Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Subfamily Anophelinae

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mosquitoes and Their Control

Abstract

In adults of this subfamily, at least the first abdominal segment (tergum I) is devoid of any scales. In general the development of scaling has not reached the same level as in the subfamily Culicinae; often the abdomen is covered with fine setae only. The palps of both sexes are approximately the same length as the proboscis. The larvae have no discernible respiratory siphon and seta 1 of most abdominal segments is usually of the palmate type. The subfamily comprises only three genera: Anopheles, Bironella and Chagasia. The genus Bironella Theobald includes eight species divided between three subgenera (Fig. 1.2) that are confined to the Australasian Region. They are easily distinguished from Anopheles by wing veins Cu1 and M being wavy at their distal parts and thoracic setae 1-M and 3-T in larvae that are both palmate. The adults are seldom seen in nature and rarely bite man. Chagasia Cruz is a small and rare genus; its four species are exclusively distributed in the Neotropical region. Adults of this genus are mainly characterized by the somewhat trilobed scutellum with a set of setae on each lobe, wings without distinct spots as in most Anopheles and the large claws on the fore and mid legs of the males.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adamovic ZR (1980) Über die Verbreitung und Bevölkerungsdichte von Anopheles atroparvus Van Thiel (Dipt, Culicidae) in Serbien und Mazedonien. Jugoslawien Anz Schädlingskde, Planzenschutz, Umweltschutz 53:83–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Artemiev MM (1980) Anopheles mosquitoes-main malaria vectors in the USSR. In: International scientific project on ecologically safe methods for control of malaria and its vectors. The USSR state commitee for science and technology (GKNT). United Nations Environment Programme UNEP 2:45–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber MA, Rice JB (1935) Malaria studies in Greece: the malaria infection rate in nature and in the laboratory of certain species of Anopheles of east Macedonia. Ann Trop Med 29:329–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates M (1940) The nomenclatur and the taxonomic status of the mosquitoes of the Anopheles maculipennis complex. Ann Entomol Soc Am 33:343–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates M (1949) Ecology of anopheline mosquitoes. In: Boyd MF (ed) Malariology, a comprehensive survey of all aspects of this group of diseases from a global standpoint. Saunders Company, London, pp 302–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd MF (1949) A comprehensive survey of all aspects of this group of diseases from a global standpoint. Malariology 1:787

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozkov D (1966) Krovososushiye komary (Diptera Culicidae) Bolgarii. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, Akademia Nauk SSSR XLV 3:570–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullini L, Coluzzi M (1978) Applied and theoretical significance of electrophoretic studies in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol 20:7–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cambournac FJC, Hill RB (1938) The biology of Anohpeles maculipennis var. atroparvus in Portugal. Proc Int Congr Trop Med Mal 2:178–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Cambournac FJC, Hill RB (1940) Observation on the swarming of Anohpeles maculipennis var. atroparvus. Am J Trop Med 20(1):133-140

    Google Scholar 

  • Christophers SR (1929) Note on a collection of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes from Madeira and the Canary Islands. Ind J Med Res 16:518–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Christophers SR (1933) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera, Family Culicidae, Tribe Anophelini, vol IV, London, p 371

    Google Scholar 

  • Cianchi R, Sabatini A, Bocollini D, Bullini L, Coluzzi M (1987) Electrophoretic evidence of reproductive isolation between sympatric populations of Anopheles melanoon and Anopheles subalpinus. Proc Third Int Congr Mal Bab 156 Annency

    Google Scholar 

  • Coluzzi M (1960) Alcuni dati morfologici i biologici sulle forme italiane di Anopheles claviger Meigen Riv Malariologia 39:221–235

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coluzzi M, Sacca G, Feliciangeli ED (1965) Il complesso An. claviger nella sottoregione meditteranea. Cah. ORSTOM Ser Entomol Med 3(3/4):97–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl C (1977) Verification of Anopheles (Ano) messeae Falleroni (Culicisae, Dipt) from Southern Sweden. Entomol Tidskr 98:149–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl C, White GB (1978) Culicidae. In: Illies J (ed) Limnofauna Europaea, 2nd edn. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and New York, Swets & Zeitlinger B V, Amsterdam, pp 390–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans AM (1938) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. II-Anophelini adults and early stages. British Museum (Natural History), London, p 404

    Google Scholar 

  • Falleroni D (1926) Fauna anophelica italiana et suo “habitat” (paludi, risae, canali). Metodi di lotta contro la malaria. Riv Malariol 5:553–593

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick JI (1992) Illustrated key to the females of Anopheles of southwestern Asia and Egypt. (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 24(2):125–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutsevich AV (1976) On polytypical species of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). I. Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas 1771). Parazitologiya 10:148–153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackett LW, Bates M (1938) The laboratory for mosquito research in Albania. Trans Third Congr Trop Med Hyg 2:113–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackett LW, Missiroli A (1935) The varieties of Anopheles maculipennis and their relation to the distribution of malaria in Europe. Riv Malariol 14:45–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Halgos J, Benkova I (2004) First record of Anopheles hyrcanus (Dipera: Culicidae) from Slovakia. Biológia 59(15):68

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison BA (1972) A new Interpretation of affinities within the Anopheles hyrcanus complex in Southeast Asia. Mosq Syst 4:73–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsfall RW (1955) Mosquitoes, their bionomics and relation to disease. Ronald Press Co New York, S 723

    Google Scholar 

  • Jetten TH, Takken W (1994) Anophelism without malaria in Europe. A review of the ecology and distribution of the genus Anopheles in Europe. Wageningen Agric Univ, p 69

    Google Scholar 

  • Keshishian M (1938) Anopheles sogdianus sp. nov. A new species of the Anopheles mosquito A. sogdianus sp. nov. in Tadjikistan. Med Parasitol Moscow 7:888–896

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick TW (1925) The mosquitoes of Egypt. Egyptian Govt Anti-Malaria Commision, Cairo, p 224

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight KL (1978) Supplement to a catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). Thomas Say found. J Entomol Soc Am Suppl 6:107

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight KL, Stone A (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae), 2nd edn. Thomas Say found. J Entomol Soc Am 6, xi+611p

    Google Scholar 

  • Korvenkontio P, Lokki J, Saura A, Ulmanen I (1979) Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in northern Europe: species diagnosis by egg structure and enzyme polimorphismus. J Med Entomol 16(2):169–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan JA ed (1953) The Sardinian project. An experiment in the eradication of an indigenous malarious vector. Am J Hyg Monogr Ser Johns Hopkins Pr Baltimore 20:415

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald G (1957) The epidemiology and control of malaria. University Press, London, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant P, Eling W, van Gemert GJ, Leake CJ, Curtis CF (1998) Could British mosquitoes transmit falciparum malaria? Parasitol Today 14(9):344–345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchi A, Munstermann LE (1987) The mosquitoes of Sardinia: species records 35 years after the malaria eradication campaign. Med Vet Entomol 1:89–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall JF (1938) The British mosquitoes. Brit Mus (Nat Hist), London, p 341

    Google Scholar 

  • Martini E (1931) Culicidae. In: Linder E (ed) Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, Stuttguart 11/12:398

    Google Scholar 

  • Martini E, Missiroli A, Hackett LW (1931) Versuche zum Rassenproblem des Anopheles maculipennis. Archf Schiffs u Tropenhyg 35:622–643

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohrig W (1969) Die Culiciden Deutschlands. Parasitol Schriftenreihe 18:260

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolescu G, Linton YM, Vladimirescu A, Howard TM, Harbach RE (2004) Mosquitoes of the Anopheles maculipennis group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Romania, with the discovery and formal recognition of a new species based on molecular and morphological evidence. Bull Entomol Res 94:525–535

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petric D (1989) Seasonal and daily mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) activity in Vojvodina. Doctoral thesis. University of Novi Sad Faculty of Agriculture. Novi Sad. Yugoslavia, p 134

    Google Scholar 

  • Peus F (1967) Culicidae. In: J Illies (ed) Limnofauna Europaea,1st edn. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Pires CA, Ribeiro H, Capela RA, Ramos H Da C (1982) Research on the mosquitoes of Portugal (Diptera: Culicidae) VI – The mosquitoes of Alentejo. Ann Inst Hig Med Trop 8:79–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Postiglione M, Tabanli B, Ramsdale CD (1973) The Anopheles of Turkey. Riv Parasitol 34:127–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramos, Cunha Da H, Ribeiro H, Pires CA, Capela RA (1978) Research on the mosquitoes of Portugal, (Diptera: Culicidae) II – The mosquitoes of Algarve, 1977/78. Ann Inst Hig Med Trop 5(1–4):238–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramos, Cunha Da H, Ribeiro H, Pires CA, Capela RA (1982) Research on the mosquitoes of Portugal (Diptera: Culicidae) VII – Two new Anopheline records. Ann Inst Hig Med Trop 8:103–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsdale CD (1998) Anopheles cinereus Theobald 1901 and its synonym hispaniola Theobald 1903. Euro Mosq Bull 2:18–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid JA (1953) The Anopheles hyrcanus group in Southeast Asia (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 44:5–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro H, Ramos HC, Pires CA, Capela RA (1980) Research on the mosquitoes of Portugal (Diptera: Culicidae) IV – Two new anopheline records. Garcia de Orta Ser Zool Lisboa 9(1–2):129–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro H, Ramos HC, Pires CA, Capela RA (1987) Research on the mosquitoes of Portugal (Diptera: Culicidae) IX – A new anopheline record. Garcia de Orta Ser Zool Lisboa 12(1–2):105–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro H, Ramos HC, Pires CA, Capela RA (1988) An annotated checklist of the mosquitoes of continental Portugal (Diptera: Culicidae). Actas III Congr Iberico Ent Granada, pp 233–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro H, Ramos HC, Capela RA, Pires CA (1989) Research on the mosquitoes of Portugal (Diptera: Culicidae) XI – The mosquitoes of the Beiras. Garcia de Orta Ser Zool Lisboa 1989–1992 16(1–2):137–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Rioux JA, Croset H, Pech-Perieres J, Guilvard E, Belmonte A (1975) L`autogenese chez les dipteres culicides. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp Tome I 1:130–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Romeo Viamonte JM (1950) Los anofelinos de Espana y de la zona espanola del Protectorado de Marruecos. Su relacion con la difusion del paludismo. Revta Sanid Hig Publ Madr 24:213–295

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saliternik Z (1955) The specific biological characteristics of Anopheles (Myzomyia) sergentii (Theo) and their correlations with malaria control in Israel. Bull Entomol Res 46:445–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saliternik Z (1957) Anopheles sacharovi Favre in Israel. Riv Parasitol 18:249–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Sallum MAM, Schultz TR, Wilkerson RC (2000) Phylogeny of Anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae) based on morphological characters. Ann Entomol Soc Am 93:745–775

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sebesta O, Rettich F, Minar J, Halouzka J, Hubalek Z, Juricova Z, Rudolf I, Sikutova S, Gelbic I, Reiter P (2009) Presence of the mosquito Anopheles hyrcanus in South Moravia, Czech Republic. J Med Vet Entomol (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Senevet G, Andarelli L (1956) Les Anopheles de l`Afrique du Nord et du Bassin Mediterraneen. Paris, Lechevalier, p 280

    Google Scholar 

  • Service MW (1973b) The biology of Anopheles claviger Meigen (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern England. Bull Entomol Res 63:347–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Shute PG (1954) Indigenous P. vivax malaria in London believed to have been transmitted by A. plumbeus. Monthly Bull MH & PH Lab Service 13:48

    Google Scholar 

  • Stegnii VN, Kabanova VM (1976) Cytological study of indigenous populations of the malarial mosquitoes in the territory of the USSR I. Identification of a new species of Anopheles in the maculipennis complex by cytodiagnostic method. English translation 1978. Mosq Syst 10(1):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzzoni-Blatger J, Cianchi R, Bullini L, Coluzzi M (1990) Le complexe maculipennis: criteres morphologiques et enzymatiques de determination. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 65:37–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Toth S (2003) Sopron Környékének csípószúnyog-faunája (Diptera, Culicidae). Folia Historiae Naturalis Musei Matraensis 27:327–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Tovornik D (1974) Podatki o favni komarjev (Culicidae) v Sloveniji in ugotavljanje troficnih relacij za nekatere vrste. Acta Entomol Jugoslavica 10(1–2):85–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Tovornik D (1980) Podatki o prehranjevanju komarjev (Diptera: Culicidae), zbranih v kmetijskih naseljih v Ljubljanski okolici. Slovenska Akademija Znanosti i Umetnosti, Ljubljana, Razred za prirodoslovne vede. Razprave XXII/1:1–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Utrio P (1979) Geographic distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in eastern Fennoscandia. Nat Entomol 59:105–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Thiel PH (1933) Investigations on range and differentiation of Anopheles maculipennis races and their bearing on existence or absence of malaria in Italy. Riv Malar 12:281–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Votypka J, Seblova V, Radrova J (2008) Spread of the West Nile virus vector Culex modestus and the potential malaria vector Anopheles hyrcanus in Central Europe. J Vect Ecol 33(2):269–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward RA (1984) Second supplement to “A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world” (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 16:227–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward RA (1992) Third supplement to “A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world” (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 24:177–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Weyer F (1939) Die Malaria Überträger. Leipzig, Thieme, p 141

    Google Scholar 

  • White GB (1978) Systematic reappraisal of the Anopheles maculipennis complex. Mosq Syst 10:13–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Stegnii VN, Kabanova VM (1976) Cytological study of indigenous populations of the malarial mosquitoes in the territory of the USSR I. Identification of a new species of Anopheles in the maculipennis complex by cytodiagnostic method. English translation 1978, Mosq Syst 10(1):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward RA (1992) Third supplement to “A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world” (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 24:177–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Weyer F (1939) Die Malaria Überträger. Leipzig, Thieme, pp 141

    Google Scholar 

  • White GB (1978) Systematic reappraisal of the Anopheles maculipennis complex. Mosq Syst 10:13–44

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. German Mosquito Control Association (KABS), Ludwigstr. 99, 67165, Waldsee, Germany

    Norbert Becker & Achim Kaiser

  2. Department for Phytomedicine and Environment Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Dušan Petrić & Marija Zgomba

  3. The Pest Management Consultancy, Cowslip Pightle, Hazel Stub Haverhill, Suffolk, CB9 9AF, UK

    Clive Boase

  4. 430 Mavis Drive, Los Angeles, California, 90065-5054, USA

    Minoo Madon

  5. Thomandeers väg 2b, 224 65, Lund, Sweden

    Christine Dahl

Authors
  1. Norbert Becker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dušan Petrić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marija Zgomba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Clive Boase
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Minoo Madon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Christine Dahl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Achim Kaiser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Norbert Becker .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Becker, N. et al. (2010). Subfamily Anophelinae. In: Mosquitoes and Their Control. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92874-4_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation