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Peri- und Postmenopause

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Klinische Endokrinologie für Frauenärzte
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Zusammenfassung

Die durchschnittliche Lebenserwartung von Frauen nach der Menopause beträgt 30 Jahre. Im Gegensatz zu den vorangehenden Lebensphasen ist dieser Lebensabschnitt von einer starken und kontinuierlichen Zunahme an gesundheitlichen Belastungen gekennzeichnet, darunter kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen, Malignome, Osteoporose und Demenz. Für alle diese Erkrankungen wurden hormonelle Einflüsse auf Häufigkeit, Schweregrad und Verlauf beschrieben. Am häufigsten und charakteristischsten für die Zeit vor, während und nach der menopausalen Transition sind klimakterische Beschwerden, zu denen vor allem vasomotorische Symptome wie Hitzewallungen und Schweißausbrüche, urogenitale Symptome, aber auch Stimmungsschwankungen, Schlafstörungen, Haut- und Schleimhauttrockenheit, Libidoverlust, Gelenkbeschwerden und Haarausfall u. a. zählen. Diese klimakterischen Beschwerden werden in unterschiedlicher Ausprägung und je nach Fragestellung und Definition von etwa 50 % der perimenopausalen Frauen und von 30–80 % der postmenopausalen Frauen angegeben. So fand z. B. eine Auswertung von 33 Querschnittsstudien eine Prävalenzrate für Hitzewallungen bei prämenopausalen Frauen von 14–51 %, bei perimenopausalen Frauen von etwa 50 % und bei postmenopausalen Frauen von 30–80 %. Die Zeitspanne, in der Frauen häufige Hitzewallungen, d. h. an mehr als sechs Tagen innerhalb der letzten zwei Wochen, angeben, umfasst durchschnittlich 7,4 Jahre. Wenn die ersten Hitzewallungen bereits vor der Menopause auftraten, dauerten die Beschwerden durchschnittlich länger an, als wenn diese erst postmenopausal begannen. Klimakterische Beschwerden manifestieren sich individuell sehr unterschiedlich, wobei der Zusammenhang zwischen vasomotorischen Beschwerden und der Peri- und Postmenopause die geringste Variabilität zeigt und am besten belegt ist.

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Ortmann, O., Tempfer, C., Seifert-Klauss, V., Hadji, P. (2024). Peri- und Postmenopause. In: Strowitzki, T., Ortmann, O. (eds) Klinische Endokrinologie für Frauenärzte. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65517-7_8

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