Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Ausgehend von dem theoretischen Modell von Baumeister, Smart und Boden (1996) kann der bedrohte Selbstwert als eine bedeutsame Ursache für aggressives Verhalten angesehen werden. Insbesondere narzisstische Personen mit einem instabilen Selbstwert neigen stärker dazu, Situationen als selbstwertbedrohlich zu erleben und mit Aggressionen zu reagieren. Stucke (2001) belegte in diesem Kontext, dass aggressives Fahrverhalten durch die Interaktion von Narzissmus und Selbstkonzeptklarheit vorhergesagt werden kann. In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Rolle der Persönlichkeitsvariablen Selbstwertbedrohung, Narzissmus und Selbstkonzeptklarheit für aggressives Fahrverhalten von Motorradfahrern/-innen untersucht. Untersuchungsteilnehmer/-innen waren 126 Motorradfahrer/-innen (98 Männer und 28 Frauen) in dem Altersbereich von 19 bis 61 Jahren. Die regressionsanalytischen Befunde belegen, dass Ärgerreaktionen von Motorradfahrern/-fahrerinnen im Straßenverkehr durch die Interaktion von Narzissmus, Selbstkonzeptklarheit und Selbstwertbedrohung vorhergesagt werden können. Die theoretischen und empirischen Implikationen der Befunde werden abschließend diskutiert.
Abstract: According to the theoretical model of Baumeister, Smart and Boden (1996) threatened egotism can be an important motive for aggressive behavior. Narcissistic people with an unstable self-esteem may be especially prone to encountering threats and hence to causing violence. Stucke (2001) confirmed that aggressive driving behavior can be predicted by the interaction of narcissism and self-concept clarity. The present study examined the level of threatened self-esteem, narcissism and self-concept clarity as personal variables involved in the disposition toward the aggressive driving behavior of motorcyclists. Participants were 126 bikers (98 males and 28 females) with an age range from 19 to 61 years. Regression analyses indicated that motorcyclists' anger driving reaction could be predicted by the expected three-way interaction of narcissism, self-concept clarity, and threatened self-esteem. Theoretical and empirical consequences of the results of the study are discussed.
References
Baron, R.B. , Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173– 1182 .Baumeister, R.F. , Smart, L. , Boden, J.M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5– 33 .Baumeister, R.F. , Bushman, B.J. , Campbell, W.K. (2000). Self-esteem, narcissism, and aggression: Does violence result from low self-esteem or from threatened egotism?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(1), 26– 29 .Bushman, B.J. , Baumeister, R.F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 219– 229 .Campbell, J.D. , Trapnell, P.D. , Heine, S.J. , Katz, I.M. , Lavallee, L.F. , Lehman, D.R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 141– 156 .Cohen, J. , Cohen, P. (2001). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum .Deffenbacher, J.L. , Deffenbacher, D.M. , Lynch, R.S. , Richards, T.L. (2003). Anger, aggression and risky behavior: A comparison of high and low anger drivers. Behavior Research and Therapy, 41, 701– 718 .Deffenbacher, J.L. , Filetti, L.B. , Lynch, R.S. , Dahlen, E.R. , Oetting, E.R. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of high anger drivers. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 895– 910 .Deffenbacher, J.L. , Lynch, R.S. , Oetting, E.R. , Swaim, R.C. (2002). The driver anger expression inventory: A measure of how people express their anger on the road. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 717– 737 .Ferring, D. , Filipp, S.-H. (1996). Messung des Selbstwertgefühls: Befunde zu Reliabilität, Validität und Stabilität der Rosenberg-Skala. Diagnostica, 42, 284– 292 .Galovski, T. , Blanchard, E.B. (2002). Psychological characteristics of aggressive drivers with and without intermittent explosive disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 1157– 1168 .Greve, W. , Wilmers, N. (2003). Schulgewalt und Selbstwertempfinden: Zum moderierenden Einfluss von Bewältigungsressourcen bei Tätern und Opfern. Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, 50, 353– 386 .Hennessy, D.A. , Wiesenthal, D.L. (2001). Gender, driver aggression, and driver violence: An applied evaluation. Sex and Roles, 44, 661– 676 .Hennessy, D.A. , Wiesenthal, D.L. (2002). The relationship between driver aggression, violence and vengeance. Violence and Victims, 17, 707– 718 .Hennessy, D.A. , Wiesenthal, D.L. (2005). Driving vengeance and willful violations: Clustering of problem driving attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 61– 79 .Herzberg, P.Y. (2003). Der Fragebogen zur Erfassung aggressiver Verhaltensweisen im Straßenverkehr. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 24, 45– 55 .Herzberg, P.Y. (2004). Aggression im Straßenverkehr. In B. Schlag (Hrsg.), Verkehrspsychologie. Mobilität - Sicherheit - Fahrerassistenz (S. 177-196). Lengerich: Pabst .Kernis, M.H. (1993). The roles of stability and level of self-esteem in psychological functioning. In R. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 167-182). New York: Plenum .Kernis, M.H. , Grannemann, B.D. , Barclay, L.C. (1989). Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 1013– 1022 .Kernis, M.H. , Cornell, D.P. , Sun, C.R. , Berry, A. , Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190– 1204 .Krahé, B. (2005). Predictors of women's aggressive driving behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 31, 537– 546 .Krahé, B. , Fenske, I. (2002). Predicting aggressive driving behavior: The role of macho personality, age, and power of car. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 21– 29 .Krahé, B. , Greve, W. (2002). Aggression und Gewalt: Aktueller Erkenntnisstand und Perspektiven künftiger Forschung. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 33, 123– 142 .Lajunen, T. , Parker, D. (2001). Are aggressive people aggressive drivers? A study of the relationship between self-reported general aggressiveness, driver anger, and aggressive driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 33, 243– 255 .Lawton, R. , Parker , Manstead, A. S.R. , Stradling, S.G. (1997). The role of affect in predicting social behaviors: The case of road traffic violations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1258– 1276 .Matthews, G. , Dorn, L. , Glendon, I. (1991). Personality correlates of driver stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 535– 549 .Mayer, R.E. , Treat, J.R. (1987). Psychological, social, and cognitive characteristics of high-risk drivers: A pilot study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 9, 1– 8 .Neighbors, C. , Vietor, N.A. , Knee, C.R. (2002). A motivational model of anger and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 324– 335 .Papps, B.P. , Carroll, R.E. (1998). Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 24, 421– 438 .Raskin, R. , Terry, H. (1988). A principal components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890– 902 .Rhodewalt, F. , Morf, C. C. (1998). On self-aggrandizement and anger: A temporal analysis of narcissism and affective reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 672– 685 .Shinar, D. (1998). Aggressive driving: The contribution of the drivers and the situation. Transportation Research, 1, 137– 160 .Stucke, T.S. (2001). Der Zusammenhang zwischen Selbstkonzept und selbstberichtetem aggressiven Fahrverhalten. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 32, 261– 273 .Stucke, T.S. (2002). Überprüfung einer deutschen Version der Selbstkonzeptklarheits-Skala von Campbell. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 23, 475– 484 .Stucke, T.S. , Sporer, S.L. (2002). When a grandiose self-image is threatened: Narcissism and self-concept clarity as predictors for negative emotions and aggression following ego threat. Journal of Personality, 70, 509– 532 .Vollmann, M. , Weber, H. , Wiedig, M. (2004). Selbstwertgefühl und ärgerbezogenes Verhalten. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 25, 47– 56 .Washburn, J.J. , McMahon, S.D. , King, C.A. , Reinecke, M.A. , Silver, C. (2004). Narcissistic features in young adolescents: Relations to aggression and internalizing symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 247– 260 .Weber, H. (1999). Ärger und Aggression. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 30, 139– 150 .
