Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Ätiologie

Neurobiologie bei Tic- und Zwangsstörungen

Published Online:April 25, 2007https://doi.org/10.1026/0942-5403.16.2.96

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Erst in den letzten Jahren wird auch in der Forschung vermehrtes Augenmerk auf die Überschneidung von Tic- und Zwangsstörungen gerichtet. Während in Übersichtsarbeiten zum gemeinsamen Auftreten von Tic- und Zwangsstörungen die zahlreichen Befunde zu Phänomenologie, begleitender Psychopathologie, Epidemiologie und daraus resultierenden Therapieimplikationen breiten Raum einnehmen, sind die Untersuchungsergebnisse hinsichtlich ätiologischer und pathophysiologischer Gemeinsamkeiten in entsprechenden Arbeiten unterrepräsentiert. Daher wird mit dieser Arbeit ein Überblick über den aktuellen neurobiologischen Forschungsstand zu den Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden von Tic- und Zwangsstörungen gegeben.


Neurobiology of tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders

Abstract. There has been increasing interest in the overlap between tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive behavior/disorders over recent years. Most of these studies have focused on phenomenology, associated psychopathology, epidemiology, and their implications on treatment. Fewer data are available concerning etiology and pathophysiology. This work provides a review of the current state of research on commonalities and differences of tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders as well as their comorbidity.

Literatur

  • Abelson, J. F. , Kwan, K. Y. , O'Roak, B. J. , Baek, D. Y. , Stillman, A. A. , Morgan, T. M. , Mathews, C. A. , Pauls, D. L. , Rasin, M. R. , Gunel, M. , Davis, N. R. , Ercan-Sencicek, A. G. , Guez, D. H. , Spertus, J. A. , Leckman, J. F. , Dure, L. S. T. , Kurlan, R. , Singer, H. S. , Gilbert, D. L. , Farhi, A. , Louvi, A. , Lifton, R. P. , Sestan, N. , State, M. W. (2005). Sequence variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette's syndrome. Science , 310 , 317– 320 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Alsobrook, I. J. , Leckman, J. F. , Goodman, W. K. , Rasmussen, S. A. , Pauls, D. L. (1999). Segregation analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder using symptom-based factor scores. American Journal of Medical Genetics , 88 , 669– 675 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Alsobrook, J. P. , Pauls, D. L. (2002). A factor analysis of tic symptoms in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 , 291– 296 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Arnold, P. D. , Rosenberg, D. R. , Mundo, E. , Tharmalingam, S. , Kennedy, J. L. , Richter, M. A. (2004). Association of a glutamate (NMDA) subunit receptor gene (GRIN2B) with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A preliminary study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 174 , 530– 538 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Atmaca, M. , Yildirim, H. , Ozdemir, H. , Tezcan, E. , Kursad Poyraz, A. (2007). Volumetric MRI study of key brain regions implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry , 31 , 46– 52 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Banaschewski, T. , Woerner, W. , Rothenberger, A. (2003). Premonitory sensory phenomena and suppressibility of tics in Tourette syndrome: Developmental aspects in children and adolescents. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 45 , 700– 703 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Barr, C. L. , Wigg, K. G. , Pakstis, A. J. , Kurlan, R. , Pauls, D. , Kidd, K. K. , Tsui, L. C. , Sandor, P. (1999). Genome scan for linkage to Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics , 88 , 437– 445 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bartz, J. A. , Hollander, E. (2006). Is obsessive-compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder?. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry , 30 , 338– 352 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Baumgardner, T. L. , Singer, H. S. , Denckla, M. B. , Rubin, M. A. , Abrams, M. T. , Colli, M. J. , Reiss, A. L. (1996). Corpus callosum morphology in children with Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurology , 47 , 477– 482 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Baxter, L. R. , Schwartz, J. M. , Bergman, K. S. , Szuba, M. P. , Guze, B. H. , Mazziotta, J. C. , Alazraki, A. , Selin, C. E. , Ferng, H. K. , Munford, P. (1992). Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry , 49 , 681– 689 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Baxter, L. R. , Phelps, M. E. , Mazziotta, J. C. , Guze, B. H. , Schwartz, J. M. , Selin, C. E. (1987). Local cerebral glucose metabolic rates in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A comparison with rates in unipolar depression and in normal controls. Archives of General Psychiatry , 44 , 211– 218 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Billet, E. A. , Riochter, M. A. , Swinson, R. P. (1997). Investigation of dopamine system genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry , 2 , 403– 406 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bloch, M. H. , Leckman, J. F. , Zhu, H. , Peterson, B. S. (2005). Caudate volumes in childhood predict symptom severity in adults with Tourette syndrome. Neurology , 65 , 1253– 1258 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bracha, H. S. (2006). Human brain evolution and the “Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle”: Implications for the Reclassification of fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry , 30 , 827– 853 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Breiter, H. C. , Rauch, S. L. , Kwong, K. K. , Baker, J. R. , Weisskoff, R. M. , Kennedy, D. N. , Kendrick, A. D. , Davis, T. L. , Jiang, A. , Cohen, M. S. , Stern, C. E. , Belliveau, J. W. , Baer, L. , O'Sullivan, R. L. , Savage, C. R. , Jenike, M. A. , Rosen, B. R. (1996). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry , 53 , 595– 606 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Burd, L. , Severud, R. , Klug, M. G. , Kerbeshian, J. (1999). Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for Tourette disorder. Journal of Perinatal Medicine , 27 , 295– 302 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Busatto, G. F. , Buchpiguel, C. A. , Zamignani, D. R. , Garrido, G. E. , Glabus, M. F. , Rosario-Campos, M. C. , Castro, C. C. , Maia, A. , Rocha, E. T. , McGuire, P. K. , Miguel, E. C. (2001). Regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities in early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: An exploratory SPECT study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 , 347– 354 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Busatto, G. F. , Zamignani, D. R. , Buchpiguel, C. A. , Garrido, G. E. , Glabus, M. F. , Rocha, E. T. , Maia, A. F. , Rosario-Campos, M. C. , Campi Castro, C. , Furuie, S. S. , Gutierrez, M. A. , McGuire, P. K. , Miguel, E. C. (2000). A voxel-based investigation of regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Psychiatry Research , 99 , 15– 27 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Butler, T. , Stern, E. , Silbersweig, D. (2006). Functional neuroimaging of Tourette syndrome: Advances and future directions. Advances in Neurology , 99 , 115– 129 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Camarena, B. , Cruz, C. , de la Fuente, J. R. , Nicolini, H. (1998). A higher frequency of a low activity-related allele of the MAO-A gene in females with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Genetics , 8 , 255– 257 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Castillo, J. C. R. , Castillo, A. R. G. L. , Biason, L. , Miguita, K. , Ikenaga, E. , Vallada, H. P. (2004). Is 5HT1D-beta involved in the pathogenesis of tic-related OCD? Preliminary results from an OCD paediatric sample ascertained through Tourette's probands. In N. Barden, M. Côté, L. DeLisi, M. Gill, J. Kelsoe & M. Schalling (Eds.), Abstracts for the XIIth World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics (Vol. 130B, Issue 1, S. 91 Poster). Wilmington: Wiley-Liss . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cavallini, M. C. , Di Bella, D. , Siliprandi, F. , Malchiodi, F. , Bellodi, L. (2002). Exploratory factor analysis of obsessive-compulsive patients and association with 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. American Journal of Medical Genetics , 114 , 347– 353 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cavedini, P. , Gorini, A. , Bellodi, L. (2006). Understanding obsessive-compulsive disorder: Focus on decision making. Neuropsychological Review , 16 , 3– 15 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Choi, J. S. , Kang, D. H. , Kim, J. J. , Ha, T. H. , Lee, J. M. , Youn, T. , Kim, I. Y. , Kim, S. I. , Kwon, J. S. (2004). Left anterior subregion of orbitofrontal cortex volume reduction and impaired organizational strategies in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research , 38 , 193– 199 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Como, P. G. , LaMarsh, J. , O'Brien, K. A. (2005). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tourette's syndrome. Advances in Neurology , 96 , 249– 261 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cruz, C. , Camarena, B. , King, N. , Paez, F. , Sidenberg, D. , de la Fuente, J. R. , Nicolini, H. (1997). Increased prevalence of the seven-repeat variant of the dopamine D4 receptor gene in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with tics. Neuroscience Letters , 231 , 1– 4 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Denys, D. , Van Nieuwerburgh, F. , Deforce, D. , Westenberg, H. G. (2006). Association between serotonergic candidate genes and specific phenotypes of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders , 91 , 39– 44 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Döpfner, M. , Rothenberger, A. (2007). Tic- und Zwangsstörungen. Kindheit und Entwicklung , 16 , 75– 95 . First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • do Rosario-Campos, M. C. , Leckman, J. F. , Curi, M. , Quatrano, S. , Katsovitch, L. , Miguel, E. C. , Pauls, D. L. (2005). A family study of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics , 136 , 92– 97 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Eapen, V. , Pauls, D. L. , Robertson, M. M. (1993). Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission in Tourette's syndrome. United Kingdom cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry , 162 , 593– 596 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Eidelberg, D. , Moeller, J. R. , Antonini, A. , Kazumata, K. , Dhawan, V. , Budman, C. , Feigin, A. (1997). The metabolic anatomy of Tourette's syndrome. Neurology , 48 , 927– 934 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Eley, T. C. , Bolton, D. , O'Connor, T. G. , Perrin, S. , Smith, P. , Plomin, R. (2003). A twin study of anxiety-related behaviours in pre-school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and allied Disciplines , 44 , 945– 960 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ernst, M. , Zametkin, A. J. , Jons, P. H. , Matochik, J. A. , Pascualvaca, D. , Cohen, R. M. (1999). High presynaptic dopaminergic activity in children with Tourette's disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 38 , 86– 94 