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Blood Biomarkers of Alcohol Use: A Scoping Review

  • Neuroscience & Addiction (A Haghparast and H Ekhtiari, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Understanding whether a person has consumed alcohol or not, as well as quantitative assessment of alcohol use, are often based on self-reported measures, which may be subject to recall bias, among other challenges. Although not without limitations, blood biomarkers may complement self-reported assessments to provide a more accurate determination of the presence and quantity of alcohol use. The aim of this review is to provide a critical overview of the current knowledge and research on biomarkers of alcohol use, with a particular focus on blood tests.

Recent Findings

This scoping review summarizes the published work on blood tests currently used in clinical practice, including phosphatidyl ethanol (PEth), fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), total serum sialic acid (TSA), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Emerging blood biomarkers with a potential use to assess alcohol drinking are also briefly reviewed, including N-Acetyl-β-Hexosaminidase (Beta-Hex), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and d-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT). We discuss the aforementioned biomarkers in the context of their clinical implications, characteristics, strengths, and limitations.

Summary

The available blood biomarkers considerably vary in the time period in which they detect alcohol use and the amount of alcohol they are sensitive to. While currently available biomarkers provide useful information, especially in combination with self-reported measures, future work is needed to identify more sensitive and specific blood biomarkers for different levels and patterns of alcohol use. Integration of such biomarkers into clinical practice and research will increase the accuracy and richness of the data and may guide more effective and targeted strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of excessive alcohol use.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Diane I. Cooper from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Library for bibliographic assistance.

Funding

LL and MF are supported by the NIH intramural funding ZIA-AA000218 and ZIA-DA000635 (Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section – PI: LL), jointly supported by the NIDA Intramural Research Program and the NIAAA Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research. The content of this article is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Julia C. Harris

  2. Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, 21224, USA

    Julia C. Harris, Lorenzo Leggio & Mehdi Farokhnia

  3. Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Lorenzo Leggio

  4. Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Lorenzo Leggio

  5. Department of Medicine, Division of Addiction Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Lorenzo Leggio

  6. Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA

    Lorenzo Leggio

  7. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA

    Mehdi Farokhnia

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Correspondence to Mehdi Farokhnia.

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Harris, J.C., Leggio, L. & Farokhnia, M. Blood Biomarkers of Alcohol Use: A Scoping Review. Curr Addict Rep 8, 500–508 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00402-7

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