Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Resistive Exercise Training in Cardiac Rehabilitation

An Update

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Resistive exercise training has become very popular for patients of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programmes (CRPs). For decades, CRPs focused almost exclusively on improving cardiorespiratory endurance and most programmes ignored muscular fitness development. Moreover, resistance training was thought to be potentially hazardous for the cardiac patient due to the risk of cardiovascular complications from adverse haemodynamic responses. We now know that resistive exercise testing and training is very safe for properly screened patients, even at relatively high workloads. Improvement in muscular strength facilitates return to daily vocational and avocational activities and is important for the CRP participant to regain lost strength and resume work soon after a cardiac event. Circuit weight training (CWT) is helpful in this respect and has been shown to increase muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance, body composition, bone density and mineral content, self-confidence, and self-efficacy in various populations. This article presents an update on current research in cardiac patients and also presents guidelines for implementing a properly supervised cardiac resistive exercise programme.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Goldberg AR Aerobic and resistive exercise modify risk factors for coronary heart disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: 669–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Haennel RG, Quinney HA, Kappagoda CT. Effects of hydraulic circuit training following coronary artery bypass surgery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: (158–65)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hurley BF, Kokkinos PF. Effects of weight training on risk factors for coronary artery disease. Sports Med 1987; 4: (231–8)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hurley BF, Hagberg JM, Goldberg AP, et al. Resistive training can reduce coronary risk factors without altering V̇O2max or percent body fat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20: (150–4)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kelemen MH, Stewart KJ, Gillilan RE, et al. Circuit weight training in cardiac patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: (38–42)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. McCartney N, McKelvie RS, Haslam DRS, et al. Usefulness of weightlifting training in improving strength and maximal power output in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: (939–45)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. McKelvie RS, McCartney N. Weightlifting training in cardiac patients: considerations. Sports Med 1990; 10: (355–64)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Smutok MA, Reece C, Kokkinos PF, et al. Aerobic versus strength training for risk factor intervention in middle-aged men at high risk for coronary artery disease. Metabolism 1993; 42: (177–84)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Stewart KJ. Resistive training effects on strength and cardiovascular endurance in cardiac and coronary prone patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: (678–81)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Stone MH, Fleck SJ, Triplett NT, et al. Health- and performancerelated potential of resistance training. Sports Med 1991; 11: (210–31)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Stone MH, Wilson GD. Resistive training and selected effects. Med Clin North Am 1985; 69: (109–21)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ewart CK, Stewart KJ, Gillilan RE, et al. Self-efficacy mediates strength gains during circuit weight training in men with coronary artery disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 18: (531–40)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ewart CK. Psychological effects of resistive weight training: implications for cardiac patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: (683–8)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Stewart KJ, Mason M, Kelemen MH. Three-year participation in circuit weight training improves muscular strength and self-efficacy in cardiac patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1988; 8: (292–6)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Stewart KJ, McFarland LD, Weinhofer JJ, et al. Weight training soon after myocardial infarction [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26 Suppl. 1:32

    Google Scholar 

  16. Svedahl K, Haennel RG, Hudec R, et al. The effects of circuit training on the physical fitness of post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26 Suppl. 1: 185

    Google Scholar 

  17. Wilke NA, Sheldahl LM, Levandoski SG, et al. Transfer effect of upper extremity training to weight carrying in men with ischemic heart disease. J Cardiopulm Rehab 1991; 11: (365–72)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Fletcher GF, Blair SN, Blumenthal J, et al. American Heart Association statement on exercise — benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. Circulation 1992; 86: (340–4)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Franklin BA, Bonzheim K, Gordon S, et al. Resistance training in cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehab 1991; 11: (99–107)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hanson P, Nagle F. Isometric exercise: cardiovascular responses in normal and cardiac populations. Cardiol Clin 1987; 5: (157–70)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Painter P, Hanson P. Isometric exercise: implications for the cardiac patient. In: Hall LK, Meyer GC, editors. Cardiac rehabilitation: exercise testing and prescription. Champaign (IL): Life Enhancement Publishers, 1984: 223–42

    Google Scholar 

  22. American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation programs. Champaign, (IL): Human Kinetics, 1995; 44–51

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gettman LR, Pollock ML. Circuit weight training: a critical review of its physiological benefits. Physician Sports Med 1981; 9: (44)-60

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kelemen MH. Resistive training safety and assessment guidelines for cardiac and coronary prone patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: (675–7)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philedelphia: Williams and Wilkins, 1995: 189–191, 231–233

    Google Scholar 

  26. Daub WD, Knapik GP, Black WR. Strength training early after myocardial infarction. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1996; 16: (100–8)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sparling PB, Cantwell JD. Strength training guidelines for cardiac patients. Physician Sports Med 1989; 17: (190–6)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Verrill D, Shoup E, McElveen G, et al. Resistive exercise training in cardiac patients: recommendations. Sports Med 1992; 13: (171–93)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Asmussen E. Similarities and dissimilarities between static and dynamic exercise. Circ Res 1981; 48 Suppl. 1: 3–10

    Google Scholar 

  30. Lewis SF, Taylor WF, Graham RM, et al. Cardiovascular responses to exercise as functions of absolute and relative workload. J Appl Physiol 1983; 54: (1314–23)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. MacDougall JD, Tuxen D, Sale DG, et al. Arterial blood pressure response to heavy resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58: (785–90)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mitchell JH, Schibye B, Payne FC, et al. Response of arterial blood pressure to static exercise in relation to muscle mass, force development, and electromyographic activity. Circ Res 1981; 48 Suppl. 1:70–6

    Google Scholar 

  33. Haslam DRS, McCartney N, McKelvie RS, et al. Direct measurements of arterial blood pressure during formal weightlifting in cardiac patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1988; 8: (213–25)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Wiecek EM, McCartney N, McKelvie RS, et al. Comparison of direct and indirect measures of systemic arterial pressure during weightlifting in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: (1065–9)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Atkins JM, Matthews OA, Blomqvist CG, et al. Incidence of arrhythmias induced by isometric and dynamic exercise. Br Heart J 1976; 38: (465–71)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kivowitz C, Parmley WW, Donoso R, et al. Effects of isometric exercise on cardiac performance: the grip test. Circulation 1971; 44: (994–1002)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Mullins CB, Blomqvist G. Isometric exercise and the cardiac patient. Texas Med 1973; 69: (53–8)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Siegel W, Gilbert CA, Nutter DO. Use of isometric handgrip for the indirect assessment of left ventricular function in patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1972; 30: (48–54)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Butler RM, Beierwaltes WH, Rogers FJ. The cardiovascular response to circuit weight training in patients with cardiac disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1987; 1: (402–9)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Effron MB. Effects of resistance training on left ventricular function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: (694–7)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. McKool K, Nelson KM. A practice of cardiac rehabilitation. Cardiol Clin 1985; 3: (269–80)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Saito M, Yamazaki T, Goto Y, et al. Cardiovascular responses during ordinary activities in healthy subjects: predominance of blood pressure response over heart rate in activities with isometric components. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1987; 7: (253–8)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Elkayam U, Roth A, Weber L, et al. Isometric exercise in patients with chronic advanced heart failure: hemodynamic and neurohumoral evaluation. Circulation 1985; 72: (975–81)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Keren G, Katz S, Gage J, et al. Effect of isometric exercise on cardiac performance and mitral regurgitation in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1989; 118: (973–9)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sagiv M, Hanson P, Besozzi M, et al. Left ventricular responses to upright isometric handgrip and deadlift in men with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55: (1298–302)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Clausen JP. Circulatory adjustments to dynamic exercise and effect of physical training in normal subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1976; 18: (459–95)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Miles DS, Cox MH, Bomze JP. Cardiovascular responses to upper body exercise in normals and cardiac patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21 Suppl. 2: 126–31

    Google Scholar 

  48. Green JS, Crouse SF. Aging, cardiovascular function, and endurance exercise: a review of the literature. Med Exerc Nutr Health 1993; 2: (299–309)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Smith EE, Guyton AC, Manning RD, et al. Integrated mechanisms of cardiovascular response and control during exercise in the normal human. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1976; 18: (421–43)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Smith EL, Serfass RC. Exercise and aging: the scientific basis. New York: Enslow Publishers, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  51. Stratton JR, Levy WC, Cerqueira MD, et al. Cardiovascular responses to exercise — effects of aging and exercise training in healthy men. Circulation 1993; 89: (1648–55)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Dossa A, LaRaia JP, Clifford J. Effects of low intensity strength training in elderly patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemie cardiomyopathy [abstract]. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J 1993; 4: (12)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Featherstone JF, Holly RG, Amsterdam EA. Physiologic responses to weight lifting in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: (287–92)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ghilarducci LE, Holly RG, Amsterdam EA. Effects of high resistance training in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: (866–70)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. McClintock S, Bendick P, Franklin B, et al. Myocardial demands of circuit weight training: comparison with aerobic prescription [abstract]. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1988; 10: (407)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Sparling PB, Cantwell JD, Dolan CM, et al. Strength training in a cardiac rehabilitation program: a six-month follow up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: (148–52)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Squires RW, Muri AJ, Anderson LJ, et al. Weight training during Phase II (early outpatient) cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1991; 11: (360–4)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Stralow CR, Ball TE, Looney M. Acute cardiovascular responses of patients with coronary disease to dynamic variable resistance exercise of different intensities. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1993; 13: 255–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Vander LB, Franklin BA, Wrisley D, et al. Acute cardiovascular responses to Nautilus exercise in cardiac patients: implications for exercise training. Ann Sports Med 1986; 2: (165–9)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Cononie CC, Graves JE, Pollock ML, et al. Effect of exercise training on blood pressure in 70- to 79-year old men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: (505–11)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Fiatarone MA, Marks EC, Ryan ND, et al. High intensity strength training in nonagenarians. JAMA 1990; 263: (3029–34)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Frontera WR, Meredith CN, O’Reilly KP, et al. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. J Appl Physiol 1988; 64: (1038–44)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kauffman TL. Strength training effects in young and aged women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985; 65: (223–6)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Moritani T, de Vries HA. Potential for gross muscle hypertrophy in older men. J Gerontol 1980; 35: (672–82)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Parsons D, Sherrill K, Foster V, et al. Strength training improves balance and endurance for seniors. Your Patient Fitness 1993; 7: (21–4)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Perkins LC, Kaiser HL. Results of short-term isotonic and isometric exercise programs in persons over sixty. Phys Ther Rev 1961; 41: (633–5)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ferguson RJ, Cote P, Bourassa MG, et al. Coronary blood flow during isometric and dynamic exercise in angina pectoris patients. J Card Rehabil 1981; 1: (21–7)

