Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Endokrinologie der perimenopausalen Übergangsphase, der Postmenopause und des Seniums

  • Chapter
Klinische Endokrinologie für Frauenärzte

Zusammenfassung

Alterungsprozess. Altern ist ein Prozess, der mit dem Anfang des Lebens beginnt und mit dem Tod endet. Überlagert wird dieser langfristige Prozess durch Phasen von Wachstum, Entwicklung und Ausdifferenzierung. Jede Tierspezies hat eine genetisch festgelegte Lebensspanne. Eines der zellbiologischen Korrelate dieser genetisch definierten Lebensspanne ist die begrenzte Anzahl von Zellteilungszyklen, an deren Ende der Tod einer Zelle steht. Die Zahl der Zellteilungszyklen ist für jeden Zelltyp unterschiedlich. Nach jedem Zellteilungszyklus normaler Körperzellen werden die endständigen Chromosomenabschnitte, die Telomere, immer kürzer, sodass letztendlich keine Zellteilung mehr möglich ist. Außeneinflüsse (z. B. ionisierende Strahlen, Schadstoffeinwirkungen) und der Lebensstil des Individuums können das Potenzial seiner Lebensspanne modifizieren. Ein Ausdruck des Alterns ist die begrenzte Möglichkeit zur Zellteilung (Fosset 1998; Touitou u. Haus 1994). Das Altern eines Organismus ist auch durch seine eingeschränkte Fähigkeit zur Reparatur molekularer Mechanismen, u. a. auf der Ebene der genetischen Information und der Mitochondrien und durch seine zunehmende Unfähigkeit, schädliche freie Radikale abzufangen, gekennzeichnet.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Abdalla H, Burton G, Kirkland A et al. (1993) Age, pregnancy and miscarriage: uterine versus ovarian factors. Human Reprod 8: 1512

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abraham GE, Lobotsky J, Lloyd CW (1969) Metabolism of testosterone and androstenedione in normal and ovariectomized women. J Clin Invest 48: 696

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abraham GE, Maroulis GB (1975) Effect of exogenous estrogen on serum pregnenolone, cortisol, and androgens in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 45: 271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams CE (1984) Reproductive senescence. In: Austin CR, Short RV (eds) Reproductive fitness, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 210

    Google Scholar 

  • Adamopoulos DA, Loraine JA, Dove GA (1971) Endocrinological studies in women approaching the menopause. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 78: 62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adashi EY (1991) The climacteric ovary: a viable endocrine organ. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 9: 200

    Google Scholar 

  • Adashi EY (1994) The climacteric ovary as a functional gonadotropin-driven androgen-producing gland. Fertil Steril 62: 20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aiman J, Forney JP, Parker CR Jr (1986) Secretion of androgens and estrogens by normal and neoplastic ovaries in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 68: 1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baird DT, Collins J, Egozcue J et al. (2005) Fertility and ageing. Hum Reprod Update 11: 261–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balboni GC (1982) Morphological features of the human ovary during the menopause. In: Fioretti P, Martini L, Melis GB, Yen SSC (eds) The menopause: clinical, endocrinological and pathophysiological aspects. Academic Press, London, p 191

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow JJ, Emerson K Jr, Saxena BN (1969) Estradiol production after ovariectomy for carcinoma of the breast. N Engl J Med 280: 633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhathena RK, Guillebaud J (2006) Contraception for the older women: an update. Climateric 9: 264–276

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bigelow B (1958) Comparison of ovarian and endometrial morphology spanning the menopause. Obstet Gynecol 11: 487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blalock JE (1994) The syntax of immune-neuroendocrine communication. Immunol Today 15: 504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Block E (1952) Quantitative morphological investigations of the follicular system in women. Acta Anat (Basel) 14: 108

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borini A, Bafaro G, Violini F et al. (1995) Pregnancies in postmenopausal women over 50 years old in an oocyte donation program. Fertil Steril 63: 258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer SH, Ferguson-Smith MA, Grumbach MM (1961) The lack of influence of parental age and birth order in the aetiology of nuclear sex cromatin-negative Turner’s syndrome. Ann Hum Genet 25: 215

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandau H, Brandau L, Mestwerdt W (1974) Endocrine activity in post-menopausal ovaries. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 4: 187

    Google Scholar 

  • Breuer H, Nocke W, Bayer JM (1958) Effect of ACTH and cortisone on the urinary oestrogens in oophorectomized and postmenopausal women with mammary cancer. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 38 (Suppl): 69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullbrook RD, Greenwood FC (1957) Persistence of urinary oestrogen excretion after oophorectomy and adrenalectomy. Br Med J 1: 662

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger H, Woods NF, Dennerstein L et al. (2007a) Nomenclature and endocrinology of menopause and perimenopause. Expert Rev Neurother 7(11 Suppl): S35–S43

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burger HG, Hale GE, Roberston DM et al. (2007b) A review of hormonal changes during the menopausal transition: Focus on findings from the Melbourne Women’s Midlife Health Project. Hum Reprod Update 13: 559–565

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger PC, Vogel FS (1973) The development of the pathologic changes of Alzheimer’s disease and senile dementia in patients with Down’s syndrome. Am J Pathol 73: 457

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell S, Goessens L, Goswamy R, Whitehead M (1982) Real-time ultrasonography for determination of ovarian morphology and volume. A possible early screening test for ovarian cancer? Lancet 1: 425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon C, Levi F (1994) Immune system in relation to cancer. In: Touitou Y, Haus E (eds) Biologic rhythms in clinical and laboratory medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, p 635

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlstrom K, Brody S, Lunell NO et al. (1988) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and dehydroepiandrosterone in serum: differences related to age and sex. Maturitas 10: 297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casper RF, Yen SS, Wilkes MM (1979) Menopausal flushes: a neuroendocrine link with pulsatile luteninizing hormone secretion. Science 205: 823

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casson PR, Andersen RN, Herrod HG et al. (1993) Oral dehydroepiandrosterone in physiologic doses modulates immune function in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169: 1536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavin C, Rido R, Samartzis S, Hauser GA (1987) Einfluss des Alters und der Therapiedauer auf den Erfolg bei 1296 Sterilitätsfällen. Ther Rdsch 44: 328

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chahal HS, Drake WM (2007) The endocrine system and ageing. J Pathol 211: 173–180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleland WH, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER (1985) Effects of aging and obesity on aromatase activity of human adipose cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60: 174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collet ME, Wertenberge GE, Fiske VM (1954) The effect of age upon the pattern of the menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 5: 437

    Google Scholar 

  • Copinschi G, van Cauter E (1995) Effects of ageing on modulation of hormonal secretions by sleep and circadian rhythmicity. Horm Res 43: 20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costoff A, Mahesh VB (1975) Primordial follicles with normal oocytes in the ovaries of postmenopausal women. J Am Geriatr Soc 23: 193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennefors BL, Janson PO, Hamberger L, Knutsson F (1982) Hilus cells from human postmenopausal ovaries: gonadotrophin sensitivity, steroid and cyclic AMP production. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 61: 413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennefors BL, Janson PO, Knutson F, Hamberger L (1980) Steroid production and responsiveness to gonadotropin in isolated stromal tissue of human postmenopausal ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 136: 997

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Djahanbakhch O, Ezzati M, Zosmer A (2007) Reproductive ageing in women. J Pathol 211: 219–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dodt C, Theine KJ, Uthgenannt D et al. (1994) Basal secretory activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis is enhanced in healthy elderly. An assessment during undisturbed night-time sleep. Eur J Endocrinol 131: 443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Döring GK (1963) Über die relative Häufigkeit des anovulatorischen Zyklus im Leben der Frau. Arch Gynäkol 199: 115

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowsett M, Cantwell B, Lal A et al. (1988) Suppression of postmenopausal ovarian steroidogenesis with the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist goserelin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66: 672

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards JH, Harnden DG, Cameron AH et al. (1960) A new trisomic syndrome. Lancet 9: 787

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichling PS, Sahni J (2005) Menopause related sleep disorders J Clin Sleep Med 1: 291–300

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabris N, Mocchegiani E, Provinciali M (1995) Pituitary-thyroid axis and immune system: a reciprocal neuroendocrine-immune interaction. Horm Res 43: 29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald CT, Seif MW, Killick SR, Bennett DA (1994) Age related changes in the female reproductive cycle. Br J Obestet Gynaecol 101: 229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fosset M (1998) Telomerase and the aging cell. J Am Med Assoc 279: 1732–1735

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman EW, Sherif K (2007) Prevalence of hot flushes and night sweats around the world: a systematic review. Climateric 10: 197–214

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman RR, Roehrs TA (2007) Sleep disturbance in menopause. Menopause 14: 826–829

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaillard RC (1994) Neuroendocrine-immune system interactions. The immune-hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 5: 303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gambacciani M, Pepe A (2007) Menopause and related problems. Minera Med 98: 191–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gebbie AE, Glasier A, Sweeting V (1995) Incidence of ovulation in peri-menopausal women before and during hormone replacement therapy. Contraception 52: 221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genazzani AR, Petraglia F (1989) Opioid control of luteinizing hormone secretion in humans. J Steroid Biochem 33: 751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosden RG (1987) Follicular status at the menopause. Hum Reprod 2: 617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goswamy RK, Campbell S, Royston JP et al. (1988) Ovarian size in post-menopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95: 795

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goswamy RK, Campbell S, Whitehead MI (1983) Screening for ovarian cancer. Clin Obstet Gynaecol 10: 621

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gougeon A, Ecochard R, Thalabard JC (1994) Age-related changes of the population of human ovarian follicles: increase in the disappearance rate of non-growing and early-growing follicles in aging women. Biol Reprod 50: 653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenblatt RB, Colle ML, Mahesh VB (1976) Ovarian and adrenal steroid production in the postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 47: 383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grodin JM, Siiteri PK, MacDonald PC (1973) Source of estrogen production in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36: 207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hull MG, Fleming CG, Hughes AO (1996) The age-related decline in female fecundity: a quantitative controlled study of implanting capacity and survival of individual embryos after in vitro ferilization. Fertil Steril 65: 783–790

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassold T, Chen N, Funkkouser J et al. (1980) A cytogenetic study of thousand spontaneous abortions. Am Hum Genet 44: 1951

    Google Scholar 

  • Hausknecht RU, Gusberg SB (1973) Estrogen metabolism in patients at high risk for endometrial carcinoma. II. The role of androstenedione as an estrogen precursor in postmenopausal women with endometrial carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116: 981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertig AT (1944) The aging ovary, a preliminary note. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 4

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesch RD, Gatz J, Juppner H, Stubbe P (1977) TBG-dependency of age related variations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Horm Metab Res 9: 141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hook EB (1981) Rates of chromosomal abnormalities at different maternal age. Obstet Gynecol 58: 282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsia DYY, Justice P, Smith GF, Dowben RM (1971) Down’s syndrome. A critical review of the biochemical and immunological data. Am J Dis Child 121: 153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inkster SE, Brodie AM (1991) Expression of aromatase cytochrome P-450 in premenopausal and postmenopausal human ovaries: an immunocytochemical study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73: 717

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Judd HL, Judd GE, Lucas WE, Yen SS (1974a) Endocrine function of the postmenopausal ovary: concentration of androgens and estrogens in ovarian and peripheral vein blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39: 1020

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Judd HL, Korenman SG (1982) Effects of aging on reproductive function in women. In: Korenman SG (ed) Endocrine aspects of aging. Elsevier Biomedical, New York Amsterdam London, p 163

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd HL, Lucas WE, Yen SS (1974b) Effect of oophorectomy on circulating testosterone and androstenedione levels in patients with endometrial cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 118: 793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kajii T, Ferrier A, Niikaga N et al. (1980) Anatomic and chromosomal anomalies in 639 spontaneous abortuses. Hum Genet 55: 87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller DW et al. (1984) Clinical infertility. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Norwalg

    Google Scholar 

  • Koller S (1983) Risikofaktoren der Schwangerschaft. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Kram D, Schneider EL (1978) An effect of reproductive aging: increased risk of genetically abnormal offspring. In: Schneider EL (ed) The aging reproductive system. Raven, New York, p 237

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl H, Taubert HD (Hrsg.) (1987a) Das Klimakterium — Pathophysiologie, Klinik, Therapie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl H, Taubert HD (1987b) Endokrine Veränderungen. In: Kuhl H, Taubert HD (Hrsg.) Das Klimakterium — Pathophysiologie, Klinik, Therapie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurjak A, Kupesic S (1995) Ovarian senescence and its significance on uterine and ovarian perfusion. Fertil Steril 64: 532

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamberts SW, van den Beld AW, van der Lely AJ (1997) The endocrinology of aging. Science 278: 419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laszczyéska M, Brodowska A, Starczewski A et al. (2008) Human post-menopausal ovary-hormonally inactive fibrous connective tissue or more? Histol Histopathol 23: 219–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauritzen C (1987) Endokrinologie der Prä-und Postmenopause. In: Lauritzen C (Hrsg.) Gynäkologische Endokrinologie. Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München, p 217

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenz W (1959) Der Einfluss des Alters der Eltern und Geburtennummer auf angeborene pathologische Zustände beim Kind. Acta Genet 9: 249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd CW, Lobotsky J, Weisz J et al. (1971) Concentration of unconjugated estrogens, androgens and gestagens in ovarian and peripheral venous plasma of women: the normal menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 32: 155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi G, Tauchmanova L, Di Somma C et al. (2005) Somatopause: dismetabolic and bone effects. J Endocinol Invest 28(10 Suppl): 36–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longcope C (1971) Metabolic clearance and blood production rates of estrogens in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 111: 778

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longcope C, Jaffee W, Griffing G (1981) Production rates of androgens and oestrogens in post-menopausal women. Maturitas 3: 215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longcope C, Franz C, Morello C et al. (1986) Steroid and gonadotropin levels in women during the peri-menopausal years. Maturitas 8: 189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald PC, Siiteri PK (1974) The relationship between the extraglandular production of estrone and the occurrence of endometrial neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 2: 259

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall DH, Crilly RG, Nordin BE (1977) Plasma androstenedione and oestrone levels in normal and osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Br Med J 2: 1177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin FC, Yeo AL, Sonksen PH (1997) Growth hormone secretion in the elderly: ageing and the somatopause. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 11: 223–250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattingly RF, Huang WY (1969) Steroidogenesis of the menopausal and postmenopausal ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 103: 679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meites J (1995) Age-dependent changes in brain neurotransmitter and their influence on neuroendocrine functions. In: ai]Scherbaum WA, Rossmanith WG (eds) The endocrinology of aging. De Gruyter, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Meldrum DR (1993) Female reproductive aging — ovarian and uterine factors. Fertil Steril 59: 1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meldrum DR, Davidson BJ, Tataryn IV, Judd HL (1981) Changes in circulating steroids with aging in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 57: 624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meldrum DR, Marr B, Stubbs C et al. (1992) Impaired uterine receptivity in infertile women over age 40 having oocyte donation and correction with increased progesterone replacement. Reprod Fertil Dev 4: 689

    Google Scholar 

  • Menken J, Larsen V (1986) Fertility rates and aging. In: Mastroinanni L Jr, Paulsen CA (eds) Aging, reproduction and the climacteric. Plenum, New York, p 147

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf MG (1988) The approach of menopause: a New Zealand study. N Z Med J 101: 103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf MG, Donald RA, Livesey JH (1981) Pituitary-ovarian function in normal women during the menopausal transition. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 14: 245

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mocchegiani E, Bulian D, Santarelli L et al. (1994) The zinc-melatonin interrelationship. A working hypothesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 719: 298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosca L, Banka CL, Bejamin EJ et al. (2007) Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 1230–1250

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller MJ (1994) Thyroid and ageing. Eur J Endocrinol 130: 242

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munné S, Alikani M, Tomkin G, Grifo J, Cohen J (1995) Embryo morphology, developmental rates, and maternal age are correlated with chromosome abnormalities. Fertil Steril 64: 382

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamani M, Hannigan EV, Dillard EA Jr, Van Dinh T (1986) Ovarian steroid secretion in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62: 508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navot D, Bergh PA, Williams MA et al. (1991) Poor oocyte quality rather than implantation failure as a cause of age-related decline in female fertility. Lancet 337: 1375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neugarten BL, Kraines RJ (1965) “Menopausal symptoms” in women of various ages. Psychosom Med 27: 266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newell JW, Rock J (1952) Upper age limit of parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 63: 875

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noci I, Borri P, Chieffi O et al. (1995) I. Aging of the human endometrium: a basic morphological and immunohistochemical study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 63: 181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • North Amcerican Menopause Society (2007) Estrogen and progesterone use in peri-and postmenopausal women: March 2007 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 14: 168–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Noth RH, Mazzaferri EL (1985) Age and the endocrine system Clin Geriatr Med 1: 223–250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novak ER (1970) Ovulation after fifty. Obstet Gynecol 36: 903

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otsuki M, Kasayama S, Moria S et al. (2007) Menopause, but not age, is an independent risk factor for fasting plasma glucose levels in nondiabetic women. Menopause 14: 404–407

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parry BL, Hauger R, LeVeau B et al. (1996) Circadian rhythms of prolactin and thyroid hormone during the menstrual cycle and early versus late sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychiatry Res 62: 147–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parry BL, Fernando Martínez L, Maurer EL, López AM, Sorenson D, Meliska CJ (2006) Sleep, rhythms and women’s mood. Part II Menopause. Sleep Med Rev 10: 197–208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paganelli R, DI Iorio A, Cherubine A et al. (2006) Frailty of older age: the role of the endocrine-immune interaction. Curr Pharm Des 12: 3147–3159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patau K, Smith D, Therman E et al. (1960) Multiple congenital anomaly caused by an extra autosome. Lancet 9: 790

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawelec G, Adibzadeh M, Pohla H, Schaudt K (1995) Immunosenescence: ageing of the immune system. Immunol Today 16: 420

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce EN (2007) Thyroid dysfunction in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause Int 13: 8–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus G, Romanoff LP, Carlo J (1954) The excretion of urinary steroids by men and women of various ages. J Gerontol 9: 113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plotz EJ, Wiener M, Stein AA, Hahn BD (1967) Enzymatic activities related to steroidogenesis in postmenopausal ovaries of patients with and without endometrial carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 99: 182–197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poliak A, Jones GE, Woodruff JD (1971) The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on castrated postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 109: 555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poortman J, Thijssen JH, Schwarz F (1973) Androgen production and conversion to estrogens in normal postmenopausal women and in selected breast cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37: 101–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prior JC (2005) Ovarian aging and perimenopausal transition: the paradox of endogenous ovarian hyperstimulation. Endocine 26: 297–300

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proceedings of a conference (1995) Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and aging. Proceedings of a conference. Washington/DC, June 17–19, 1995. Ann N Y Acad Sci 774: 1–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Procope BJ (1969) Studies on the urinary excretion, biological effects and origin of oestrogens in post-menopausal women. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh): 5–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Rader MD, Flickinger GL, DeVilla GO Jr et al. (1973) Plasma estrogens in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116: 1069

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rannevik G, Jeppsson S, Johnell O et al. (1995) A longitudinal study of the perimenopausal transition: altered profiles of steroid and pituitary hormones, SHBG and bone mineral density. Maturitas 21: 103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapkin AJ (2007) Vasomotor symptoms in menopause: physiologic condition and central nervous system approaches to treatment Am J Obstet Gynecol 196: 97–106

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson SJ, Nelson JF (1990) Follicular depletion during the menopausal transition. Ann N Y Acad Sci 592: 13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson SJ, Senikas V, Nelson JF (1987) Follicular depletion during the menopausal transition: evidence for accelerated loss and ultimate exhaustion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65: 1231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robyn C, Vekemans M (1976) Influence of low dose oestrogen on circulating prolactin. LH and FSH levels in post-menopausal women. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 83: 9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosano GM, Vitale C, Marazzi G, Volterrani M (2007) Menopause and cardiovascular disease: the evidence. Climateric 10(Suppl 1): 19–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosner W (1969) Interaction of adrenal and gonadal steroids with proteins in human plasma. N Engl J Med 281: 658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossmanith WG (1995) Gonadotropin secretion during aging in women: review article. Exp Gerontol 30: 369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossmanith WG, Handke-Vesely A, Wirth U et al. (1994) Does the gonadotropin pulsatility of postmenopausal women represent the unrestrained hypothalamic-pituitary activity? Eur Endocrinol 130: 485

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossmanith WG, Lauritzen C (1991) The luteinizing hormone pulsatile secretion: diurnal excursions in normally cycling and postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 5: 249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossmanith WG, Liu CH, Laughlin GA et al. (1990) Relative changes in LH pulsatility during the menstrual cycle: using data from hypogonadal women as a reference point. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 32: 647

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossmanith WG, Scherbaum WA (1992) Neuroendokrine Regulation der Schilddrüse während des Alterns. In: Lauritzen C (Hrsg.) Menopause — Hormonsubstitution heute. Stabil, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossmanith WG, Szilagyi A, Scherbaum WA (1992) Episodic thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion during aging in postmenopausal women. Horm Metab Res 24: 185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossmanith WG, Ulrich U (1993) Neuroendokrine Aspekte der Hormonregulation in Peri-und Postmenopause. In: Kiesel L, Rabe T, Runnebaum B (Hrsg.) Aktuelle Hormontherapie in der Gynäkologie. Zuckerschwerdt, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Sall S, Calanog A (1972) Steroid excretion patterns in postmenopausal women with benign and neoplastic endometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 114: 153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santen RJ, Leszczynski D, Tilson-Mallet N et al. (1986) Enzymatic control of estrogen production in human breast cancer: relative significance of aromatase versus sulfatase pathways. Ann N Y Acad Sci 464: 126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer MV, Paulson RJ, Lobo RA (1992) Reversing the natural decline in human fertility. JAMA 268: 1275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler AE, Ebert A, Friedrich E (1972) Conversion of androstendione to estrone by human fat tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35: 627

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnatz PF, Schnatz JD (2006) Dyslipidemia in menopause: mechanisms and management. Obstet Gynecol Surv 61: 608–613

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider HPG (1982) Workshop II: The premenopause. In: Van Keep PA, Utian WH, Vermeulen A (eds) The controversial climacteric. MTB, Lancaster Boston The Hague, p 9

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharman A (1962) Occurrence of ovulation around the time of the menopause. In: Zuckerman S (ed) The ovary. Academic Press, New York, p 544

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman BM, Korenman SG (1975) Hormonal characteristics of the human menstrual cycle throughout reproductive life. J Clin Invest 55: 699

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman BM, West JH, Korenman SG (1976) The menopausal transition: analysis of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations during menstrual cycles of older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42: 629

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siiteri PK, MacDonald PC (1977) Role of extraglandular estrogen in human endocrinology. In: Handbook of physiology. Endocrinology II. American Physiological Society, Washington/DC, p 615

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpkins JW, Millard WJ (1987) Influence of age on neurotransmitter function. In: Sacktor B (ed) Endocrinology and aging. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Soares CN (2007) Menopausal transition and depression: who is at risk and how to treat it? Expert Rev Neurother 7: 1285–1293

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnendecker EW, Polakow ES, Gerdes L (1981) Psycho-endocrine differences and correlations in symptomatic and asymptomatic climacteric women — the possible role of prolactin. S Afr Med J 60: 661

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg WH, Segaloff A, Gaskill CJ (1953) Influence of chorionic gonadotropin on human ovarian hilus cells (Leydig-like cells). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 13: 139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Studd JW, Chakravarti S, Collins WP (1978) Plasma hormone profiles after the menopause and bilateral oophorectomy. Postgrad Med J 54(Suppl 2): 25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swaab DF (1995) Ageing of the human hypothalamus. Horm Res 43: 8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanton A, Child T (2005) Reproduction and ovarian ageing J Br Menopause Soc 11: 126–131

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talbert GB (1978) Effect of aging of the ovaries and female gametes on reproductive capacity. In: Schneider EL (ed) The aging reproductive system. Raven, New York, p 59

    Google Scholar 

  • Thatcher SS, Naftolin F (1999) The aging and aged ovary. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 9: 189

    Google Scholar 

  • Timiras PS (1983) Neuroendocrinology of aging. In: Meites J (ed) Neuroendocrinology of aging. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Touitou Y, Haus E (1994) Biological rhythms and aging. In: Touitou Y, Haus E (eds) Biological rhythms in clinical and laboratory medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, p 188

    Google Scholar 

  • Urban RJ, Veldhuis JD (1988) Hypothalamo-pituitary concomitants of aging. In: Sowers JR, Felicetta JV (eds) Endocrinology of aging. Raven, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ushiroyama T, Sugimoto O (1995) Endocrine function of the peri-and postmenopausal ovary. Horm Res 44: 64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Coevorden A, Laurent E, Decoster C et al. (1989) Decreased basal and stimulated thyrotropin secretion in healthy elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69: 177

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A (1976) The hormonal activity of the postmenopausal ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42: 247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen A, Verdonck L (1978) Sex hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol 9: 59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Werder K (1999) The somatopause is no indication for growth hormone therapy. J Endocrinol Invest 22(5 Suppl): 137–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Warburton D (2005) Biological aging and the etiology of aneuloidy. Cytogenet Genome Res 111: 266–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woll E, Hertig AT, Smith GV, Johnson LC (1948) The ovary in endometrial carcinoma, with notes on the morphological history of aging ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 56: 617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wüster C (1991) Growth hormone and aging. In: Scherbaum WA, Rossmanith WG (eds) The endocrinology of aging. De Gruyter, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaron Y, Botchan A, Amit A et al. (1993) Endometrial receptivity: the age-related decline in pregnancy rates and the effect of ovarian function. Fertil Steril 60: 314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yen SS, Tsai CC, Naftolin F et al. (1992) Pulsatile patterns of gonadotropin releasing in subjects with and without ovarian function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34: 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Zumoff B, Rosenfeld RS, Strain GW et al. (1980) Sex differences in the twenty-four-hour mean plasma concentrations of dehydroisoandrosterone (DHA) and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) and the DHA to DHAS ratio in normal adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe der Universität Regensburg am Caritas-Krankenhaus St. Josef, Landshuter Straße 65, 93053, Regensburg

    Olaf Ortmann Prof. Dr. med.

  2. Klinik für Gynäkologie, Gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg Standort Marburg, Baldinger Straße, 35043, Marburg

    Peyman Hadji Prof. Dr. med.

Authors
  1. Olaf Ortmann Prof. Dr. med.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peyman Hadji Prof. Dr. med.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lokstedter Damm 15, 22453, Hamburg

    Freimut Leidenberger

  2. Abt. für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Fertilitätsstörungen, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 9, 69115, Heidelberg

    Thomas Strowitzki

  3. Klinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe der Universität Regensburg am Caritas-Krankenhaus St. Josef, Landshuter Straße 65, 93053, Regensburg

    Olaf Ortmann

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ortmann, O., Hadji, P. (2009). Endokrinologie der perimenopausalen Übergangsphase, der Postmenopause und des Seniums. In: Leidenberger, F., Strowitzki, T., Ortmann, O. (eds) Klinische Endokrinologie für Frauenärzte. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89760-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89760-6_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-89759-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-89760-6

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation