Skip to main content

Discrimination and Stigma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Stigma of Mental Illness - End of the Story?

Abstract

Since Goffman’s seminal work on stigma (Goffman 1963), research in this field has steadily grown (Abelev et al. 2006). Until recently, most stigma research in relation to mental illness consisted of surveys among the general public of attitudes towards people with mental illness (Sartorius and Schulze 2005; Rabkin 1974; Link et al. 1999; Thornicroft 2006a). Much less is known about the subjective experiences of stigma and discrimination faced by people with mental illness (Thornicroft 2006a) or about the effective interventions to reduce stigma (Thornicroft 2006a).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abelev BI, Aggarwal MM, Ahammed Z, Amonett J, Anderson BD, Anderson M et al (2006) Longitudinal double-spin asymmetry and cross section for inclusive jet production in polarized proton collisions at square root of s = 200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 97(25):252001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amaddeo F, Jones J (2007) What is the impact of socio-economic inequalities on the use of mental health services? Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 16(1):16–19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angermeyer MC, Beck M, Matschinger H (2003) Determinants of the public’s preference for social distance from people with schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 48(10):663–668

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angermeyer MC, Buyantugs L, Kenzine DV, Matschinger H (2004) Effects of labelling on public attitudes towards people with schizophrenia: are there cultural differences? Acta Psychiatr Scand 109(6):420–425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Schomerus G (2013) Attitudes towards psychiatric treatment and people with mental illness: changes over two decades. Br J Psychiatry 203:146–151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Link BG, Schomerus G (2014) Public attitudes regarding individual and structural discrimination: two sides of the same coin? Soc Sci Med (1982) 103:60–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck M, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC (2003) Social representations of major depression in West and East Germany – do differences still persist 11 years after reunification? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38(9):520–525

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boardman J, Grove B, Perkins R, Shepherd G (2003) Work and employment for people with psychiatric disabilities. Br J Psychiatry 182:467–468

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bond GR, Becker DR, Drake RE, Rapp CA, Meisler N, Lehman AF et al (2001) Implementing supported employment as an evidence-based practice. Psychiatr Serv 52(3):313–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Callard F, Sartorius N, Arboleda-Florez J, Bartlett P, Helmchen H, Stuart H et al (2012) Mental illness, discrimination and the law: fighting for social justice. Wiley Blackwell, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm D, Flisher AJ, Lund C, Patel V, Saxena S, Thornicroft G et al (2007) Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action. Lancet 370(9594):1241–1252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement S, Brohan E, Sayce L, Pool J, Thornicroft G (2011) Disability hate crime and targeted violence and hostility: a mental health and discrimination perspective. J Ment Health 20(3):219–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement S, Lassman F, Barley E, Evans-Lacko S, Williams P, Yamaguchi S, Slade M, Rüsch N, Thornicroft G. Mass media interventions for reducing mental health-related stigma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD009453. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009453.pub2

  • Compton MT, Kaslow NJ, Walker EF (2004) Observations on parent/family factors that may influence the duration of untreated psychosis among African American first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum patients. Schizophr Res 68(2–3):373–385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper AE, Corrigan PW, Watson AC (2003) Mental illness stigma and care seeking. J Nerv Ment Dis 191(5):339–341

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan P (2000) Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 7:48–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan P (2004a) How stigma interferes with mental health care. Am Psychol 59(7):614–625

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan PW (2004b) Don’t call me nuts: an international perspective on the stigma of mental illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand 109(6):403–404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan PW (2004c) On the stigma of mental illness: practical strategies for research and social change. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan PW (2005a) Dealing with stigma through personal disclosure. In: Corrigan PW (ed) On the stigma of mental illness practical strategies for research and social change. American Psychological Press, Washington, DC, pp 257–280

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan P (2005b) On the stigma of mental illness. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan P, Kleinlein P (2005) The impact of mental illness stigma. In: Corrigan P (ed) On the stigma of mental illness: practical strategies for research and social change. American Psychological Assocation, Washington, DC

