Skip to main content
Log in

Endothelin and myocardial ischemia

  • Review
  • Published:
Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor with a wide range of effects on the heart. Changes in myocardial and circulating levels of endothelin have been described in various experimental models of myocardial ischemia, and in humans with acute myocardial infarction and different forms of angina pectoris. The role played by endothelin in the different states of myocardial ischemia is unclear. However, myocardial damage has been shown to be reduced in several experimental models of myocardial infarction by administering agents that block the action of endothelin. The aim of this review article is to present the current literature concerning the interaction between endothelin and the various forms of myocardial ischemia, and to explore the significance of such interactions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells.Nature 1988;332:411–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Inoue A, Yanagisawa M, Kimura S, et al. The human endothelin family: Three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:2863–2867.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ehrenreich H, Anderson RW, Fox CH, et al. Endothelins, peptides with potent vasoactive properties, are produced by human macrophages.J Exp Med 1990;172:1741–1748.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ehrenreich H, Burd PR, Rottem M, et al. Endothelins belong to the assortment of mast cell-derived and mast cell-bound cytokines.New Biol 1992;4:147–156.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sessa WC, Kaw S, Hecker M, Vand JR. The biosynthesis of endothelin-1 by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991;174:613–618.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Resink TJ, Hahn AW, Scott-Burden T, Powell J, Weber E, Buhler FR. Inducible endothelin mRNA expression and peptide secretion in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells.Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;168:1303–1310.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langlebern D, et al. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension.N Engl J Med 1993;328:1732–1739.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cybulsky AV, Stewart DJ, Cybulsky MI. Glomerular epithelial cells produce endothelin-1.J Am Soc Nephrol 1993;3:1398–1404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Suzuki T, Kumazaki T, Mitsui Y. Endothelin-1 is produced and secreted by neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in vitro.Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;191:823–830.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hemsen A, Franco-Cereceda A, Matran R, Rudehill A, Lundberg JM. Occurrence, specific binding sites and functional effects of endothelin in human cardiopulmonary tissue.Eur J Pharmacol 1990;191:319–328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Arai H, Hori S, Aramori I, Ohkubo H, Nakanishi S. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelial receptor.Nature 1990;348:730–732.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lin HY, Kaji EH, Winkel GK, Ives HE, Lodish HF. Cloning and functional expression of a vascular smooth muscle endothelin 1 receptor.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:3185–3189.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Winkles JA, Alberts GF, Brogi E, Libby P. Endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor mRNA expression in normal and atherosclerotic human arteries.Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;191:1081–1088.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Teerlink JR, Breu V, Sprecher U, Clozel M, Clozel JP. Potent vasoconstriction mediated by endothelin ETB receptors in canine coronary arteries.Circulation 1993;88:1568.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Molenaar P, O'Reilly G, Sharkey A, et al. Characterization and localization of endothelial receptor subtypes in the human atrioventricular conducting system and myocardium.Circ Res 1993;72:526–538.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kloog Y, Bousso-Mittler D, Bdolah A, Sokolovsky M. Three apparent receptor subtypes for the endothelin/sarafotoxin family.FEBS Lett 1989;253:199–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Endoh M, Kasai H, Takanashi M, Takasaki C. The positive inotropic effect of endothelin is mediated by non-ETA and non-ETB receptors in rabbit ventricular muscle.Circulation 1993;88:I91.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Clozel M, Loffler BM, Breu V, Hilfiger L, Maire JP, Butscha B. Downregulation of endothelin receptors by autocrine production of endothelin-1.Am J Physiol 1993;265:C188-C192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cavero P, Miller W, Heublein D, Aarhus L, Burnett JC Jr. Endothelin in experimental congestive heart failure.Am J Physiol 1990;259:F312-F317.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rodheffer RJ, Lerman A, Heublein DM, Burnett JC Jr. Increased plasma concentrations of endothelin in congestive heart failure in humans.Mayo Clin Proc 1992;67:719–724.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. McMurray JJ, Ray SG, Abdullah I, Dargie HJ, Morton JJ. Plama endothelin in chronic heart failure.Circulation 1992;85:1374–1379.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Moore K, Wendon J, Frazer M, Karani J, Williams R, Badr K. Plasma endothelin immunoreactivity in liver disease and the hepatorenal syndrome.N Engl J Med 1992;327:1774–1778.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Tomita K, Ujie K, Nakanishi T, et al. Plasma endothelin levels in patients with acute renal failure.N Engl J Med 1989;321:1127.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Yamane K, Kashiwagi H, Suzuki N, et al. Elevated plasma levels of endothelin-1 in systemic sclerosis.Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:243–244.