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Schwindel in der Notaufnahme

Vertigo and dizziness in the emergency room

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Zusammenfassung

Schwindel gehört zu den häufigsten Leitsymptomen in der Notaufnahme. Die Ursachen können in drei Untergruppen eingeordnet werden: neurootologische (vestibuläre), internistische (v. a. kardiovaskuläre, metabolische) und psychiatrische Krankheitsbilder. Die diagnostische Einordnung in der Notaufnahme beruht vor allem auf einer strukturierten Anamnese (Art, Dauer, Provokationsfaktoren, Begleitsymptome), klinischen Untersuchung vestibulärer, okulomotorischer und zerebellärer Systeme (Kopfimpulstest, Nystagmus, „skew deviation“, Lagerungsmanöver, Gang- und Standtests), sowie basalem Monitoring (Vitalzeichen, 12-Kanal-EKG, Labor). Bei der Differenzierung peripherer und zentraler Ursachen des akut vestibulären Syndroms ist die Überprüfung der HINTS-Trias („head impulse test“, „nystagmus“, „skew deviation“) sowie der Blickfolge und raschen Blicksprünge (Sakkaden) diagnostisch wegweisend. Von einer unselektiven Anwendung bildgebender Verfahren wird aufgrund des geringen diagnostischen Mehrwerts abgeraten. Folgende Aspekte rechtfertigen eine kranielle Bildgebung: 1) Detektion fokal-neurologischer oder zentraler okulomotorischer und vestibulärer Zeichen im Untersuchungsbefund, 2) akute Gehunfähigkeit bei gering ausgeprägtem okulomotorischem Befund, 3) Vorhandensein mehrerer kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren, 4) Auftreten von Kopfschmerzen bislang nicht bekannter Qualität als Begleitsymptom. Neben der symptomatischen Therapie mit Antiemetika oder Analgetika muss zeitgleich die Ursache differenziert werden, um eine zielgerichtete Therapie zu ermöglichen. Beispiele sind die Akuttherapie bei zerebraler Ischämie, die Durchführung von Lagerungsmanövern bei gutartigem Lagerungsschwindel, die Kortikosteroidtherapie bei akuter unilateraler Vestibulopathie sowie der Ausgleich metabolischer Entgleisungen bei internistischen Krankheitsbildern.

Abstract

Vertigo and dizziness are among the most common chief complaints in the emergency department. Etiologies can be categorized into three subgroups: neurootological (vestibular), medical (especially cardiovascular, metabolic), and psychiatric disorders. The diagnostic approach in the emergency department is based on a systematic analysis of case history (type, time course of symptoms, modulating factors, associated symptoms), clinical examination of the vestibular, ocular motor, and cerebellar systems (head impulse test, nystagmus, skew deviation, positioning maneuver, test of gait and stance), as well as a basal monitoring (vital signs, 12-lead ECG, blood tests). For differentiation of peripheral and central etiologies in acute vestibular syndrome, the HINTS exam (head impulse test, nystagmus, test of skew) and examination of smooth pursuit and saccades should be applied. Nonselective use of neuroimaging is not indicated due to a low diagnostic yield. Cranial imaging should be done in the following constellations: (1) detection of focal neurological or central ocular motor and vestibular signs on clinical exam, (2) acute abasia with only minor ocular motor signs, (3) presence of various cardiovascular risk factors, (4) headache of unknown quality as an accompanying symptom. Besides the symptomatic therapy of vertigo and dizziness with antiemetics or analgesics, further diagnostic differentiation is urgent to guide proper treatment. Examples are the acute therapy in cerebral ischemia, the execution of positioning maneuvers in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, the use of corticosteroids in acute unilateral vestibulopathy, as well as the readjustment of metabolic homeostasis in medical disorders.

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Arbeiten zu dieser Publikation wurden vom BMBF unterstützt (Förderkennzeichen 01 EO 0901)

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Correspondence to A. Zwergal.

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A. Zwergal, K. Möhwald und M. Dieterich geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Zwergal, A., Möhwald, K. & Dieterich, M. Schwindel in der Notaufnahme. Nervenarzt 88, 587–596 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-017-0342-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-017-0342-y

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