of diabetes and obesity: a multicenter study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 304(5):1169–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-021-06041-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, Clement DL, Coca A, de Simone G, Dominiczak A, Kahan T, Mahfoud F, Redon J, Ruilope L, Zanchetti A, Kerins M, Kjeldsen SE, Kreutz R, Laurent S, GYH L, McManus R, Narkiewicz K, Ruschitzka F, Schmieder RE, Shlyakhto E, Tsioufis C, Aboyans V, Desormais I, E. S. C. Scientific Document Group (2018) 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 39(33):3021–3104. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Liu B, Sun Y et al (2020) Association of maternal prepregnancy diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus with congenital anomalies of the newborn. Diabetes Care 43(12):2983–2990

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler A, Schmid S, Huber D, Hummel M, Bonifacio E (2003) Early infant feeding and risk of developing type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies. JAMA 290:1721–1728

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. St. Joseph-Krankenhaus, Perinatalzentrum Level 1, Berliner Diabeteszentrum für Schwangere, Berlin, Deutschland

    Ute Schaefer-Graf

  2. Medizinische Universität Wien, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin III, Wien, Österreich

    Alexandra Kautzky-Willer

  3. Klinik für Geburtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland

    Tanja Groten

Authors
  1. Ute Schaefer-Graf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tanja Groten
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ute Schaefer-Graf .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Frauenklinik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Deutschland

    Constantin von Kaisenberg

  2. Klinische Abteilung für Geburtshilfe, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Steiermark, Österreich

    Philipp Klaritsch

  3. Geburtshilfe, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel Universitätsspital, Basel Stadt, Schweiz

    Irene Hösli-Krais

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Schaefer-Graf, U., Kautzky-Willer, A., Groten, T. (2023). Diabetes mellitus und Schwangerschaft. In: von Kaisenberg, C., Klaritsch, P., Hösli-Krais, I. (eds) Die Geburtshilfe. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44369-9_26-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44369-9_26-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-44369-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-44369-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Referenz Medizin

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

  1. Latest

    Diabetes mellitus und Schwangerschaft
    Published:
    15 August 2023

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44369-9_26-2

  2. Original

    Diabetes mellitus und Schwangerschaft
    Published:
    16 April 2015

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44369-9_26-1

Search

Navigation