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan PW, Larson JE (2008) Stigma. Guilford Press, New York, (2008). Clinical handbook of schizophrenia. (pp. 533–540). xxi, 650 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan PW, Rowan D, Green A, Lundin R, River P, Uphoff-Wasowski K et al (2002) Challenging two mental illness stigmas: personal responsibility and dangerousness. Schizophr Bull 28(2):293–309

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan PW, Markowitz FE, Watson AC (2004) Structural levels of mental illness stigma and discrimination. Schizophr Bull 30(3):481–491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan PW, Watson AC, Heyrman ML, Warpinski A, Gracia G, Slopen N et al (2005a) Structural stigma in state legislation. Psychiatr Serv 56(5):557–563

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan P, Watson A, Gracia G, Slopen N, Rasinski K, Hall L (2005b) Newspaper stories as a measure of structural stigma. Psychiatr Serv 56(5):551–556

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan PW, Larson JE, Rusch N (2009) Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices. World Psychiatry 8(2):75–81

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan S (2003) NIMBY syndrome and public consultation policy: the implications of a discourse analysis of local responses to the establishment of a community mental health facility. Health Soc Care Community 11(5):379–386

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Hert M, Correll CU, Bobes J, Cetkovich-Bakmas M, Cohen D, Asai I et al (2011) Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry Off J World Psychiatr Assoc (WPA) 10:52–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Desai MM, Rosenheck RA, Druss BG, Perlin JB (2002) Mental disorders and quality of diabetes care in the veterans health administration. Am J Psychiatr 159(9):1584–1590

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio JF, Major B, Crocker J (2000) Stigma: introduction and overview. In: Heatherton TF, Kleck RE, Hebl MR, Hull JG (eds) The social psychology of stigma. Guildford Press, New York, pp 1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Drew N, Funk M, Tang S, Lamichhane J, Chavez E, Katontoka S et al (2011) Human rights violations of people with mental and psychosocial disabilities: an unresolved global crisis. Lancet 378(9803):1664–1675

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Druss BG, Bradford DW, Rosenheck RA, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM (2000) Mental disorders and use of cardiovascular procedures after myocardial infarction. JAMA 283(4):506–511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta R, Murray RM, Allardyce J, Jones PB, Boydell JE (2012) Mortality in first-contact psychosis patients in the U.K.: a cohort study. Psychol Med 42:1649–1661

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton J, DeSilva M, Regan M, Lamichhane J, Thornicroft G (2014) There is no wealth without mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 1:252–253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans-Lacko S, Brohan E, Mojtabai R, Thornicroft G (2012) Association between public views of mental illness and self-stigma among individuals with mental illness in 14 European countries. Psychol Med 42(8):1741–1752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Excellence NIfHaC (2007) Behaviour change at population, community and individual levels. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/PH006

  • Farrelly S, Clement S, Gabbidon J, Jeffery D, Dockery L, Lassman F et al (2014) Anticipated and experienced discrimination amongst people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 14:157

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, Melvyn, and Soumitra Pathare. (2005) WHO resource book on mental health, human rights and legislation. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaebel W, Zäske H, Zielasek J, Cleveland H-R, Samjeske K, Stuart H, et al (2014) Stigmatization of psychiatrists and general practitioners: results of an international survey. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 265(3):189–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Gee GC (2008) A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status. Am J Public Health 98:S48–S56

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Girma E, Moller-Leimkuhler AM, Muller N, Dehning S, Froeschl G, Tesfaye M (2014) Public stigma against family members of people with mental illness: findings from the Gilgel Gibe Field Research Center (GGFRC), Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 14:2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goffmann E (1963) Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove B (1999) Mental health and employment. Shaping a new agenda. J Ment Health 8:131–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson L, Stjernswärd S, Svensson B (2014) Perceived and anticipated discrimination in people with mental illness – an interview study. Nord J Psychiatry 68:100–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzenbuehler ML, Phelan JC, Link BG (2013) Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. Am J Public Health 103(5):813–821

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson C, Thornicroft G (2009) Stigma and discrimination in mental illness: time to change. Lancet 373(9679):1928–1930

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson C, Corker E, Lewis-Holmes E, Hamilton S, Flach C, Rose D et al (2012) England’s time to change antistigma campaign: one-year outcomes of service user-rated experiences of discrimination. Psychiatr Serv 63(5):451–457

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones S, Howard L, Thornicroft G (2008) ‘Diagnostic overshadowing’: worse physical health care for people with mental illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand 118(3):169–171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kadri N, Manoudi F, Berrada S, Moussaoui D (2004) Stigma impact on Moroccan families of patients with schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 49(9):625–629

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler RC, Walters EE, Forthofer MS (1998) The social consequences of psychiatric disorders, III: probability of marital stability. Am J Psychiatr 155(8):1092–1096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohrt BA, Harper I (2008) Navigating diagnoses: understanding mind-body relations, mental health, and stigma in Nepal. Cult Med Psychiatry 32(4):462–491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohrt BA, Hruschka DJ (2010) Nepali concepts of psychological trauma: the role of idioms of distress, ethnopsychology and ethnophysiology in alleviating suffering and preventing stigma. Cult Med Psychiatry 34(2):322–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lasalvia A, Zoppei S, Van Bortel T, Bonetto C, Cristofalo D, Wahlbeck K et al (2013) Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet 381(9860):55–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence D, Hancock KJ, Kisely S (2013) The gap in life expectancy from preventable physical illness in psychiatric patients in Western Australia: retrospective analysis of population based registers. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 346:f2539

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Chiu MY, Tsang A, Chui H, Kleinman A (2006) Stigmatizing experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatment of schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Soc Sci Med 62(7):1685–1696

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levinson MC, Druss BG, Dombrowski EA, Rosenheck RA (2003) Barriers to primary medical care among patients at a community mental health center. Psychiatr Serv 54(8):1158–1160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Link BG, Phelan JC (2001) Conceptualizing stigma. Annu Rev Sociol 27:363–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Link BG, Phelan J (2014) Stigma power. Soc Sci Med 103:24–32

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnahan M, Stueve A, Pescosolido BA (1999) Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. Am J Public Health 89(9):1328–1333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Link BG, Struening EL, Neese-Todd S, Asmussen S, Phelan JC (2001) Stigma as a barrier to recovery: the consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 52(12):1621–1626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Link BG, Yang LH, Phelan JC, Collins PY (2004) Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophr Bull 30(3):511–541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood G, Henderson C, Thornicroft G (2014) Mental health disability discrimination: law, policy and practice. Int J Discrimination Law 14:168–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning C, White P (1995) Attitudes of employers to the mentally ill. Psychiatr Bull 19:541–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC (2004) The public’s preferences concerning the allocation of financial resources to health care: results from a representative population survey in Germany. Eur Psychiatry 19(8):478–482

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta N, Thornicroft G (2010) Stigmatisation of people with mental illness and of psychiatric institutions. Int Libr Eth Law New 45:11–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muhlbauer SK (2002) Experience of stigma by families with mentally ill members. J Am Psychiatry Nurses Assoc 8:76–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborn DP, Levy G, Nazareth I, Petersen I, Islam A, King MB (2007) Relative risk of cardiovascular and cancer mortality in people with severe mental illness from the United Kingdom’s General Practice Research Database. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(2):242–249

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ostman M (2004) Family burden and participation in care: differences between relatives of patients admitted to psychiatric care for the first time and relatives of re-admitted patients. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 11(5):608–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pescosolido BA, Martin JK, Long JS, Medina TR, Phelan JC, Link BG (2010) “A disease like any other”? A decade of change in public reactions to schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatr 167(11):1321–1330

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S, Maj M, Maselko J, Phillips MR et al (2007) No health without mental health. Lancet 370(9590):859–877

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin J (1974) Public attitudes toward mental illness: a review of the literature. Schizophr Bull 10:9–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raguram R, Raghu TM, Vounatsou P, Weiss MG (2004) Schizophrenia and the cultural epidemiology of stigma in Bangalore, India. J Nerv Ment Dis 192(11):734–744

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randall J, Thornicroft G, Burti L, Katschnig H, Lewis O, Russo J et al (2013) Development of the ITHACA toolkit for monitoring human rights and general health care in psychiatric and social care institutions. Epidemiol Psychiatry Sci 22(3):241–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Reavley NJ, Mackinnon AJ, Morgan AJ, Jorm AF (2014) Stigmatising attitudes towards people with mental disorders: a comparison of Australian health professionals with the general community. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 48(5):433–441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reininghaus U, Dutta R, Dazzan P, Doody GA, Fearon P, Lappin J et al (2015) Mortality in schizophrenia and other psychoses: a 10-year follow-up of the ÆSOP first-episode cohort. Schizophr Bull 41(3): 664–673 first published online 2014 doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu138

  • Rusch N, Angermeyer MC, Corrigan PW (2005) Mental illness stigma: concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. Eur Psychiatry 20(8):529–539

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rüsch N, Angermeyer MC, Corrigan PW (2005) The stigma of mental illness: concepts, forms, and consequences. Psychiatr Prax 32:221–232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusch N, Todd AR, Bodenhausen GV, Corrigan PW (2010) Do people with mental illness deserve what they get? Links between meritocratic worldviews and implicit versus explicit stigma. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 260(8):617–625

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sartorius N, Schulze H (2005) Reducing the stigma of mental illness. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena S, Paraje G, Sharan P, Karam G, Sadana R (2006a) The 10/90 divide in mental health research: trends over a 10-year period. Br J Psychiatry 188:81–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena S, Van OM, Lora A, Saraceno B (2006b) Monitoring of mental health systems and services: comparison of four existing indicator schemes. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41(6):488–497

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H (2007) Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. Lancet 370(9590):878–889

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schomerus G, Borsche J, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC (2006) Public knowledge about causes and treatment for schizophrenia: a representative population study. J Nerv Ment Dis 194(8):622–624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schomerus G, Heider D, Angermeyer MC, Bebbington PE, Azorin JM, Brugha T et al (2007) Residential area and social contacts in schizophrenia. Results from the European Schizophrenia Cohort (EuroSC). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 42(8):617–622

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schomerus G, Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Riedel-Heller SG (2008) Public attitudes towards prevention of depression. J Affect Disord 106(3):257–263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schomerus G, Evans-Lacko S, Rusch N, Mojtabai R, Angermeyer MC, Thornicroft G (2015) Collective levels of stigma and national suicide rates in 25 European countries. Epidemiol Psychiatr Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 24(02):166–171 doi:10.1017/S2045796014000109

  • Sharac J, McCrone P, Clement S, Thornicroft G (2010) The economic impact of mental health stigma and discrimination: A systematic review. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale,19(3):223–232 doi:10.1017/S1121189X00001159

  • Shibre T, Negash A, Kullgren G, Kebede D, Alem A, Fekadu A et al (2001) Perception of stigma among family members of individuals with schizophrenia and major affective disorders in rural Ethiopia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 36(6):299–303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skosireva A, O’Campo P, Zerger S, Chambers C, Gapka S, Stergiopoulos V (2014) Different faces of discrimination: perceived discrimination among homeless adults with mental illness in healthcare settings. BMC Health Serv Res 14:376

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Social Exclusion U (ed) (2004) Mental health and social exclusion: social exclusion unit report summary. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ODPM, London http://www.nfao.org/Useful_Websites/MH_Social_Exclusion_report_summary.pdf