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Stewart DJ, Levy RD, Cernacek P, Langleben D. Increased plasma endothelin-1 levels in pulmonary hypertension: Marker or mediator of disease?Ann Intern Med 1991;114:464–469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Saito Y, Nakao K, Mukoyama M, Imura H. Increased plasma endothelin levels in patients with essential hypertension.N Engl J Med 1990;322:205.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Naruse M, Kawana M, Hifumi S, et al. Plasma immunoreactiye endothelin, but not thrombomodulin, is increased in patients with essential hypertension and ischemic heart disease.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;17(Suppl 7):S471-S474.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Miyauchi T, Yanagisawa M, Tomizawa T, et al. Increased plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 in acute myocardial infarction.Lancet 1989;2:53–54.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Watanabe T, Suzuki N, Shimamoto N, Fujino M, Imada A. Endothelin in myocardial infarction.Nature 1990;344:114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lechleitner P, Genser N, Mair J, et al. Plasma immunoreactive endothelin in the acute and subacute phases of myocardial infarction in patients undergoing fibrinolysis.Clin Chem 1993;39:955–959.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lechleitner P, Genser N, Mair J, et al. Endothelin-1 in patients with complicated and uncomplicated myocardial infarction.Clin Invest 1992;70:1070–1072.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Nakamura M, Arakawa N, Yoshida H, et al. Increased plasma endothelin concentrations in patients with acute heart failure after myocardial infarction.Jpn Circ J 1993;57:371–378.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Tomoda H. Plasma endothelin-1 in acute myocardial infarction with heart failure.Am Heart J 1993;125:667–672.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ray SG, McMurray JJ, Morton JJ, Dargie HJ. Circulating endothelin in acute ischaemic syndromes.Br Heart J 1992;67:383–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Yasuda M, Kohno M, Tahara A, et al. Circulating immunoreactive endothelin in ischemic heart disease.Am Heart J 1990;119:801–806.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Stewart DJ, Kubac G, Costello KB, Cernacek P. Increased plasma endothelin-1 in the early hours of acute myocardial infarction.J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:38–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Qiu S, Theroux P, Marcil M, Solymoss BC. Plasma endothelin-1 levels in stable and unstable angina.Cardiology 1993;82:12–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Stewart JT, Nisbet JA, Davies MJ. Plasma endothelin in coronary venous blood from patients with either stable or unstable angina.Br Heart J 1991;66:7–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Matsuyama K, Yasue H, Okumura K, et al. Increased plasma level of endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity during coronary spasm in patients with coronary spastic angina.Am J Cardiol 1991;68:991–995.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Toyo-oka T, Aizawa T, Suzuki N, et al. Increased plasma levels of endothelin-1 and coronary spasm induction in patients with vasospastic angina pectoris.Circulation 1991;83:476–483.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Tahara A, Kohno M, Yanagi S, et al. Circulating immunoreactive endothelin in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.Metabolism 1991;40:1235–1237.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Watanabe T, Suzuki N, Shimamoto N, Fujino M, Imada A. Contribution of endogenous endothelin to the extension of myocardial infarct size in rats.Circ Res 1991;69:370–377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Tomoda H. Coronary thrombolysis and endothelin-1 release.Angiology 1993;44:441–446.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Velasco CE, Jackson EK, Morrow JA, Vitola JV, Inagami T, Forman MB. Intravenous adenosine suppresses cardiac release of endothelin after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.Cardiovasc Res 1993;27:121–128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Miyauchi T, Doi T, Suzuki N, et al. Plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in the coronary sinus in dogs with artificially induced myocardial infarction.Peptides 1992;13:1013–1015.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Brunner F, du Toit EF, Opie LH. Endothelin release during ischaemia and reperfusion of isolated perfused rat hearts.J Mol Cell Cardiol 1992;24:1291–1305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Maulik N, Liu X, Subramanian R, Das DK. Release of endothelin during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. ET-1 release from reperfused heart.Am J Cardiovasc Pathol 1992;4:133–144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tsuji S, Sawamura A, Watanabe H, Takihara K, Park SE, Azuma J. Plasma endothelin levels during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.Life Sci 1991;48:1745–1749.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Velasco CE, Yanagisawa M, Williamson JL, Triana JF. Local endothelin-I production in the ischemic myocardium.Circulation 1993;88:I544.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Maemura K, Kurihara H, Morita T, Oh-hashi Y, Yazaki Y. Production of endothelin-1 in vascular endothelial cells is regulated by factors associated with vascular injury.Gerontology 1992;38(Suppl 1):29–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Braunwald E, Sobel BE: Coronary blood flow and myocardial ischemia. In: Braunwald E, ed.Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992:1173.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Loffler BM, Roux S, Kalina B, Clozel M, Clozel JP. Influence of congestive heart failure on endothelin levels and receptors in rabbits.J Moll Cell Cardiol 1993;25:407–416.