    Google Scholar 

  68. MacGowan GA, Murali S, Loftus S, et al. Comparison of metabolic, ventilatory, and neurohumoral responses during light forearm isometric exercise and isotonic exercise in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: (390–6)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Campbell BF, Sheldahl L, Wilke N, et al. Effects of upper extremity blood distribution on weight carrying in men with ischemic heart disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1993; 13: (37–42)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. DaFoe WA, Cupper L, Tan KW. Case report: a vocational assessment that required a weight lifting and carrying test. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1990; 10: (126–9)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. DeBusk R, Valdez R, Houston N. Cardiovascular response to dynamic and static effort soon after myocardial infarction: application to occupational work assessment. Circulation 1978; 58: (368–75)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Landi J, Wygand J, Otto R, et al. Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to two modes of load transport in patients with cardiac disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1994; 14: (43–6)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Markiewicz W, Houston N, DeBusk R. A comparison of static and dynamic exercise soon after myocardial infarction. Isr J Med Sci 1979; 15: (894–7)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rod JL, Braun JQ, Rehm LM, et al. Simulated work activity in patients with coronary artery disease: a clinical protocol. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1989; 9: (439–44)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Schram V, Hanson P. Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to weight-loaded walking in cardiac rehabilitation patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1988; 8: (28–32)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Sheldahl LM, Wilke NA, Tristani FE, et al. Response to repetitive static-dynamic exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. J Card Rehabil 1985; 5: (139–45)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Taylor JL, Copeland RB, Cousins AL, et al. The effect of isometric exercise on the graded exercise test in patients with stable angina pectoris. J Card Rehabil 1981; 1: (450–8)

    Google Scholar 

  78. Wilke NA, Sheldahl LM, Levandoski SG, et al. Weight carrying versus handgrip exercise testing in men with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: (736–40)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sheldahl LM, Levandoski SG, Wilke NA, et al. Responses of patients with coronary artery disease to common carpentry tasks. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1993; 23: (283–90)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Collins MA, Cureton KJ, Hill DW, et al. Relationship of heart rate to oxygen uptake during weight lifting exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: (636–40)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gettman LR, Ayres JJ, Pollock ML, et al. The effect of circuit weight training on strength, cardiorespiratory function, and body composition of adult men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1978; 10: (171–6)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Gettman LR, Ayres JJ, Pollock ML, et al. Physiological effects on adult men of circuit strength training and jogging. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1979; 60: (115–20)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Haennel RG, Koon-Kang T, Quinney HA, et al. Effects of hydraulic circuit training on cardiovascular function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: (605–12)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Hempel LS, Wells CL. Cardiorespiratory cost of the Nautilus express circuit. Physician Sports Med 1985; 13: (82–97)

    Google Scholar 

  85. Hurley BF, Seals DR, Ehsani AA, et al. Effects of high-intensity strength training on cardiovascular function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16: (483–8)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Wilmore JH, Parr RB, Ward P, et al. Energy cost of circuit weight training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1978; 10: (75–8)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Fardy PS, Webb D, Hellerstein HK. Benefits of arm exercise in cardiac rehabilitation. Physician Sports Med 1977; 5: (30–41)

    Google Scholar 

  88. Franklin BA. Exercise testing, training, and arm ergometry. Sports Med 1985; 2: (100–19)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Butler RM, Palmer G, Rogers FJ. Circuit weight training in early cardiac rehabilitation. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1992; 1: (77–89)

    Google Scholar 

  90. Gordon NF, Kohl HW, Villegas JA, et al. Effect of rest interval duration on cardiorespiratory responses to hydraulic resistance circuit training. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1989; 2: (325–30)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Astrand PO, Ekblom B, Messin R, et al. Intra-arterial blood pressure during exercise with different muscle groups. J Appl Physiol 1965; 20: (253–6)

