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Originalia

Traumatisierte Mütter – traumatisierte Kinder?

Eine Untersuchung des transgenerationalen Zusammenhangs von Gewalterfahrungen und Traumafolgestörungen in Flüchtlingsfamilien

Published Online:April 30, 2014https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000237

Abstract

Hintergrund: Die Prävalenz von Traumafolgestörungen bei erwachsenen Flüchtlingen ist bekanntermaßen hoch. Gleichzeitig zeigen auch Flüchtlingskinder multiple psychische Auffälligkeiten und Funktionseinschränkungen. Theorien zu generationsübergreifender Traumatisierung vermuten, dass die Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS) der Eltern sowie familiäre Gewalt die psychische Gesundheit der Kinder maßgeblich beeinflussen. Doch auch andere Faktoren wie eigene traumatische Erfahrungen im Herkunfts- und Aufnahmeland oder die Lebensbedingungen im Exil stehen möglicherweise mit der psychischen Gesundheit der Kinder in Zusammenhang. Fragestellung: Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, den Zusammenhang von PTBS, weiteren Traumafolgeerkrankungen und Gewalterfahrungen von Flüchtlingsmüttern und ihren Kindern transgenerational zu untersuchen. Methode: 41 Flüchtlingsmütter und ihre Kinder (Alter 11-18 Jahre) wurden mit Hilfe von standardisierten, psychodiagnostischen Instrumenten unabhängig voneinander interviewt. Bei den Kindern wurde das Ausmaß der erlebten familiären Gewalt, erlebte traumatische Ereignisse, Ängstlichkeit, Depressivität sowie PTBS erfasst. Bei den Müttern wurde das Ausmaß der erlebten familiären Gewalt in der Kindheit, Gewalterfahrungen in der Partnerschaft in den letzten 12 Monaten ebenso wie andere traumatische Ereignisse sowie PTBS und Depressivität erhoben. Ergebnisse: Die Schwere der PTBS-Symptomatik bei den Müttern zeigt keinen direkten Zusammenhang mit der PTBS-Symptomatik, der Ängstlichkeit und der Depressivität der Kinder. Die Schwere der mütterlichen PTBS-Symptomatik ist aber mit der vom Kind erlebten familiären Gewalt positiv assoziiert. Die von den Kindern berichtete Anzahl unterschiedlicher traumatischer Ereignistypen und das Ausmaß der familiären Gewalt korrelieren wiederum positiv sowohl mit deren PTBS-Symptomatik als auch mit deren Depressivität und Ängstlichkeit. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse veranschaulichen, dass nicht die PTBS-Symptomatik der Mutter, sondern die von den Kindern selbst erlebten traumatischen Erfahrungen, einschließlich der erlebten familiären Gewalt, mit den Traumafolgeerkrankungen der Kinder in Zusammenhang stehen. Die PTBS-Symptomatik der Mutter steht jedoch mit der vom Kind erlebten familiären Gewalt in Zusammenhang. Psychotherapeutische, trauma-fokussierte Interventionen sind daher sowohl für Mütter als auch Kinder indiziert. Darüber hinaus können Elterntrainings sinnvoll sein, um langfristig den Zyklus der Gewalt zu durchbrechen.


Traumatized mothers–traumatized children? Transgenerational trauma exposure and trauma sequelae in refugee families

Background: The high prevalence of trauma sequelae in adult refugees is widely recognized. Concurrent to adult refugees, refugee children also demonstrate multiple mental health complications and functional impairments. Theories regarding transgenerational traumatization discuss the substantial effect of parental posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and family violence on children’s mental well-being. However, further factors, such as the children’s own traumatic experiences in their country of origin and their host country as well as the living conditions in exile likely play additional roles in the children’s mental well-being. Question: The study aims to transgenerationally investigate the relationship of PTSD, further trauma sequelae and the experience of violence in both refugee mothers and their children. Method: Forty one refugee mothers and their children (aged 11–18 years) were separately interviewed using standardized psycho-diagnostic instruments. The children were assessed for the extent of experienced family violence, experienced traumatic events, anxiousness, depressiveness, and PTSD. The mothers were evaluated for the extent of family violence experienced during childhood, intimate partner violence experienced in the past 12 months, other traumatic experiences as well as PTSD and depressiveness. Results: The severity of maternal PTSD symptomatology did not show a direct relation with the children’s PTSD symptomatology, anxiousness, or depressiveness. However, the severity of maternal PTSD symptomatology correlated positively with family violence experienced by the child. The number of different types of traumatic events as reported by the children and the extent of family violence correlate positively with the children’s PTSD symptomatology, depressiveness, and anxiousness. Conclusions: The results illustrate that it is not the maternal PTSD symptomatology but rather the children’s traumatic experiences – including experienced family violence–that are related to the trauma sequelae of the children. Nevertheless, maternal PTSD symptomatology is positively related to the family violence experienced by the child. Therefore, psychotherapeutic, trauma-focused interventions for both mothers and children are indicated. Furthermore, parental training can be a meaningful means to break the cycle of violence in the long term.

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