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gadzicki, D. , Muller-Vahl, K. R. , Heller, D. , Ossege, S. , Nothen, M. M. , Hebebrand, J. , Stuhrmann, M. (2004). Tourette syndrome is not caused by mutations in the central cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) gene. American Journal of Medical Genetics , 127B , 97– 103 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gehring, W. J. , Himle, J. , Nisenson, L. G. (2000). Action-monitoring dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science , 11 , 1– 6 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • George, M. S. , Trimble, M. R. , Ring, H. A. , Sallee, F. R. , Robertson, M. M. (1993). Obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 , 93– 97 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gilbert, D. L. , Bansal, A. S. , Sethuraman, G. , Sallee, F. R. , Zhang, J. , Lipps, T. , Wassermann, E. M. (2004). Association of cortical disinhibition with tic, ADHD, and OCD severity in Tourette syndrome. Movement Disorders , 19 , 416– 425 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gilbert, A. R. , Moore, G. J. , Keshavan, M. S. , Paulson, L. A. , Narula, V. , Mac Master, F. P. , Stewart, C. M. , Rosenberg, D. R. (2000). Decrease in thalamic volumes of pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who are taking paroxetine. Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 , 449– 456 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Grados, M. A. , Riddle, M. A. , Samuels, J. F. , Liang, K. Y. , Hoehn-Saric, R. , Bienvenu, O. J. , Walkup, J. T. , Song, D. , Nestadt, G. (2001). The familial phenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder in relation to tic disorders: The Hopkins OCD family study. Biological Psychiatry , 50 , 559– 565 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Greenberg, B. D. , Ziemann, U. , Cora-Locatelli, G. , Harmon, A. , Murphy, D. L. , Keel, J. C. , Wassermann, E. M. (2000). Altered cortical excitability in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurology , 54 , 142– 147 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Grice, D. E. , Leckman, J. F. , Pauls, D. L. , Kurlan, R. , Kidd, K. K. , Pakstis, A. J. , Chang, F. M. , Buxbaum, J. D. , Cohen, D. J. , Gelernter, J. (1996). Linkage disequilibrium between an allele at the dopamine D4 receptor locus and Tourette syndrome, by the transmission-disequilibrium test. American Journal of human Genetics , 59 , 644– 652 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hammond, D. C. (2004). Treatment of obsessional OCD with neurofeedback. Biofeedback , 32 , 9– 12 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hammond, D. C. (2003). QEEG-guided neurofeedback in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy , 7 , 25– 52 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hanna, G. L. , Himle, J. A. , Curtis, G. C. , Gillespie, B. W. (2005). A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder with pediatric probands. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics , 134 , 13– 19 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hebebrand, J. , Klug, B. , Fimmers, R. , Seuchter, S. A. , Wettke-Schafer, R. , Deget, F. , Camps, A. , Lisch, S. , Hebebrand, K. , von Gontard, A. , Lehmkuhl, G. , Poustka, F. , Schmidt, M. , Baur, M. P. , Remschmidt, H. (1997). Rates for tic disorders and obsessive compulsive symptomatology in families of children and adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychiatric Research , 31 , 519– 530 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Heinrich, H. , Gevensleben, H. , Freisleder, F. J. , Moll, G. H. , Rothenberger, A. (2004). Training of slow cortical potentials in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for positive behavioral and neurophysiological effects. Biological Psychiatry , 55 , 772– 775 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hemmings, S. M. , Kinnear, C. J. , Lochner, C. , Niehaus, D. J. , Knowles, J. A. , Moolman-Smook, J. C. , Corfield, V. A. , Stein, D. J. (2004). Early- versus late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: Investigating genetic and clinical correlates. Psychiatry Research , 128 , 175– 182 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hounie, A. G. , do Rosario-Campos, M. C. , Diniz, J. B. , Shavitt, R. G. , Ferrao, Y. A. , Lopes, A. C. , Mercadante, M. T. , Busatto, G. F. , Miguel, E. C. (2006). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tourette syndrome. Advances in Neurology , 99 , 22– 38 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Johannes, S. , Wieringa, B. M. , Mantey, M. , Nager, W. , Rada, D. , Muller-Vahl, K. R. , Emrich, H. M. , Dengler, R. , Munte, T. F. , Dietrich, D. (2001). Altered inhibition of motor responses in Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Acta Neurologica Scandinavia , 104 , 36– 43 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jonnal, A. H. , Gardner, C. O. , Prescott, C. A. , Kendler, K. S. (2000). Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in a general population sample of female twins. American Journal of Medical Genetics , 96 , 791– 796 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kang, D. H. , Kim, J. J. , Choi, J. S. , Kim, Y. I. , Kim, C. W. , Youn, T. , Han, M. H. , Chang, K. H. , Kwon, J. S. (2004). Volumetric investigation of the frontal-subcortical circuitry in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 16 , 342– 349 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Karayiorgou, M. , Altemus, M. , Galke, B. L. , Goldman, D. , Murphy, D. L. , Ott, J. , Gogos, J. A. (1997). Genotype determining low catechol-O-methyltransferase activity as a risk factor for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 94 , 4572– 4575 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Klaffke, S. , Konig, I. R. , Poustka, F. , Ziegler, A. , Hebebrand, J. , Bandmann, O. (2006). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: A genetic risk factor for obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome?. Movement Disorders , 21 , 881– 883 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kopell, B. H. , Greenberg, B. , Rezai, A. R. (2004). Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology , 21 , 51– 67 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Leckman, J. F. (2002). Tourette's syndrome. Lancet , 360 , 1577– 1586 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Leckman, J. F. , Dolnansky, E. S. , Hardin, M. T. , Clubb, M. , Walkup, J. T. , Stevenson, J. , Pauls, D. L. (1990). Perinatal factors in the expression of Tourette's syndrome: An exploratory study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 29 , 220– 226 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Leckman, J. F. , Grice, D. E. , Barr, L. C. , de Vries, A. L. , Martin, C. , Cohen, D. J. , McDougle, C. J. , Goodman, W. K. , Rasmussen, S. A. (1994). Tic-related vs. non-tic-related obsessive compulsive disorder. Anxiety , 1 , 208– 215 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Leckman, J. F. , Pauls, D. L. , Zhang, H. , Rosario-Campos, M. C. , Katsovich, L. , Kidd, K. K. , Pakstis, A. J. , Alsobrook, J. P. , Robertson, M. M. , McMahon, W. M. , Walkup, J. T. , van de Wetering, B. J. , King, R. A. , Cohen, D. J. (2003). Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in affected sibling pairs diagnosed with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics , 116B , 60– 68 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Leckman, J. F. , Vaccarino, F. M. , Kalanithi, P. S. , Rothenberger, A. (2006). Annotation: Tourette syndrome: A relentless drumbeat - driven by misguided brain oscillations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and allied Disciplines , 47 , 537– 550 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lensi, P. , Cassano, G. B. , Correddu, G. , Ravagli, S. , Kunovac, J. L. , Akiskal, H. S. (1996). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Familial-developmental history, symptomatology, comorbidity and course with special reference to gender-related differences. The British Journal of Psychiatry , 169 , 101– 107 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lochner, C. , Stein, D. J. (2003). Heterogeneity of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A literature review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 11 , 113– 132 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lougee, L. , Perlmutter, S. J. , Nicolson, R. , Garvey, M. A. , Swedo, S. E. (2000). Psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 , 1120– 1126 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Luo, F. , Leckman, J. F. , Katsovich, L. , Findley, D. , Grantz, H. , Tucker, D. M. , Lombroso, P. J. , King, R. A. , Bessen, D. E. (2004). Prospective longitudinal study of children with tic disorders and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder: Relationship of symptom exacerbations to newly acquired streptococcal infections. Pediatrics , 113 , e578– e585 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mantovani, A. , Lisanby, S. H. , Pieraccini, F. , Ulivelli, M. , Castrogiovanni, P. , Rossi, S. (2006). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS). International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology , 9 , 95– 100 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mataix-Cols, D. , Wooderson, S. , Lawrence, N. , Brammer, M. J. , Speckens, A. , Phillips, M. L. (2004). Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking, and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry , 61 , 564– 576 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mercadante, M. T. , Busatto, G. F. , Lombroso, P. J. , Prado, L. , Rosario-Campos, M. C. , do Valle, R. , Marques-Dias, M. J. , Kiss, M. H. , Leckman, J. F. , Miguel, E. C. (2000). The psychiatric symptoms of rheumatic fever. American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 , 2036– 2038 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Miguel, E. C. , do Rosario-Campos, M. C. , Shavitt, R. G. , Hounie, A. G. , Mercadante, M. T. (2001). The tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotype and treatment implications. Advances in Neurology , 85 , 43– 55 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Millet, B. , Chabane, N. , Delorme, R. , Leboyer, M. , Leroy, S. , Poirier, M. F. , Bourdel, M. C. , Mouren-Simeoni, M. C. , Rouillon, F. , Loo, H. , Krebs, M. O. (2003). Association between the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene and obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics , 116B , 55– 59 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mink, J. W. (2006). Neurobiology of basal ganglia and Tourette syndrome: Basal ganglia circuits and thalamocortical outputs. Advances in Neurology , 99 , 89– 98 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mink, J. W. (2001). Basal ganglia dysfunction in Tourette's syndrome: A new hypothesis. Pediatric Neurology , 25 , 190– 198 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Moll, G. H. , Heinrich, H. , Gevensleben, H. , Rothenberger, A. (2006). Tic distribution and inhibitory processes in the sensorimotor circuit during adolescence: A cross-sectional TMS study. Neuroscience Letters , 403 , 96– 99 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Moll, G. H. , Heinrich, H. , Rothenberger, A. (2001). Transkranielle Magnetstimulation in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie: Exzitabilität des motorischen Systems bei Ticstörungen und/oder Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie , 29 , 312– 323 . First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Moll, G. H. , Rothenberger, A. (1999). Nachbarschaft von Tic und Zwang. Nervenarzt , 70 , 1– 10 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Moll, G. H. , Wischer, S. , Heinrich, H. , Tergau, F. , Paulus, W. , Rothenberger, A. (1999). Deficient motor control in children with tic disorder: Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroscience Letters , 272 , 37– 40 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Morer, A. , Lazaro, L. , Sabater, L. , Massana, J. , Castro, J. , Graus, F. (2006). Antineuronal antibodies in a group of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychiatric Research , [epub ahead of print] . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Moriarty, J. , Varma, A. R. , Stevens, J. , Fish, M. , Trimble, M. R. , Robertson, M. M. (1997). A volumetric MRI study of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Neurology , 49 , 410– 415 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mostofsky, S. H. , Wendlandt, J. , Cutting, L. , Denckla, M. B. , Singer, H. S. (1999). Corpus callosum measurements in girls with Tourette syndrome. Neurology , 53 , 1345– 1347 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mundo, E. , Richter, M. A. , Zai, G. , Sam, F. , McBride, J. , Macciardi, F. , Kennedy, J. L. (2002). 5HT1Dbeta Receptor gene implicated in the pathogenesis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Further evidence from a family-based association study. Molecular Psychiatry , 7 , 805– 809 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Murphy, T. K. , Snider, L. A. , Mutch, P. J. , Harden, E. , Zaytoun, A. , Edge, P. J. , Storch, E. A. , Yang, M. C. , Mann, G. , Goodmanand, W. K. , Swedo, S. E. (2007). Relationship of movements and behaviors to group A streptococcus infections in elementary school children. Biological Psychiatry , 61 , 279– 284 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Nestadt, G. , Samuels, J. , Riddle, M. , Bienvenu 3rd, O. J. , Liang, K. Y. , LaBuda, M. , Walkup, J. , Grados, M. , Hoehn-Saric, R. (2000). A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 , 358– 363 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Nicolini, H. , Cruz, C. , Paez, F. , Camarena, B. (1998). [Dopamine D2 and D4 receptor genes distinguish the clinical presence of tics in obsessive-compulsive disorder]. Gaceta Médica de México , 134 , 521– 527 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Nicolini, H. , Cruz, C. , Camarena, B. , Orozco, B. , Kennedy, J. L. , King, N. , Weissbecker, K. , de la Fuente, J. R. , Sidenberg, D. (1996). DRD2, DRD3 and 5HT2A receptor genes polymorphisms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry , 1 , 461– 465 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Niesler, B. , Frank, B. , Hebebrand, J. , Rappold, G. (2005). Serotonin receptor genes HTR3A and HTR3B are not involved in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Psychiatric Genetics , 15 , 303– 304 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Nordstrom, E. J. , Burton, F. H. (2002). A transgenic model of comorbid Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder circuitry. Molecular Psychiatry , 7 , 617– 625 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Orth, M. , Kirby, R. , Richardson, M. P. , Snijders, A. H. , Rothwell, J. C. , Trimble, M. R. , Robertson, M. M. , Munchau, A. (2005). Subthreshold rTMS over pre-motor cortex has no effect on tics in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Clinical Neurophysiology , 116 , 764– 768 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pasamanick, B. , Kawi, A. (1956). A study of the association of prenatal and paranatal factors with the development of tics in children; a preliminary investigation. Journal of Pediatrics , 48 , 596– 601 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pato, M. T. , Pato, C. N. , Pauls, D. L. (2002). Recent findings in the genetics of OCD. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 63 Suppl 6 , 30– 33 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pauls, D. L. (2003). An update on the genetics of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 55 , 7– 12 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Perlmutter, S. J. , Leitman, S. F. , Garvey, M. A. , Hamburger, S. , Feldman, E. , Leonard, H. L. , Swedo, S. E. (1999). Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders in childhood. Lancet , 354 , 1153– 1158 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Perrin, E. M. , Murphy, M. L. , Casey, J. R. , Pichichero, M. E. , Runyan, D. K. , Miller, W. C. , Snider, L. A. , Swedo, S. E. (2004). Does group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection increase risk for behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms in children?. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 158 , 848– 856 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Peterson, A. L. , Azrin, N. H. (1992). An evaluation of behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy , 30 , 167– 174 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Peterson, B. S. (2001). Neuroimaging studies of Tourette syndrome: A decade of progress. Advances in Neurology , 85 , 179– 196 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Peterson, B. S. , Leckman, J. F. (1998). The temporal dynamics of tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Biological Psychiatry , 44 , 1337– 1348 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Peterson, B. S. , Leckman, J. F. , Duncan, J. S. , Wetzles, R. , Riddle, M. A. , Hardin, M. T. , Cohen, D. J. (1994). Corpus callosum morphology from magnetic resonance images in Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatry Research , 55 , 85– 99 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Peterson, B. S. , Leckman, J. F. , Tucker, D. , Scahill, L. , Staib, L. , Zhang, H. , King, R. , Cohen, D. J. , Gore, J. C. , Lombroso, P. (2000). Preliminary findings of antistreptococcal antibody titers and basal ganglia volumes in tic, obsessive-compulsive, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 , 364– 372 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Peterson, B. S. , Staib, L. , Scahill, L. , Zhang, H. , Anderson, C. , Leckman, J. F. , Cohen, D. J. , Gore, J. C. , Albert, J. , Webster, R. (2001). Regional brain and ventricular volumes in Tourette syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 , 427– 440 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Peterson, B. S. , Thomas, P. , Kane, M. J. , Scahill, L. , Zhang, H. , Bronen, R. , King, R. A. , Leckman, J. F. , Staib, L. (2003). Basal Ganglia volumes in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry , 60 , 415– 424 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Phillips, M. L. , Marks, I. M. , Senior, C. , Lythgoe, D. , O'Dwyer, A. M. , Meehan, O. , Williams, S. C. , Brammer, M. J. , Bullmore, E. T. , McGuire, P. K. (2000). A differential neural response in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with washing compared with checking symptoms to disgust. Psychologcial Medicine , 30 , 1037– 1050 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Plessen, K. J. , Gruner, R. , Lundervold, A. , Hirsch, J. G. , Xu, D. , Bansal, R. , Hammar, A. , Lundervold, A. J. , Wentzel-Larsen, T. , Lie, S. A. , Gass, A. , Peterson, B. S. , Hugdahl, K. (2006). Reduced white matter connectivity in the corpus callosum of children with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and allied Disciplines , 47 , 1013– 1022 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Plessen, K. J. , Wentzel-Larsen, T. , Hugdahl, K. , Feineigle, P. , Klein, J. , Staib, L. H. , Leckman, J. F. , Bansal, R. , Peterson, B. S. (2004). Altered interhemispheric connectivity in individuals with Tourette's disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 , 2028– 2037 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Prasko, J. , Paskova, B. , Zalesky, R. , Novak, T. , Kopecek, M. , Bares, M. , Horacek, J. (2006). The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on symptoms in obsessive compulsive disorder. A randomized, double blind, sham controlled study. Neuro Endocrinology Letters , 27 , 327– 332 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pujol, J. , Soriano-Mas, C. , Alonso, P. , Cardoner, N. , Menchon, J. M. , Deus, J. , Vallejo, J. (2004). Mapping structural brain alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry , 61 , 720– 730 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rauch, S. L. , Daugherty, D. D. , Shin, L. M. , Alpert, N. M. , Manzo, P. , Leahy, L. , Fischman, A. J. , Jenike, M. A. , Baer, L. (1998). Neural correlates of factor-analyzed OCD symptom dimensions: A PET study. CNS Spectrums , 3 , 37– 43 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rauch, S. L. , Jenike, M. A. , Alpert, N. M. , Baer, L. , Breiter, H. C. , Savage, C. R. , Fischman, A. J. (1994). Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder using oxygen 15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry , 51 , 62– 70 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ravizza, L. , Maina, G. , Bogetto, F. (1997). Episodic and chronic obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depression and Anxiety , 6 , 154– 158 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Reddy, P. S. , Reddy, Y. C. , Srinath, S. , Khanna, S. , Sheshadri, S. P. , Girimaji, S. R. (2001). A family study of juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 46 , 346– 351 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Riffkin, J. , Yucel, M. , Maruff, P. , Wood, S. J. , Soulsby, B. , Olver, J. , Kyrios, M. , Velakoulis, D. , Pantelis, C. (2005). A manual and automated MRI study of anterior cingulate and orbito-frontal cortices, and caudate nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison with healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research , 138 , 99– 113 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Robinson, D. , Wu, H. , Munne, R. A. , Ashtari, M. , Alvir, J. M. , Lerner, G. , Koreen, A. , Cole, K. , Bogerts, B. (1995). Reduced caudate nucleus volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 , 393– 398 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Roessner, V. , Becker, A. , Banaschewski, T. , Rothenberger, A. (2005). Tic disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder: Where is the link?. Journal of Neural Transmission , Suppl. 69 69– 99 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Roessner, V. , Becker, A. , Banaschewski, T. , Rothenberger, A. (2006). Psychopathological profile in children with chronic tic disorder and co-existing ADHD: Additive effects. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , [epub ahead of print] . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Roessner, V. , Becker, A. , Banaschewski, T. , Rothenberger, A. in Druck Ticstörungen und ADHS. In C. Freitag & W. Retz (Hrsg.), ADHS und komorbide Erkrankungen im Kindes- und Erwachsenenalter. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rosenberg, D. R. , Hanna, G. L. (2000). Genetic and imaging strategies in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Potential implications for treatment development. Biological Psychiatry , 48 , 1210– 1222 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rosenberg, D. R. , Keshavan, M. S. (1998). A. E. Bennett Research Award. Toward a neurodevelopmental model of of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry , 43 , 623– 640 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rosenberg, D. R. , Keshavan, M. S. , Dick, E. L. , Bagwell, W. W. , MacMaster, F. P. , Birmaher, B. (1997). Corpus callosal morphology in treatment-naive pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry , 21 , 1269– 1283 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rosenberg, D. R. , Keshavan, M. S. , O'Hearn, K. M. , Dick, E. L. , Bagwell, W. W. , Seymour, A. B. , Montrose, D. M. , Pierri, J. N. , Birmaher, B. (1997). Frontostriatal measurement in treatment-naive children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry , 54 , 824– 830 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Santangelo, S. L. , Pauls, D. L. , Goldstein, J. M. , Faraone, S. V. , Tsuang, M. T. , Leckman, J. F. (1994). Tourette's syndrome: What are the influences of gender and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder?. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 33 , 795– 804 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Saxena, S. , Brody, A. L. , Maidment, K. M. , Smith, E. C. , Zohrabi, N. , Katz, E. , Baker, S. K. , Baxter, L. R. (2004). Cerebral glucose metabolism in obsessive-compulsive hoarding. American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 , 1038– 1048 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Saxena, S. , Brody, A. L. , Schwartz, J. M. , Baxter, L. R. (1998). Neuroimaging and frontal-subcortical circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry , Suppl. 35 26– 37 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Scarone, S. , Colombo, C. , Livian, S. , Abbruzzese, M. , Ronchi, P. , Locatelli, M. , Scotti, G. , Smeraldi, E. (1992). Increased right caudate nucleus size in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Detection with magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry Research , 45 , 115– 121 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schienle, A. , Schafer, A. , Stark, R. , Walter, B. , Vaitl, D. (2005). Neural responses of OCD patients towards disorder-relevant, generally disgust-inducing and fear-inducing pictures. International Journal of Psychophysiology , 57 , 69– 77 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schwartz, J. M. , Stoessel, P. W. , Baxter, L. R. , Martin, K. M. , Phelps, M. E. (1996). Systematic changes in cerebral glucose metabolic rate after successful behavior modification treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry , 53 , 109– 113 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Shapira, N. A. , Liu, Y. , He, A. G. , Bradley, M. M. , Lessig, M. C. , James, G. A. , Stein, D. J. , Lang, P. J. , Goodman, W. K. (2003). Brain activation by disgust-inducing pictures in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry , 54 , 751– 756 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Shapiro, A. K. , Shapiro, E. , Wayne, H. (1972). Birth, developmental, and family histories and demographic information in Tourette's syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 155 , 335– 344 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Shavitt, R. G. , Hounie, A. G. , Rosario Campos, M. C. , Miguel, E. C. (2006). Tourette's Syndrome. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 29 , 471– 486 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Shin, Y. W. , Kwon, J. S. , Kim, J. J. , Kang, D. H. , Youn, T. , Kang, K. W. , Kang, E. , Lee, D. S. , Lee, M. C. (2006). Altered neural circuit for working memory before and after symptom provocation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia , 113 , 420– 429 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Singer, H. S. (1999). PANDAS and immunomodulatory therapy. Lancet , 354 , 1137– 1138 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Singer, H. S. , Giuliano, J. D. , Zimmerman, A. M. , Walkup, J. T. (2000). Infection: A stimulus for tic disorders. Pediatric Neurology , 22 , 380– 383 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Singer, H. S. , Hong, J. J. , Yoon, D. Y. , Williams, P. N. (2005). Serum autoantibodies do not differentiate PANDAS and Tourette syndrome from controls. Neurology , 65 , 1701– 1707 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Singer, H. S. , Reiss, A. L. , Brown, J. E. , Aylward, E. H. , Shih, B. , Chee, E. , Harris, E. L. , Reader, M. J. , Chase, G. A. , Bryan, R. N. (1993). Volumetric MRI changes in basal ganglia of children with Tourette's syndrome. Neurology , 43 , 950– 956 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Singer, H. S. , Szymanski, S. , Giuliano, J. , Yokoi, F. , Dogan, A. S. , Brasic, J. R. , Zhou, Y. , Grace, A. A. , Wong, D. F. (2002). Elevated intrasynaptic dopamine release in Tourette's syndrome measured by PET. American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 , 1329– 1336 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Snider, L. A. , Swedo, S. E. (2004). PANDAS: Current status and directions for research. Molecular Psychiatry , 9 , 900– 907 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stein, D. J. , Coetzer, R. , Lee, M. , Davids, B. , Bouwer, C. (1997). Magnetic resonance brain imaging in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Psychiatry Research , 74 , 177– 182 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stein, D. J. , Lochner, C. (2006). Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: A multidimensional approach. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 29 , 343– 351 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stephens, R. J. , Sandor, P. (1999). Aggressive behaviour in children with Tourette syndrome and comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 44 , 1036– 1042 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Stern, E. , Silbersweig, D. A. , Chee, K. Y. , Holmes, A. , Robertson, M. M. , Trimble, M. , Frith, C. D. , Frackowiak, R. S. , Dolan, R. J. (2000). A functional neuroanatomy of tics in Tourette syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 , 741– 748 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Swedo, S. E. (2002). Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). Molecular Psychiatry , 7 Suppl 2 , S24– 25 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Swedo, S. E. , Leonard, H. L. , Garvey, M. , Mittleman, B. , Allen, A. J. , Perlmutter, S. , Lougee, L. , Dow, S. , Zamkoff, J. , Dubbert, B. K. (1998). Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. American Journal of Psychiatry , 155 , 264– 271 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Swedo, S. E. , Rapoport, J. L. , Cheslow, D. L. , Leonard, H. L. , Ayoub, E. M. , Hosier, D. M. , Wald, E. R. (1989). High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham's chorea. American Journal of Psychiatry , 146 , 246– 249 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Swedo, S. E. , Schapiro, M. B. , Grady, C. L. , Cheslow, D. L. , Leonard, H. L. , Kumar, A. , Friedland, R. , Rapoport, S. I. , Rapoport, J. L. (1989). Cerebral glucose metabolism in childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry , 46 , 518– 523 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Szeszko, P. R. , MacMillan, S. , McMeniman, M. , Chen, S. , Baribault, K. , Lim, K. O. , Ivey, J. , Rose, M. , Banerjee, S. P. , Bhandari, R. , Moore, G. J. , Rosenberg, D. R. (2004). Brain structural abnormalities in psychotropic drug-naive pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 , 1049– 1056 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Szeszko, P. R. , MacMillan, S. , McMeniman, M. , Lorch, E. , Madden, R. , Ivey, J. , Banerjee, S. P. , Moore, G. J. , Rosenberg, D. R. (2004). Amygdala volume reductions in pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with paroxetine: Preliminary findings. Neuropsychopharmacology , 29 , 826– 832 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Tansey, M. A. (1986). A simple and a complex tic (Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome): Their response to EEG sensorimotor rhythm biofeedback training. International Journal of Psychophysiology , 4 , 91– 97 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Urraca, N. , Camarena, B. , Gomez-Caudillo, L. , Esmer, M. C. , Nicolini, H. (2004). Mu opioid receptor gene as a candidate for the study of obsessive compulsive disorder with and without tics. American Journal of Medical Genetics , 127B , 94– 96 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Valente, A. A. , Miguel, E. C. , Castro, C. C. , Amaro, E. , Duran, F. L. , Buchpiguel, C. A. , Chitnis, X. , McGuire, P. K. , Busatto, G. F. (2005). Regional gray matter abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study. Biological Psychiatry , 58 , 479– 487 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • van de Wetering, B. J. , Heutink, P. (1993). The genetics of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: A review. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine , 121 , 638– 645 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • van den Heuvel, O. A. , Veltman, D. J. , Groenewegen, H. J. , Dolan, R. J. , Cath, D. C. , Boellaard, R. , Mesina, C. T. , van Balkom, A. J. , van Oppen, P. , Witter, M. P. , Lammertsma, A. A. , van Dyck, R. (2004). Amygdala activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder with contamination fear: A study with oxygen-15 water positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Research , 132 , 225– 237 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Vasconcelos, M. S. , Sampaio, A. S. , Hounie, A. G. , Akkerman, F. , Curi, M. , Lopes, A. C. , Miguel, E. C. (2007). Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal risk factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry , 61 , 301– 307 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Visser-Vandewalle, V. , Ackermans, L. , van der Linden, C. , Temel, Y. , Tijssen, M. A. , Schruers, K. R. , Nederveen, P. , Kleijer, M. , Boon, P. , Weber, W. , Cath, D. (2006). Deep brain stimulation in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Neurosurgery , 58 , E590– E590 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Walkup, J. T. (2001). Epigenetic and environmental risk factors in Tourette syndrome. Advances in Neurology , 85 , 273– 279 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wendland, J. R. , Kruse, M. R. , Murphy, D. L. (2006). Functional SLITRK1 var321, varCDfs and SLC6A4 G56A variants and susceptibility to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry , 11 , 802– 804 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wolf, S. S. , Jones, D. W. , Knable, M. B. , Gorey, J. G. , Lee, K. S. , Hyde, T. M. , Coppola, R. , Weinberger, D. R. (1996). Tourette syndrome: Prediction of phenotypic variation in monozygotic twins by caudate nucleus D2 receptor binding. Science , 273 , 1225– 1227 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ziemann, U. , Paulus, W. , Rothenberger, A. (1997). Decreased motor inhibition in Tourette's disorder: Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation. American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 , 1277– 1284 . First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar