Abstract
The present study identified the characteristics of allied health teachers across three generations. Using Q-methodology, a tripartite of characteristics as reflected by the three domains of learning emerged, namely, “the competence-centered teacher,” “the empathetic teacher,” and “the innovative teacher.” Teachers across the three generations were described to be “competence-centered” since all believe to be well-qualified at their jobs. On the other hand, Generation Y teachers were described to be “empathetic” that show tough love to their students, whereas Generation Z teachers were branded as “innovative” due to their efficiency in using technology and their effective teaching strategies. Lastly, Generation X teachers were described to be the flexible generation being able to manifest all three characteristics of allied health teachers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anne M, Romanes J (2018) Differences among generational groups of teachers in a public school district in their practice of 21st century teaching-learning skills.
Balc A, Bozkurt S. Job expectations of generation X and Y teachers in Turkey. World Appl Sci J. 2013;21:599–614. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.21.4.1405.
Balch G, Brown SR. Political subjectivity: applications of Q methodology in political science. J Mark Res. 1982;19:162. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151542.
Baltrinic ER, Moate RM, Hinkle MG, et al. Counselor educators’ teaching mentorship styles: a Q methodology study. Prof Couns. 2018;8:46–59. https://doi.org/10.15241/erb.8.1.46.
Beck CR. Matching teaching strategies to learning style preferences. Teach Educ. 2001;37:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/08878730109555276.
Billings D. Teaching learners from varied generations. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2019;35:104–5. https://doi.org/10.3928/0022-0124-20040501-06.
Byrd K. Creating innovators: the making of young people who will change the world. Manag Decis. 2013;51:453–4. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741311301920.
Chicca J, Shellenbarger T. Connecting with Generation Z: approaches in nursing education. Teach Learn Nurs. 2018;13:180–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2018.03.008.
de Guzman A, Pablo LA, Prieto RJ, Purificacion VN, Que JJ, Quia P. Understanding the persona of clinical instructors: the use of students’ doodles in nursing research. Nurse Educ Today. 2008;28:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2007.02.012.
Dougherty I, Clarke A. Wired for innovation: valuing the unique innovation abilities of emerging adults. Emerg Adulthood. 2018;6:358–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696817739393.
Evans KH, Ozdalga E, Ahuja N. The medical education of Generation Y. Acad Psychiatry. 2016;40:382–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-015-0399-5.
Factor EMR, de Guzman AB. Explicating Filipino student nurses’ preferences of clinical instructors’ attributes: a conjoint analysis. Nurse Educ Today. 2017;55:122–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.05.009.
Fauth B, Decristan J, Decker AT, Büttner G, Hardy I, Klieme E, et al. The effects of teacher competence on student outcomes in elementary science education: the mediating role of teaching quality. Teach Teach Educ. 2019:86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.102882.
Fishman AA. How generational differences will impact America’s aging workforce: strategies for dealing with aging Millennials, Generation X, and Baby Boomers. Strateg HR Rev. 2016;15:250–7. https://doi.org/10.1108/shr-08-2016-0068.
Gibson SJ, Porter J, Anderson A, Bryce A, Dart J, Kellow N, et al. Clinical educators’ skills and qualities in allied health: a systematic review. Med Educ. 2019;53:432–42.
Ito M, Horst H, Bittanti M, et al. Living and learning with new media: summary of findings from the digital youth project. Digit Media. 2008;34:56–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1379.2010.01107.x.
Kaplan LS, Owings WA. Teacher quality and student achievement: recommendations for principals. NASSP Bull. 2001;85:74–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/019263650108562809.
Knoeppel R, Logan J, Keiser C (2005) Measuring teacher quality: continuing the search for policy-relevant predictors of student achievement. In: ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED526999. Accessed 15 Jul 2019.
Kuivila H-M, Mikkonen K, Sjögren T, Koivula M, Koskimäki M, Männistö M, et al. Health science student teachers’ perceptions of teacher competence: a qualitative study. Nurse Educ Today. 2020;84:104210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104210.
Kunter M, Klusmann U, Baumert J, Richter D, Voss T, Hachfeld A. Professional competence of teachers: effects on instructional quality and student development. J Educ Psychol. 2013;105:805–20. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032583.
Le Deist FD, Winterton J. What is competence? Hum Resour Dev Int. 2005;8:27–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367886042000338227.
MacKellar L (2014) Paul Taylor, The next America: Boomers, Millennials, and the looming generational showdown. Popul Dev Rev 40:570–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00706.x.
Maulana R, Helms-Lorenz M, van de Grift W. A longitudinal study of induction on the acceleration of growth in teaching quality of beginning teachers through the eyes of their students. Teach Teach Educ. 2015;51:225–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.07.003.
Morbach JK. Characteristics of an appropriate instructor student relationship in allied health: University of Nebraska - Lincoln; 2015.
Muhammad Arifin H. The influence of competence, motivation, and organisational culture to high school teacher job satisfaction and performance. Int Educ Stud. 2015;8:38–45. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n1p38.
Owings WA, Kaplan LS, Nunnery J, Marzano R, Myran S, Blackburn D. Teacher quality and troops to teachers: a national study with implications for principals. NASSP Bull. 2006;90:102–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192636506289023.
Palardy GJ, Rumberger RW. Teacher effectiveness in first grade: the importance of background qualifications, attitudes, and instructional practices for student learning. Educ Eval Policy Anal. 2008;30:111–40. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373708317680.
Prensky M. Digital natives, digital immigrants part 1. Horiz. 2001;9:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816.
Rivkin SG, Hanushek EA, Kain JF. Teachers, schools, and academic achievement. Econometrica. 2005;73:417–58.
Rusu C, Şoitu L, Panaite O. Theoretical and investigative approach. In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences; 2012. p. 1017–21.
Sanders WL, Horn SP (1998) Research findings from the Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System (TVAAS) database: Implications for educational evaluation and research. J Pers Eval Educ W L, Horn, S P (1998) Res Find from Tennessee Value-Added Assess Syst database Implic Educ Eval Res J Pers Eval 12:247–256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008067210518.
Schwartz SJ, Zamboanga BL, Luyckx K, Meca A, Ritchie RA. Identity in emerging adulthood: reviewing the field and looking forward. Emerg Adulthood. 2013;1:96–113.
Shemmings D. “Quantifying” qualitative data: an illustrative example of the use of Q methodology in psychosocial research. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:147–65.
Smola KW, Sutton CD. Generational differences: revisiting generational work values for the new millennium. J Organ Behav. 2002;23:363–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.147.
Solomon H, Stephenson W. The study of behavior: Q-technique and its methodology. J Am Stat Assoc. 1955;50:1415. https://doi.org/10.2307/2281274.
Steffy BE, Wolfe MP. A Life-Cycle Model for Career Teachers. Kappa Delta Pi Rec. 2001;38:16–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2001.10518508.
Sy MP, Ohshima N, Roraldo MPNR. The role of Filipino occupational therapists in substance addiction and rehabilitation: a Q-methodology. Occup Ther Ment Health. 2018;34:367–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/0164212X.2018.1446206.
Topping A, Bøje RB, Rekola L, Hartvigsen T, Prescott S, Bland A, et al. Towards identifying nurse educator competencies required for simulation-based learning: a systemised rapid review and synthesis. Nurse Educ Today. 2015;35:1108–13.
Van Exel J, de Graaf G. Q methodology : a sneak preview. Soc Sci. 2005;2:1–30.
Wilson A. Book review: grown up digital: how the net generation is changing your world. Int J Mark Res. 2010;52:139–40. https://doi.org/10.2501/S1470785310201119.
Acknowledgements
We would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who helped in the completion of this project. To Dr. Jennifer Santillan, Dr. Jarrent Tayag, and Mrs. Dorothy Joy Macaranas for the technical support and insights for the improvement of the manuscript. To God be the glory!
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
The study was duly approved for conduct by the Angeles University Foundation – Center for Research and Development Ethics Review Committee (ERC Ref No.: 205) under the project entitled “Bridging the generational gap: Determination of the preferred teacher characteristics of twenty-first century allied health students using a mixed-method approach.”
Informed Consent
All participants included were asked to sign an informed consent form. Participation is purely voluntary, and participants can withdraw at any time without potential loss of benefits. Individuals were also assured of utmost privacy and confidentiality in all phases of the study.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reyes, A., Galvan, R., Navarro, A. et al. Across Generations: Defining Pedagogical Characteristics of Generation X, Y, and Z Allied Health Teachers Using Q-Methodology. Med.Sci.Educ. 30, 1541–1549 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-020-01043-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-020-01043-7