    Google Scholar 

  53. de Nucci G, Thomas R, D'Orleans-Juste P, et al. Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:9797–9800.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Luscher TF, Boulanger CM, Dohi Y, Yang Z. Endothelium-derived contracting factors.Hypertension 1992;19:117–130.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Grover GJ, Sleph PG, Fox M, Trippodo NC. Role of endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 in modulating coronary vascular tone, contractile function and severity of ischemia in rat hearts.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992;263:1074–1082.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Grover GJ, Dzwonczyk S, Parham CS. The endothelin-1 receptor antagonist BQ-123 reduces infarct size in a canine model of coronary occlusion and reperfusion.Cardiovasc Res 1993;27:1613–1618.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lerman A, Hildebrand FL Jr, Aarhus LL, Burnett JC Jr. Endothelin has biological actions at pathophysiological concentrations.Circulation 1991;83:1808–1814.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Muramatsu K, Tomoike H, Ohara Y, Egashira S, Nakamura M. Effects of endothelin-1 on epicardial coronary tone, coronary blood flow and regional wall motion in anesthetized dogs.Heart Vessels 1991;6:191–196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ezra D, Goldstein RE, Czaja JF, Feuerstein GZ. Lethal ischemia due to intracoronary endothelin in pigs.Am J Physiol 1989;257:H339-H343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Homma S, Miyauchi T, Goto K, Sugishita Y, Sato M, Ohshima N. Effects of endothelin-1 on coronary microcirculation in isolated beating hearts of rats.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;17(Suppl 7):S276-S278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wang J, Zaballos GA, Kaley G, Hintze TH. Dilation and constriction of large coronary arteries in conscious dogs by endothelin.Am J Physiol 1991;261:H1379-H1386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Domenech R, Macho R, Gonzalez R, Huidobro-Toro JP. Effects of endothelin on total and regional and coronary resistance and on myocardial contractility.Eur J Pharmacol 1991;192:409–416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Neubauer S, Ertl G, Haas U, Pulzer F, Kochsiek K. Effects of endothelin-1 in isolated perfused hearts.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990;16:1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, Wennmalm A. Effects of endothelin on coronary flow, mechanical performance, oxygen uptake, and formation of purines and on outflow of prostacyclin in the isolated rabbit heart.Circ Res 1990;66:46–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Baydoun AR, Peers SH, Cirino G, Woodward B. Effects of endothelin-1 on the rat isolated heart.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989;13(Suppl 5):S193-S196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Folta A, Joshua IG, Webb RC. Dilator actions of endothelin in coronary resistance vessels and the abdominal aorta of the guinea pig.Life Sci 1989;45:2627–2635.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Fukuda K, Hori S, Kusuhara M, et al. Effect of endothelin as a coronary vasoconstrictor in the Langendorff perfused rat heart.Eur J Pharmacol 1989;165:301–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Chester AH, Dashwood MR, Clarke JG, et al. Influence of endothelin on human coronary arteries and localization of its binding sites.Am J Cardiol 1989;63:1395–1398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Igarashi Y, Aizawa Y, Tamura M, Ebe K, Yamaguchi T, Shibata A. Vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin on the canine coronary artery: Is a novel endogenous peptide involved in regulating myocardial blood flow and coronary spasm?Am Heart J 1989;118:674–678.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Clozel JP, Sprecher U. Influence of low perfusion pressure on effect of endothelin on coronary vascular bed.Am J Physiol 1991;260:H893-H901.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Clozel JP, Clozel M. Effects of endothelin on the coronary vascular bed in open-chest dogs.Circ Res 1989;65:1193–1200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Clozel M, Clozel JP. Effects of endothelin on regional myocardial blood flows in squirrel monkeys.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989;250:1125–1131.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Inoue S, Hori S, Miyazaki K, et al. Mechanism of myocardial ischemia by intracoronary endothelin-1.Circulation 1993;88:I-182.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Suzuki T, Hoshi H, Sasaki H, Mitsui Y. Endothelin-1 stimulates hypertrophy and contractility of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in a serum-free medium. II.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;17(Suppl 7):S182-S186.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Jones LG, Rozich JD, Tsutsui H, Cooper G 4th. Endothelin stimulates multiple responses in isolated adult ventricular cardiac myocytes.Am J Physiol 1992;263:H1447-H1454.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Concas V, Laurent S, Brisac AM, Perret C, Safar M. Endothelin has potent direct inotropic and chronotropic effects in cultured heart cells.J Hypertens 1989;7(Suppl):S96-S97.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Qiu Z, Wang J, Perreault CL, Meuse AJ, Grossman W, Morgan JP. Effects of endothelin on intracellular Ca2+ and contractility in single ventricular myocytes from the ferret and human.Eur J Pharmacol 1992;214:293–296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Shah AM, Lewis MJ, Henderson AH. Inotropic effects of endothelin in ferret ventricular myocardium.Eur J Pharmacol 1989;163:365–367.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Li K, Stewart DJ, Rouleau JL. Myocardial contractile actions of endothelin-1 in rat and rabbit papillary muscles: Role of endocardial endothelium.Circ Res 1991;69:301–312.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Tohse N, Hattori Y, Nakaya H, Endou M, Kanno M, Inability of endothelin to increase Ca2+ current in guinea-pig heart cells.Br J Pharmacol 1990;99:437–438.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Watanabe T, Kusumoto K, Kitayoshi T, Shimamoto N. Positive inotropic and vasoconstrictive effects of endothelin-1 in in vivo and in vitro experiments: Characteristics and the role of L-type calcium channels.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989;13(Suppl 5):S108-S111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hattori Y, Nakaya H, Endou M, Kanno M. Pharmacological analysis of the positive inotropic effect of endothelin-1 in guinea pig left atria.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;17(Suppl 7):S194-S196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Hu JR, Von Harsdorf R, Lang RE. Endothelin has potent inotropic effects in rat atria.Eur J Pharmacol 1988;158:275–278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Poli E, Barboso G, Casoli C, Starcich R, Bertaccini G. Positive inotropic effect of endothelin-2 on human atrium preparations in vitro.Cardioscience 1991;2:99–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ishikawa T, Yanagishawa M, Kimura S, Goto K, Masaki T. Positive inotropic action of a novel vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin on guinea pig atria.Am J Physiol 1988;255:H970-H973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Moravec CS, Reynolds EE, Stewart RW, Bond M. Endothelin is a positive inotropic agent in human and rat heart in vitro.Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989;159:14–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Takanashi M, Endoh M. Characterization of positive inotropic effect of endothelin on mammalian ventricular myocardium.Am J Physiol 1991;261:H611-H619.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Endoh M, Takanashi M. Inotropic effects of endothelin on mammalian ventricular contractility.Basic Res Cardiol 1991;86(Supp 1):173–178.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Donckier JE, Hanet C, Berbinschi A, et al. Cardiovascular and endocrine effects of endothelin-1 at pathophysiological and pharmacological plasma concentrations in conscious dogs.Circulation 1991;84:2476–2484.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Yang XP, Madeddu P, Micheletti R, et al. Effects of intravenous endothelin on hemodynamics and cardiac contractility in conscious Milan normotensive rats.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;17:662–669.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Roberts-Thomson P, McRitchie RJ, Chalmers JP. Effects of endothelin-1 on arterial pressure and myocardial contractility in the conscious normotensive rabbit.Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1991;18:315–318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Ricou FJ, Murata K, Oh BH, Kambayashi M, Peterson KL. Evaluation of inotropic effect of endothelin-1 in vivo.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992;20:671–677.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Yorikane R, Koike H, Miyake S. Electrophysiological effects of endothelin-1 on canine myocardial cells.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 17(Suppl 7):S159–S162.

  94. Ishikawa T, Yanagishawa M, Kimura S, Goto K, Masaki T. Positive chronotropic effects of endothelin, a novel endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide.Pflügers Arch 1988;413:108–110.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Han SP, Trapani AJ, Fok KF, Westfall TC, Kneuper MM. Effects of endothelin on regional hemodynamics in conscious rats.Eur J Pharmacol 1989;159:303–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Goetz KL, Wang BC, Madwed JB, Zhu JL, Leadley RJ Jr. Cardiovascular, renal and endocrine responses to intravenous endothelin in conscious dogs.Am J Physiol 1988;255:R1064-R1068.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Siren AL, Feuerstein G. Hemodynamic effects of endothelin after systemic and central nervous system administration in the conscious rat.Neuropeptides 1989;14:231–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Neubauer S, Zimmermann S, Hirsch A, et al. Effects of endothelin-1 in the isolated heart in ischemia/reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation injury.J Mol Cell Cardiol 1991;23:1397–1409.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Rapps JA, Mangliola L, Jones AW, Parker JL. Impaired endothelium-induced contraction in coronary collateral arteries: Unaltered intracellular free Ca2+ (Cai) responses.Circulation 1993;88:136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Liu JJ, Casley DJ, Nayler WG. Ischaemia causes externalization of endothelin-1 binding sites in rat cardiac membranes.Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989;164:1220–1225.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Nambi P, Pullen M, Egan JW, Smith EF. Identification of cardiac endothelin binding sites in rats: Downregulation of left atrial endothelin binding sites in response to myocardial infarction.Pharmacology 1991;43:84–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Lerman A, Hildebrand FL, Marguiles KB, et al. Endothelin: A new cardiovascular regulatory peptide.Mayo Clin Proc 1990;65:1441–1455.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kramer BK, Nishida M, Kelly RA, Smith TW. Endothelins. Myocardial actions of a new class of cytokines.Circulation 1992;85:350–356.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Thiemermann C, May GR, Page CP, Vane JR. Endothelin-1 inhibits platelet aggregation in vivo: A study with111Indium-labeled platelets.Br J Pharmacol 1990;99:303–308.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Lidbury PS, Thiemermann C, Thomas GR, Vane JR. Endothelin-3: Selectivity as an anti-aggregatory peptide in vivo.Eur J Pharmacol 1989;166:335–338.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Lidbury PS, Thiemermann C, Korbut R, Vane JR. Endothelins release tissue plasminogen activator and prostanoids.Eur J Pharmacol 1990;186:205–212.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Prassad MR. Endothelin stimulates degradation of phosopholipids in isolated rat hearts.Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991;174:952–957.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Maxwell L, Pratt K, Gavin J. Endothelin-3-induced microvascular incompetence and mitochondrial damage in rat myocardium.Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1992;19:683–688.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Filep JG, Foldes-Filep E, Rousseau A, Fournier A, Sirois P, Yano M. Endothelin-1 enhances vascular permeability in the rat heart through the ETA receptor.Eur J Pharmacol 1992;219:343–344.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Chester AH, O'Neil GS, Allen SP, Luu TN, Tadjkarimi S, Yacoub MH. Effect of endothelin on normal and diseased coronary arteries.Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22:210–213.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Hagar JM. Antagonism of endogenous endothelin preserves endothelium-dependent relaxation after ischemia.Circulation 1993;88:1544.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Velasco CE, Yanagisawa M, Williamson JL, Triana JF. Cardioprotective action of endothelin-1 during ischemia.Circulation 1993;88:1544.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Yokokawa K, Mandal AK, Kohno M, et al. Heparin suppresses endothelin-1 action and production in spontaneously hypertensive rats.Am J Physiol 1992;263:R1035-R1041.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Miller WL, Cavero PG, Aarhus LL, Heublein DM, Burnett JC Jr. Endothelin-mediated cardiorenal hemodynamic and neuroendocrine effects are attenuated by nitroglycerine.Am J Hypertens 1993;6:156–163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Godfraind T, Salomones S, Dessy C, Verhelst B, Dion R, Schoevaerts JC. Selectivity scale of calcium antagonists in the human cardiovascular system based on in vitro studies.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992;20(Suppl 5):S34-S41.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Yokokawa K, Tahara H, Kohno M, Mandal AK, Yanagisawa M, Takeda T. Heparin regulates endothelin production through endothelium-derived nitric oxide in human endothelial cells.J Clin Invest 1993;92:2080–2085.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Fukai T, Egashira K, Sakata M, Ito A. An endothelial receptor antagonist (BQ123) inhibits coronary vasoconstriction following acute arterial injury.Circulation 1993;88:1568.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hasdai, D., Kornowski, R. & Battler, A. Endothelin and myocardial ischemia. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 8, 589–599 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00877413

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00877413

Key Words

Navigation