    Google Scholar 

  92. Franklin BA, Scherf J, Pamatmat A, et al. Arm-exercise testing and training. Pract Cardiol 1982; 8: (43–70)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kozlowski S, Brzezinska Z, Nazar K, et al. Plasma catecholamines during sustained isometric exercise. Clin Sci Mol Med 1973; 45: (723–31)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Jorgensen CR, Wang K, Wang Y, et al. Effect of popranolol on myocardial oxygen consumption and its hemodynamic correlates during upright exercise. Circulation 1973; 48: (1173–82)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Fleck SJ. Cardiovascular adaptations to resistive training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20 Suppl. 1: 146–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Lowe DK, Rothbaum DA, McHenry PL, et al. Myocardial blood flow response to isometric (handgrip) and treadmill exercise in coronary artery disease. Circulation 1975; 51: (126–31)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. McCartney N. Acute physiological responses to resistive training. Presented at the 1993 American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation meeting: 1993 Oct 14–17; Orlando, Florida, 1993

  98. Kelemen MH, Stewart KJ. Circuit weight training: a new direction for cardiac rehabilitation. Sports Med 1985; 2: (385–8)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Wilke NA, Sheldahl LM, Tristani FE, et al. The safety of staticdynamic effort soon after myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1985; 110: (542–5)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Saldivar M, Frye WM, Pratt CM, et al. Safety of a low weight, low repetition strength training program (STP) in patients with heart disease (HD) [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983; 15 Suppl. 1: 119

    Google Scholar 

  101. Sheldahl LM, Wilke NA, Tristani FE, et al. Response of patients after myocardial infarction to carrying a graded series of weight loads. Am J Cardiol 1983; 52: (698–703)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Kanakis C, Hickson RC. Left ventricular responses to a program of lower-limb strength training. Chest 1980; 78: (618–21)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Fixier ED, Laird WP. Acute hemodynamic responses of hypertensive adolescents to strenuous weightlifting [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1979; 78 Suppl. 1: 78

    Google Scholar 

  104. Kusinitz I, Keeny CW. Effects of progressive weight training on health and physical fitness in adolescent boys. Res Q 1958; 29: (294–301)

    Google Scholar 

  105. Stone MH, Nelson JK, Nader S, et al. Short-term weight training effects on resting and recovery heart rates. Athletic Training 1983; 18: (69–71)

    Google Scholar 

  106. Lusiani L, Ronisvalle G, Bonanome G. Echocardiographic evaluation of the dimensions and systolic properties of the left ventricle in freshmen athletes during physical training. Eur Heart J 1986; 7: (196–203)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Ricci G, Lajoie D, Petitclerc R, et al. Left ventricular size following endurance, sprint, and strength training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14: (344–7)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Stone MH, Wilson GD, Blessing D, et al. Cardiovascular responses to short term Olympic style weight training in young men. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1983; 8: (134–9)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Petersen SR, Haennel RG, Kappagoda CT, et al. The influence of high-velocity circuit resistance training on V̇O2max and cardiac output. Can J Sport Sci 1989; 14: (158–63)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Allen TE, Byrd RJ, Smith DP. Hemodynamic consequences of circuit weight training. Res Q 1976; 47: (299–306)

    Google Scholar 

  111. Derman EW, Scales N, Clark DR, et al. Circuit weight training improves exercise tolerance of cardiac rehabilitation patients without causing left ventricular hypertrophy [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26 Suppl. 1: 142

    Google Scholar 

  112. Wiley RL, Dunn CL, Cox RH, et al. Isometric exercise training lowers resting blood pressure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: (749–54)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Harris KA, Holly, RG. Physiological response to circuit weight training in borderline hypertensive subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19: (246–51)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA, Goldring O, et al. Effect of weight training on blood pressure and hemodynamics in hypertensive adolescents. J Pediatr 1984; 104: (147–51)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. O’Conner PJ, Bryant CX, Veltri JP, et al. State anxiety and ambulatory blood pressure following resistive exercise in females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: (516–21)

    Google Scholar 

  116. Colliander EB, Tesch PA. Blood pressure in resistance-trained athletes. Can J Sports Sci 1988; 13: (31–4)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Blumenthal JA, Siegel WC, Appelbaum M. Failure of exercise to reduce blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension. JAMA 1991; 266: (2098–104)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Fahey TD, Brown CH. The effects of an anabolic steroid on the strength, body composition, and endurance of college males when accompanied by a weight training program. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1973; 5: (272–6)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Kokkinos PF, Hurley BF, Smutok MA, et al. Strength training does not improve lipoprotein-lipid profiles in men at risk for CHD. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: (1134–9)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Muller EA. Physiological methods of increasing human physical work capacity. Economics 1965; 8: (409–24)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Nagle FJ, Irwin LW. Effect of two systems of weight training on circulorespiratory endurance and related physiological factors. Res Q 1960; 31: (607–15)

    Google Scholar 

  122. Wilmore JH, Parr RB, Girandola RN, et al. Physiological alterations consequent to circuit weight training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1978; 10: (79–84)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Gettman LR, Cutler LA, Stratham TA. Physiologic changes after 20 weeks of isotonic vs. isokinetic circuit training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1980; 20: (265–74)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Gettman LR, Ward P, Hagan A. A comparison of combined running and weight training with circuit weight training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982: 14; 229–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Hickson RC. Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance. Eur J Appl Physiol 1980; 215: (255–63)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Hickson RC, Rosenkoetter MA, Brown MM. Strength training effects on aerobic power and short term endurance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980; 12: (336–9)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Kimura Y, Itoh H, Yamazaki S. The effects of circuit weight training on V̇O2max and body composition of trained and untrained college men. J Physiol Soc Jpn 1981; 43: (593–6)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Messier SP, Dill ME. Alterations in strength and maximal oxygen uptake consequent to Nautilus circuit weight training. Res Q Exerc Sport 1985; 56: (345–51)

    Google Scholar 

  129. Kass JE, Castriotta RJ. The effect of circuit weight training on cardiovascular function in healthy sedentary males. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1995: 14:378–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Stone MH, O’Bryant H, editors. Weight training: a scientific approach. Edina (MN): Bellwether Press, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  131. Fleck SJ, Kraemer WJ. Resistance training: physiological responses and adaptations (Pt 2 of 4). Physician Sports Med 1988; 16: (108–24)

    Google Scholar 

  132. Gardner AW, Ades PA. Reliability of cardiopulmonary exercise measures and their response to endurance training in older patients with coronary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1993; 13: (188–93)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Rogers MA, Evans WJ. Changes in skeletal muscle with aging effects of exercise training. In: Holloszy JO, editor. Exercise and sports science reviews. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993: 65–102

    Google Scholar 

  134. Brown AB, McCartney N, Sale DG. Positive adaptations to weightlifting training in the elderly. J Appl Physiol 1990; 69: (1725–33)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Stone MH, Blessing D, Byrd R, et al. Physiological effects of a short-term resistive training program on middle-aged untrained men [abstract]. J Natl Strength Cond Assoc 1982; 16: (20)

    Google Scholar 

  136. Pyka G, Lindenberger E, Charette S, et al. Muscle strength and fiber adaptations to a year-long resistance training program in elderly men and women. J Gerontol 1994; 49: (22–7)

    Google Scholar 

  137. Stewart KJ, Effron MB, Valenti SA, et al. Effects of diltiazem or popranolol during exercise training of hypertensive men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: (171–7)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Pollock ML, Welsch MA, Graves JE. Exercise prescription for cardiac rehabilitation. In: Pollock ML, Schmidt DH, editors. Heart disease and rehabilitation. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1995: 265–6

    Google Scholar 

  139. Bailor DL, Katch VL, Becque MD, et al. Resistance weight training during caloric restriction enhances lean body weight maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 1: (19–25)

    Google Scholar 

  140. Johnson CC, Stone MH, Lopez SA, et al. Diet and exercise in middle-aged men. J Am Diet Assoc 1982; 81: (695–701)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Manning JM, Dooly-Manning CR, White K, et al. Effects of a resistive training program on lipoprotein-lipid levels in obese women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 1222–6

  142. Ullrich IH, Reid CM, Yeater RA. Increased HDL-cholesterol levels with a weight training program. South Med J 1987; 80: (328–31)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Gotto AM, LaRosa JC, Hunninghake D, et al. The cholesterol facts. A summary of the evidence relating dietary fats, serum cholesterol, and coronary heart disease. Circulation 1990; 81: (1721–33)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Grundy SM, Greenland P, Herd A, et al. Cardiovascular and risk factor evaluation for healthy American adults. Circulation 1987; 75: (1340–62)

    Google Scholar 

  145. Kannel WB, Castelli W, Gordon T. Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90: (85–91)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kitamura A, Iso H, Naito Y, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and premature coronary heart disease in urban Japanese men. Circulation 1994; 89: (2533–9)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Summary of the second report of the NCEP expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel II). JAMA 1993; 269: (3015–23)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Wilson PWF. High-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: (7–10)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Laakso M, Lehto S, Penttila I, et al. Lipids and lipoproteins predicting coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Circulation 1993; 88 (Pt 1): 1421–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Grundy SM, Vega GL. Two different views of the relationship of hypertriglyceridemia and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: (28–34)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Lampman RM, Schteingart DE. Effects of exercise training on glucose control, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity in hypertriglyceridemia and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: (703–12)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Criqui MH, Heiss G, Cohn R, et al. Plasma triglyceride level and mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: (1220–5)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Fujiwara R, Kutsumi Y, Hayashi T, et al. Relation of angiographically defined coronary artery disease and plasma concentrations of insulin, lipid, and apolipoprotein in normo-lipidemic subjects with varying degrees of glucose tolerance. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: (122–6)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Jiang X, Srinivasan SR, Webber LS, et al. Association of fasting insulin level with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in children, adolescents, and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: (190–6)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Reaven G, Calciano A, Cody R, et al. Carbohydrate intolerance and hyperlipemia in patients with myocardial infarction without known diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Metab 1963; 23: (1013–23)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Young MH, Jeng C-Y, Shew W, et al. Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia in patients with angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: (458–60)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Stewart KJ. Weight training in coronary artery disease and hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1992; 35: (159–68)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Berg A, Keul J, Ringwald G, et al. Physical performance and serum cholesterol fractions in healthy young men. Clin Chem Acta 1980; 106: (325–30)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Berg A, Ringwald G, Keul J. Lipoprotein cholesterol in well-trained athletes. A preliminary communication: reduced HDL-cholesterol in power athletes. Int J ports Med 1980; 1: (137–8)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Clarkson PM, Hintermister R, Fillyaw M, et al. High density lipoprotein cholesterol in young adult weight lifters, runners, and untrained subjects. Hum Biol 1981; 53: (251–7)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Farrell PA, Maksud MB, Pollock ML, et al. A comparison of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in speed skaters, weight lifters and nonathletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 1982; 48: (77–82)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Morgan DW, Cruise RJ, Girardin BW, et al. HDL-C concentrations in weight-trained, endurance trained, and sedentary females. Physician Sports Med 1986; 14: (166–81)

    Google Scholar 

  163. Hurley BF, Seals DR, Hagberg JM, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in bodybuilders vs powerlifters: negative effects of androgen use. JAMA 1984; 252: (507–13)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Wallace MB, Moffatt RJ, Haymes EM, et al. Acute effects of resistance exercise on parameters of lipoprotein metabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: (199–204)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Shoup EE, Durstine JL. Acute circuit weight lifting and its effect on postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23 Suppl. 1: 4

    Google Scholar 

  166. Boyden TW, Pamenter RW, Going SG. Resistance exercise training is associated with decreases in serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in premenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: (97–100)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Goldberg L, Elliott DL, Schultz RW, et al. Changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels after weight training. JAMA 1984; 252: (504–6)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Weltman A, Janney C, Rians B, et al. The effects of hydraulic resistance strength training on serum lipid levels in prepubertal boys. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141: (777–80)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Kokkinos PF, Hurley BF, Vaccaro P, et al. Effects of low- and high-repetition resistive training on lipoprotein-lipid profiles. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20: (50–4)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Kohl HW, Gordon NF, Scott CB, et al. Musculoskeletal strength and serum lipid levels in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: (1080–7)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand on exercise for patients with coronary artery disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: i–v

    Google Scholar 

  172. Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet: upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: (1514–20)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Ley CJ, Swan J, Godsland IF, et al. Insulin resistance, lipoproteins, body fat and hemostasis in nonobese men with angina and a normal or abnormal coronary angiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: (377–83)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Wallberg-Henriksson H. Exercise and diabetes mellitus. In: Holloszy JO, editor. Exercise and sports sciences reviews Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992: 339–68

    Google Scholar 

  175. Mikines KJ, Sonne B, Farrell PA. Effect of physical exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans. Am J Physiol 1988; 254: (248–59)

    Google Scholar 

  176. Devlin JT, Hirshman M, Horton ED. Enhanced peripheral and splanchnic insulin sensitivity in NIDDM men after a single bout of exercise. Diabetes 1987; 36: (434–9)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Notelovitz M. Exercise and health maintenance in menopausal women. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990; 592: (204–20)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Horton ES. Exercise and physical training: effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Diabetes Metab Rev 1986; 2: (1–17)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Rosenthal M, Haskell WL, Solomon R. Demonstration of a relationship between level of physical training and insulinstimulated glucose utilization in normal humans. Diabetes 1983; 32: (408–11)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Holloszy JO, Constable SH, Young DA. Activation of glucose transport in muscle by exercise. Diabetes Metab Rev 1986; 1: (409–23)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Miller WJ, Sherman WM, Ivy JL. Effect of strength training on glucose tolerance and post-glucose insulin response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16: (539–43)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Van Dam S, Gillespy M, Notelovitz M. Effect of exercise on glucose metabolism in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: (82–6)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Hurley BF. Effects of resistive training on lipoprotein-lipid profiles: a comparison to aerobic exercise training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: (689–93)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Fardy PS. Isometric exercise and the cardiovascular system. Physician Sports Med 1981; 9: (42–56)

    Google Scholar 

  185. Hossack KF, Bruce RA. Maximal cardiac function in sedentary normal men and women: comparison of age-related changes. J Appl Physiol 1982; 53: (799–804)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Julius S, Amery A, Whetlock LS, et al. Influence of age on the hemodynamic response to exercise. Circulation 1967; 36: (222–9)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Lind AR, McNicol GW. Circulatory responses to sustained handgrip contractions performed during other exercises, both rhythmic and static. J Physiol 1976; 192: (595–607)

    Google Scholar 

  188. Misner JE, Going SB, Massey BH, et al. Cardiovascular response to sustained maximal voluntary static muscle contraction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: (194–9)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Nutter DO, Schlant RS, Hurst JW. Isometric exercise and the cardiovascular system. Mod Concept Cardiovasc Dis 1972; 41: (11–5)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Lind AR, McNicol GW. Muscular factors which determine the cardiovascular responses to sustained and rhythmic exercise. Can Med Assoc J 1967; 96: (706–15)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Donald KW, Lind AR, Phil D, et al. Cardiovascular responses to sustained (static) contractions. Circ Res 1967; 21 Suppl. 1: 15–30

    Google Scholar 

  192. Lind AR, Taylor SH, Humphreys PW, et al. Circulatory effects of sustained voluntary muscle contraction. Clin Sci 1964; 27: (229–44)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Mitchell JH, Wildenthal K. Static (isometric) exercise and the heart: physiological and clinical considerations. Annu Rev Physiol 1974; 36: (369–78)

    Google Scholar 

  194. Mitchell JH, Payne FC, Saltin B, et al. The role of muscle mass in the cardiovascular response to static contraction. J Physiol (Lond) 1980; 309: (45–54)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Lewis SF, Snell PG, Taylor WE Role of muscle mass and mode of contraction in circulatory responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58: 146–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Brown BG, Lee AB, Bolson EL, et al. Reflex constriction of significant coronary stenosis as a mechanism contributing to ischemie left ventricular dysfunction during isometric exercise. Circulation 1984; 70: (18–24)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Helfant RH, De Villa MA, Meister SG. Effect of sustained isometric handgrip exercise on left ventricular performance. Circulation 1971; 44: (982–93)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Kerber RE, Miller RA, Najjar SM. Myocardial ischemie effects of isometric, dynamic and combined exercise in coronary artery disease. Chest 1975; 67: (388–94)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Perez-Gonzales JF, Schiller NB, Parmley, WW. Direct and non-invasive evaluation of the cardiovascular response to isometric exercise. Circ Res 1981; 48: Suppl. 1: 138–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. McHenry PL, Ellestad MH, Fletcher GF, et al. Statement on exercise — a position statement for health professionals by the committee on exercise and cardiac rehabilitation of the council on clinical cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 1990; 81: (396–8)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Nelson RR, Gobel FL, Jorgensen CR, et al. Hemodynamic predictors of myocardial oxygen consumption during static and dynamic exercise. Circulation 1974; 50: (1179–89)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. DeBusk R, Pitts W, Haskell W, et al. Comparison of cardiovascular responses to static-dynamic efforts and dynamic effort alone in patients with chronic ischemie heart disease. Circulation 1979; 59: (977–84)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Haissly JC, Messin R, Degre S, et al. Comparative response to isometric (static) and dynamic exercise tests in coronary disease. Am J Cardiol 1974; 33: (791–6)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Sagiv M, Ben-Sira D, Goldhammer E, et al. Left ventricular diastolic function during acute increase in after-load in men with coronary artery disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1993; 13: (418–23)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. Alexander T, Friedman DB, Levine BD, et al. Cardiovascular responses during static exercise — studies in patients with complete heart block and dual chamber pacemakers. Circulation 1994; 89: (1643–7)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Williamson JW, Nobrega ACL, Garcia JA, et al. Cardiovascular responses at the onset of static exercise with fixed heart rates [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26 Suppl. 1:131

    Google Scholar 

  207. Stopford JL. Static exercise — physiologic dangers and proper training techniques. Nurse Pract 1988; 13: (7–18)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Dougherty SM, Sheldahl LM, Wilke NA, et al. Physiologic responses to shovelling and thermal stress in men with cardiac disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: (790–5)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Sheldahl LM, Wilke NA, Dougherty SM, et al. Effect of age and coronary artery disease on response to snow shovelling. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: (1111–7)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Franklin BA, Hogan P, Bonzheim K, et al. Cardiac demands of heavy snow shovelling. JAMA 1994; 273: (880–2)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Graves JE, Martin AD, Miltenberger LA, et al. Physiological responses to to walking with hand weights, wrist weights, and ankle weights. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20: (265–71)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Graves JE, Pollock ML, Montain SJ, et al. The effect of handheld weights on the physiological responses to walking exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19: (260–5)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Graves JE, Sagiv M, Pollock ML, et al. Effect of hand-held weights and wrist weights on the metabolic and hemodynamic responses to submaximal exercise in hypertensive responders. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1988; 8: (134–40)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. Evans BW, Potteiger JA, Bray MC, et al. Metabolic and hemodynamic responses to walking with hand weights in older individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: (1047–52)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Amos KR, Porcari JP, Bauer SR, et al. The safety and effectiveness of walking with ankle weights and wrist weights for patients with cardiovascular disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1992; 12: (254–60)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  216. Auble TE, Schwartz L, Robertson RJ. Aerobic requirements for moving handweights through various ranges of motion while walking. Physician Sports Med 1987; 15: (133–40)

    Google Scholar 

  217. Garber CE, Fiske CH, Manfredi TG, et al. Circulatory responses to walking and jogging exercise with hand-held weights in young women. Med Exerc Nutr Health 1992; 1: (92–6)

    Google Scholar 

  218. Maud PJ, Stokes GD, Stokes LR. Stride frequency, perceived exertion, and oxygen cost response to walking with variations in arm swing and hand held weight. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1990; 10: (294–9)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  219. Miller JF, Stamford BA. Intensity and energy cost of weighted walking vs. running for men and women. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: (1497–501)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Zarandona JE, Nelson AG, Conlee RK, et al. Physiological responses to hand-carried weights. Physician Sports Med 1986; 14: (113–20)

    Google Scholar 

  221. Thompson WR, Goodroe EA, Johnson KD, et al. The effect of hand-held weights on the physiological responses to aerobic dance. J Appl Sports Sci Res 1991; 5: (208–12)

    Google Scholar 

  222. Balady GJ, Weiner DA. Risk stratification in cardiac rehabilition. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1991; 11: (39–45)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Froelicher VF, et al. Exercise standards — a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1995; 91: (580–615)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. American Heart Association. 1994 revisions to classification of functional capacity and objective assessment of patients with diseases of the heart. Circulation 1994; 90: (644–5)

    Google Scholar 

  225. Munnings F. Strength timing — not only for the young. Physician Sports Med 1993; 21: (133–40)

    Google Scholar 

  226. Williams MA, Sketch MH. Strength training can help older cardiac patients. Your Patient Fitness 1993; 7: (5–11)

    Google Scholar 

  227. Braith RW, Limacher MC, Leggett SH, et al. Skeletal muscle strength in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993; 12: (1018–23)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Painter P, Tomlanavich S. Organ transplantation: a second chance at fitness. Your Patient Fitness 1993; 7: (6–17)

    Google Scholar 

  229. Frederickson L. Confronting mitral valve prolapse syndrome. San Marcos (CA): Avant Books, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  230. Hiatt WR, Wolfel EE, Meier RH, et al. Superiority of treadmill walking exercise versus strength training for patients with peripheral vascular disease. Circulation 1994; 90: (1866–74)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Pollock ML, Wilmore JH. Exercise in health and disease — evaluation and prescription for prevention and rehabilitation. Orlando: WB Saunders, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  232. American College of Sports Medicine. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: (265–74)

    Google Scholar 

  233. Graves JE, Pollock ML, Jones AE, et al. Specifity of limited range of modern variable resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: (84–9)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Conroy BP, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM, et al. Adaptive responses of bone to physical activity. Med Exerc Nutr Health 1992; 1: (64–74)

    Google Scholar 

  235. Girovard CK, Hurley BF. Does strength training inhibit gains in range of motion from flexibility training in older adults? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 1444–9

    Google Scholar 

  236. Gleeson PB, Protas EJ, LeBlanc AD, et al. Effects of weightlifting on the bone mineral density in premenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5: (153–8)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Heinrich CH, Going SB, Pamenter RW, et al. Bone mineral content of cyclically menstruating female resistance and endurance trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: (558–63)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Fleck SJ, Kraemer WJ. Designing resistance training programs. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  239. Kraemer WJ, Noble BJ, Clark MJ. Physiologic responses to heavy-resistance exercise with very short rest periods. International J Sports Med 1987; 8: (247–52)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Gordon NF, Kohl HW, Pollock ML et al. Cardiovasular safety of maximal strength testing in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: (851–3)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Shaw CE, McCully KK, Posner JD. Injuries during the one repitition maximum assessment in the elderly. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1995; 15: (283–7)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Pollock ML, Carroll JF, Graves JE, et al. Inquires and adherence to walk/jog and resistance training programs in the elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: (1194–200)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Borg G. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14: (377–81)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Herbert DL, Herbert WG. Legal aspects of preventive, rehabilitative and recreational exercise programs. Canton (OH): Professional Reports Corporation, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  245. Sol N, Foster C. ACSM’s health/fitness facility standards and guidelines. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  246. American College of Cardiology. Recommendations of the American College of Cardiology on cardiovascular rehabilitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 1: (451–3)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiovascular Testing Laboratory, Mid Carolina Cardiology, 1718 East 4th Street, Suite 501, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28204, USA

    David E. Verrill M.S.

  2. Department of Health and Sport Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA

    Paul M. Ribisl

Authors
  1. David E. Verrill M.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paul M. Ribisl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Verrill, D.E., Ribisl, P.M. Resistive Exercise Training in Cardiac Rehabilitation. Sports Med. 21, 347–383 (1996). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199621050-00004

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199621050-00004

Keywords

Search

Navigation