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Genetik und Gen-Umwelt-Interaktionen bei psychischen Erkrankungen

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Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik, Psychotherapie

Part of the book series: Springer Reference Medizin ((SRM))

Zusammenfassung

Die genetische Forschung hat in der Psychiatrie seit über 100 Jahren eine sehr wechselhafte Geschichte. So wurde über viele Jahrzehnte des 20. Jahrhunderts in Psychologie und Psychiatrie eine heftige, teilweise verbitterte Diskussion über „Gene oder Umwelt“ („nature vs. nurture“) geführt. Sind psychische Eigenschaften und Störungen auf genetisch-konstitutionelle Faktoren oder auf Umwelteinflüsse wie z. B. psychosoziale Belastungen zurückführbar? Heute ist allgemein anerkannt, dass die Wahrheit in der Mitte liegt. Es ist unstreitig: Psychische Eigenschaften und v. a. psychische Störungen werden sowohl von genetischen Anlagen als auch von Umweltbedingungen beeinflusst, noch wenig bekannt sind die Mechanismen der Interaktion beider Ebenen. Das gesamte Feld der psychiatrischen Genetik hat sich im Rahmen der sich rapide entwickelnden technischen Möglichkeiten von der Analyse familiärer Ähnlichkeitsmuster in Familien-, Zwillings- und Adoptionsstudien auf die molekulargenetische Analyse psychischer Eigenschaften und Störungen verschoben. Der vollzogene methodische „Paradigmenwechsel“ hat das Interesse an dem klinischen Forschungsfeld der psychiatrischen Genetik massiv gesteigert. Die molekulargenetische Analyse ist mittlerweile zur wichtigsten Erkenntnisquelle der Pathophysiologie und Neurobiologie psychischer Störungen geworden. Sie stellt auch die Nosologie psychischer Krankheiten zunehmend in Frage. Die heutige klinische Nützlichkeit liegt in der Früherkennung („diagnostische und prädikative Marker“) und Entwicklung neuer, molekularer Wirkprinzipien für Therapie und Prävention. Bisher sind jedoch in der Umsetzung der genetischen Erkenntnisfortschritte in die klinische Basis noch keine durchschlagenden, nachhaltigen Erfolge erzielt worden. Dieser Ertrag ist erst langfristig zu erwarten.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland

    Wolfgang Maier

  2. Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112, Halle/Saale, Deutschland

    Ina Giegling

  3. Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112, Halle/Saale, Deutschland

    Dan Rujescu

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    Hans-Jürgen Möller

  2. Ehem. Ärztlicher Direktor des kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikums für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Neurologie, Akadem. Lehrkrankenhaus der LMU München Institut für Psychologische Medizin (IPM), Soyen, Germany

    Gerd Laux

  3. Vorstand der Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapeutische Medizin, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria

    Hans-Peter Kapfhammer

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Maier, W., Giegling, I., Rujescu, D. (2017). Genetik und Gen-Umwelt-Interaktionen bei psychischen Erkrankungen. In: Möller, HJ., Laux, G., Kapfhammer, HP. (eds) Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik, Psychotherapie. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_5

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