  • Stuart H (2006a) Mental illness and employment discrimination. Curr Opin Psychiatry 19(5):522–526

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart H (2006b) Media portrayal of mental illness and its treatments: what effect does it have on people with mental illness? CNS Drugs 20(2):99–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thara R, Kamath S, Kumar S (2003) Women with schizophrenia and broken marriages – doubly disadvantaged? Part II: family perspective. IntJ Soc Psychiatry 49(3):233–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thornicroft G (2006) Tackling discrimination. Ment Health Today 2006;26–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16821392

  • Thornicroft G (2006a) Shunned: discrimination against people with mental illness. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornicroft G (2008) Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 17(1):14–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornicroft G (2011) Physical health disparities and mental illness: the scandal of premature mortality. Br J Psychiatry 199:441–442

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornicroft G (2013) Premature death among people with mental illness. BMJ 346:f2969

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornicroft G, Rose D, Kassam A (2007) Stigma: ignorance, prejudice or discrimination. Br J Psychiatry 190:192–193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornicroft G, Brohan E, Rose D, Sartorius N, Leese M, The ISG (2009) Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet 373(9661):408–415

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornicroft G, Alem A, Dos Santos RA, Barley E, Drake RE, Gregorio G et al (2010) WPA guidance on steps, obstacles and mistakes to avoid in the implementation of community mental health care. World Psychiatry 9(2):67–77

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thornicroft A, Goulden R, Shefer G, Rhydderch D, Rose D, Williams P et al (2013) Newspaper coverage of mental illness in England 2008–2011. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 55:s64–s69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornicroft C, Wyllie A, Thornicroft G, Mehta N (2014) Impact of the “Like Minds, Like Mine” anti-stigma and discrimination campaign in New Zealand on anticipated and experienced discrimination. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 48(4):360–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2007) Universal Declaration of Human Rights 60th anniversary special edition, United Nations Dept. of Public Information. New York 1948–2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN. Ad Hoc Committee on a Comprehensive and Integral International Convention on Protection and Promotion of the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities (8th sess., resumed: 2006: New York). 2006. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. [New York]: UN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl OF, Harman CR (1989) Family views of stigma. Schizophr Bull 15(1):131–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlbeck K, Westman J, Nordentoft M, Gissler M, Laursen TM (2011) Outcomes of Nordic mental health systems: life expectancy of patients with mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry 199(6):453–458

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss MG, Jadhav S, Raguram R, Vounatsou P, Littlewood R (2001) Psychiatric stigma across cultures: local validation in Bangalore and London. Anthropol Med 8(7):71–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO | The global burden of disease: 2004 update

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright ER, Gronfein WP, Owens TJ (2000) Deinstitutionalization, social rejection, and the self-esteem of former mental patients. J Health Soc Behav 41(1):68–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang LH (2007) Application of mental illness stigma theory to Chinese societies: synthesis and new directions. Singap Med J 48(11):977–985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang LH, Kleinman A (2008) ‘Face’ and the embodiment of stigma in China: the cases of schizophrenia and AIDS. Soc Sci Med 67(3):398–408

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Kleinman A, Link BG, Phelan J, Lee S, Good B (2007) Culture and stigma: adding moral experience to stigma theory. Soc Sci Med 64:1524–1535

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Cho SH, Kleinman A (2010) Stigma of mental illness. In: Patel V (ed) Mental and neurological public health: a global perspective. San Diego, CA : Academic Press/Elsevier, London http://www.worldcat.org/title/mental-and-neurological-public-health-a-global-perspective/oclc/665844048

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dzmitry Krupchanka .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Krupchanka, D., Thornicroft, G. (2017). Discrimination and Stigma. In: Gaebel, W., Rössler, W., Sartorius, N. (eds) The Stigma of Mental Illness - End of the Story?. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27837-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-27839-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics