Zusammenfassung
Die Beobachtung, daß extreme Ereignisse extreme Reaktionen verursachen, ist schon alt. So läßt Shakespeare in „Heinrich IV.“
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Agger, I. & Jensen, S.B. (1990). Testimony as ritual and evidence in psychotherapy for political refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 1158–130.
American Psychiatric Association.(1994).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Basoglu, M., Parker, M., Paker, O., Özmen, E., Marks, I., Incesu, C., Sahin, D. & Sarimurat, N. (1994). Psychological effects of torture: a comparison of tortured with nontortured political activists in Turkey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 76–81.
Blake, D.D., Abueg, F.R., Woodward, S.H. & Keane, T.M. (1993). Treatment efficacy in post-traumatic stress disorder. In T.R. Giles (Ed.), Handbook of effective psychotherapy. New York: Plenum Press.
Blanchard, E.B., Hickling, E.J., Taylor, A.E., Loos, W.R., Forneris, C.A., Jaccard, J. (1996). Who develops PTSD from motor vehicle accidents? Behavior Research and Therapy, 24, 1–10.
Breslau, N., Davis, G.C., Andreski, P. & Peterson, E. (1991). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 216–222.
Breslau, N., Davis, G.C. & Andreski, P. (1995). Risk factors for PTSD-related traumatic events: A prospective analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 529–535.
Brom, D., Kleber, R.J. & Defares, P.B. (1989). Brief psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 607–612.
Brown, P. (1994). Toward a psychobiological model of dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder. In S.J. Lynn 8 J.W. Rhue (eds.), Dissociation. Clinical and theoretical perspectives New York: Guilford.
Cassiday, K.L., McNally, R.J. & Zeitlin, S.B. (1992). Cognitive processing of trauma cues in rape victims with post-traumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 283–295.
Chemtob, C.M., Roitblat, H.L., Hamada, R.S., Carlson, J.G.& Twentyman, C.T. (1988). A cognitive action theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2, 253–275
Cienfuegos, A.J. & Monelli, C. (1983). The testimony of political repression as a therapeutic instrument. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53, 4–51.
Davidson, J.R. (1992). Drug therapy of post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 309–314.
Davidson, J.R., Hughes, D., Blazer, D.G. & George, L.K. (1991). Post-traumatic stress disor-der in community: an epidemiological study. Psychological Medicine, 21, 713–721.
Davidson, J.R.T. & Foa, E.B. (1993). Posttraumatic stress disorder. DSM-IV and beyond Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Deering, C.G., Glover, S.G., Ready, D., Eddleman, H.C. & Alarcon, R.D. (1996). Unique patterns of comorbidity in posttraumatic stress disorder from different sources of trauma. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 336–346.
Ehlers, A., Clark, D.M. & Winton, E. (1997). Predicting response to exposure treatment in PTSD: The role of mental defeat and alienation. Journal of Traumatic Stress,in press.
Eschenröder, Ch.T. (1995). Augenbewegungs-Desensibilisierung and Verarbeitung traumatischer Erinnerungen - eine neue Behandlungsmethode. Verhaltenstherapie and psychosoziale Praxis, 3, 341–371.
Everly, G.S. (1994). The neurocognitive therapy of post-traumatic stress. In Jr. Everly & J.M. Lating (Eds.) Psychotraumatology New York, London: Plenum Press.
Foa, E. & Kozak, M.J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to correcting information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 21–35.
Foa, E.B., Rothbaum, B.O., Riggs, D.S. & Murdock, T.B. (1991). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 715–723.
Foa, E., Zinbarg, R. & Rothbaum, B.O. (1992). Uncontrollability and unpredictability in posttraumatic stress disorder: An animal model. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 218–238.
Foa, E.B., Riggs, D.S. & Gershuny, B.S. (1995). Arousal, numbing, and intrusion: Symptom structures of PTSD following assault. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 116–120.
Frankl, V.E. (1973). Der Mensch auf der Suche nach Sinn Freiburg: Herder.
Friedman, S. (1992). Constructing solutions. In S.H. Budman & M.F. Hoyt (Eds.); The first session in brief therapy. New York: Basic Books.
Gibbs, M.S. (1989). Factors in the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 489–514.
Green, B.L. (1994). Psychosocial research in traumatic stress: An update. Journal of Traumatic stress, 7, 341–361.
Green, B.L., Lindy, J.D., Grace, M.C., Gleser, G.C., Leonard, A.C., Korol, M., Winget, C. (1990). Buffalo Creek survivors in the second decade: Stability of stress symptoms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 43–54.
Green, M.M., McFarlane, A.C., Hunter, C.E. & Griggs, W.M. (1993). Undiagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents. Medical Journal of Australia, 159, 529–534.
Heizer, J.E., Robins, L.N. & McEvoy, L. (1987). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population: Findings of the epidemiological catchment area survey. New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1630–1634.
Herman, J. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivers of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377–391.
Herman, J.L. (1993). Die Narben der Gewalt. Traumatische Erfahrungen verstehen and iiberwinden. München: Kindler.
Horowitz, M.J. (1976/1986). Stress response syndromes (1. Aufl. 1976; 2. erw. Aufl. 1986 ). Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
Horowitz, M.J., Field, N.P. & Classen, C.C. (1993). Stress response syndroms and their treat-L. Goldberger & S. Bresnitz (Eds.) Handbook of Stress New York: Free Press.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1985). The aftermath of victimization: Rebuilding shattered assumpti.
C.R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake. pp 15–35 New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1995). Victims of Violence. In G.S.Jr. Everly & J.M. Lating (Eds.) Psychotraumotolgy New York: Plenum Press.
Jones, J.C. & Barlow, D.H. (1991). Ein neues Modell der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung: Folgerungen für die Zukunft. In P.A. Saigh (Hrsg.), Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung. Bern: Verlag Hans Huber.
Jongedijk, R.A., Carlier, I.V.E., Schreuder, B.J.N. & Gersons, B.P.R. (1996). Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: An exploratory investigation of PTSD and DES NOS among Dutch war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 577–586.
Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., Nelson, C.B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048–1060.
Kolb, L.C. (1987). A neuropsychological hypothesis explaining post-traumatic stress disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 989–995.
Krupnick, J.L. & Horowitz, M.J. (1981). Stress response syndromes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 428–435.
Kruse, A. & Schmitt, E. (1997). Reminiscence increased in old age-coping with reminiscence of traumatic experiences. In A. Maercker, M. Schätzwohl & Z. Solomon, Posttraumatic stress disorder: A lifespan developmental perspective Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber.
Lang, P. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 6, 495–571.
Lee, K.A., Vaillant, G.E., Torrey, W.C. & Elder, G.H. (1995). A 5o-year prospective study of the psychological sequelae of World War II combat. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 516–522.
Lifton, R.J. (1988). Understanding the traumatized self. In J.P. Wilson, Z. Harel & B. Kahana (eds.), Human adaptation to extreme stress. New York: Plenum Press.
Litz, B.T. & Keane, T.M. (1989). Information processing in anxiety disorders: Application to the understanding of post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 243–257.
Litz, B.T., Blake, D.D., Gerardi, R.G., Keane, T.M. (1990). Decision making guidelines for the use of direct therapeutic exposure in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. The Behavior Therapist, 13, 91–93.
Maercker, A. (1996). Systematische Desensibilisierung. In J. Margraf (Hrsg.), Lehrbuch der Verhaltenstherapie, Bd. 1 . Berlin: Springer.
Maercker, A. (1997). Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen: Psychologie der Extembelastungsfolgen bei Opfern politischer Gewalt. Unveröffentlichte Habilitationsschrift, Technische Universität, Dresden.
Maercker, A., Schätzwohl, M. & Solomon, Z. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder: A life-span developmental perspective Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber (im Druck).
March, J.S. (1993). What constitutes a stressor? The „criterion A“ issue. In J.R.T. Davidson & E.B. Foa (eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder. DSM-IV and beyond Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Margraf, J. (1996). Grundprinzipien und historische Entwicklung. In J. Margraf (Hrsg.), Lehrbuch der Verhaltenstherapie, Bd. 1. Berlin: Springer.
McNally, R.J. (1993). Stressors that produce posttraumatic stress disorder in children. In J.T.R. Davidson & E.B. Foa (eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM-IV and beyond Washington: American Psychological Association.
McNally, R.J., Kaspi, S.P., Rieman, B.C., Zeitlin, S.B. (1990). Selective processing of treat cues in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 398–402
Meichenbaum, D. (1994). A clinical handbook/Practical therapist manual for assessing and treating adults with post-traumatic stress disorder. Waterloo: Psychology Institute Press.
Noelen-Hoeksema, S. & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121.
Park, C.L., Cohen, L.H. & Murch, R.L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality, 64, 71–105
Pennebaker, J.W. (1985). Traumatic experience and psychosomatic disease: Exploring the roles of behavioural inhibition, obsessing, and confiding. Canadian Psychology, 26, 82–95.
Pennebaker, J.W., Barger, S.D. & Tiebout, J. (1989). Disclosure of traumas and health among Holocaust survivors. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51, 577–589.
Perkonigg, A. & Wittchen, H.-U. (1997). Trauma and PTSD among adolescents and young adults from the General Population in Germany. Max Planck Institut für Psychiatrie: Unveröffentlichtes Manuskript.
Pitman, R.K. (1989). Post-traumatic stress disorder, hormones, and memory. Biological Psychiatry, 26, 221–223.
Resick, P.A.& Schnicke, M.K. (1991). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 748–756.
Richards, D.A., Lovell, K. & Marks, I.M. (1994). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Evaluation of a behavioral treatment program. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 669–680.
Roth, S. & Lebowitz, L. (1987). The experience of sexual trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 79–107.
Schützwohl, M. & Maercker, A. (1997). Social support and coping as predictors of PTSD thirty years after traumatization. In A. Maercker, M. Schützwohl & Z. Solomon, Post-traumatic stress disorder: A lifespan developmental perspective Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber.
Shalev, A.Y., Galai, T., Spencer, E. (1993). Levels of trauma: A multidimensional approach to the treatment of PTSD. Psychiatry, 56, 166–177.
Shapiro, F. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. New York: Guildford.
Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M. & Avitzur, E. (1988). Coping, locus of control, social support, and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 279–285.
Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M. & Waysman, M. (1991). Delayed and immediate onset post-traumatic stress disorder: The role of life events and social ressources. Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 231–236.
Southwick, S.M., Krystal, J.H. et al. (1993). Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry,50,266–274.
Steil, R. & Ehlers, A. (1996). Die posttraumatische Belastungsstörung: Eine Übersicht. Verhaltensmodifikation and Verhaltensmedizin, 17, 169–212.
Sutker, P.B,. Uddo, M. Brailey, K. Vasterling, J.J. & Errera, P. (1994). Psychopathology in war-zone deployed and nondeployed Operation Desert Storm troops assigned graves registration duties. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,103,383–390.
Terr, L.C. (1989). Treating psychic trauma in children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 3–20.
Kolk, B.A. (1994). The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1, 253–265.
Kolk, B.A. & Saporta, J. (1993). Biological response to psychic trauma. In J.P. Wilson & B. Raphael (eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes. New York: Plenum Press.
Kolk, B.A., Greenberg, M.S., Orr, S.P. & Pitman, R.K. (1989). Endogenous opioides and stress-induced analgesia in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 25, 417–421.
Weltgesundheitsorganisation. (1994). Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen. ICD-10 Kapitel V. H. Dilling, W. Mombour, M.H. Schmidt & E. Schulte-Markwort (Hrsg.) Bern: Huber.
Wilson, S.A., Becker, L.A. & Tinker, R.H. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for psychologically traumatizedindividuals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 928–937.
Yalom, I.D. (1985). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
Yehuda, R., Kahana, B., Binder-Brynes, K., Southwick, S.M., Mason, J.W., Giller, E.L. (1995). Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 982–986.
Zager, E.L., Black, P.M. (1985). Neuropeptides in human memory and learning processes. Neurosurgery, 17, 355–369.
Zlotnick, C., Zakriski, A.L., Shea, M.T., Costello, E., Begin, A., Pearlstein, T., Simpson, E. (1996). The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: Support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 195–205.Weiterführende Literatur
Everly, G.S. & Lating, J.M.(Eds.).(1995).Psychotraumatology. Key papers and core concepts in post-traumatic stress. New York, London: Plenum.
Herman, J.L.(1993). Die Narben der Gewalt. Traumatische Erfahrungen verstehen und überwinden. München:Kindler.
Margraf, J. (Hrsg.). (1996). Lehrbuch der Verhaltenstherapie, Bd. und 2. Berlin: Springer.
Matsakis, A. (1992). I can’t get over it. A handbook for trauma survivors. Oakland: New Harbinger.
Meichenbaum, D. (1994).A clinical handbook/Practical therapist manual for assessing and treating adults with post-traumatic stress disorder. Waterloo, Canada: Psychology Institute Press (Internet-Version in Vorbereitung).
Kolk, B., McFarlane, A.C., Weisaeth, L. (Eds.).(1996).Traumatic Stress. The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York: Guilford.
Wilson, J.P. & Raphael, B. (Eds.).(1993). International handbook of traumatic stress syndroms. New York: Plenum.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Maercker, A. (1997). Erscheinungsbild, Erklärungsansätze und Therapieforschung. In: Maercker, A. (eds) Therapie der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10473-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10473-6_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-10474-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-10473-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive