Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lung Cancer in Never Smokers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Lung Cancer and Personalized Medicine

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 893))

Abstract

Lung cancer is predominantly associated with cigarette smoking; however, a substantial minority of patients with the disease have never smoked. In the US it is estimated there are 17,000–26,000 annual deaths from lung cancer in never smokers, which as a separate entity would be the seventh leading cause of cancer mortality. Controversy surrounds the question of whether or not the incidence of lung cancer in never-smokers is increasing, with more data to support this observation in Asia. There are several factors associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer in never smokers including second hand smoke, indoor air pollution, occupational exposures, and genetic susceptibility among others. Adenocarcinoma is the most common histology of lung cancer in never smokers and in comparison to lung cancer in smokers appears less complex with a higher likelihood to have targetable driver mutations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Jemal A et al (2008) Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2005, featuring trends in lung cancer, tobacco use, and tobacco control. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(23):1672–1694

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A (2013) Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 63(1):11–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Weiss W (1997) Cigarette smoking and lung cancer trends. A light at the end of the tunnel? Chest 111(5):1414–1416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bryant A, Cerfolio RJ (2007) Differences in epidemiology, histology, and survival between cigarette smokers and never-smokers who develop non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 132(1):185–192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dutu T et al (2005) Differential expression of biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma: a comparative study between smokers and never-smokers. Ann Oncol 16(12):1906–1914

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Subramanian J, Govindan R (2007) Lung cancer in never smokers: a review. J Clin Oncol 25(5):561–570

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sun S, Schiller JH, Gazdar AF (2007) Lung cancer in never smokers–a different disease. Nat Rev Cancer 7(10):778–790

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Okamoto I et al (2006) EGFR mutation in gefitinib-responsive small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 17(6):1028–1029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Shiao TH et al (2011) Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in small cell lung cancer: a brief report. J Thorac Oncol 6(1):195–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Antony GK et al (2010) Small cell lung cancer in never smokers: report of two cases. J Thorac Oncol 5(5):747–748

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kurahara Y et al (2012) Small-cell lung cancer in never-smokers: a case series with information on family history of cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. Clin Lung Cancer 13(1):75–79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Samet JM et al (2009) Lung cancer in never smokers: clinical epidemiology and environmental risk factors. Clin Cancer Res 15(18):5626–5645

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Witschi H (2001) A short history of lung cancer. Toxicol Sci 64(1):4–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F (2013) GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase no. 11 [internet]. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr. Cited 28 Dec 2013

  15. (1987) Rates and rate standardization. In: Breslow NE, Day NE (eds) The design and analysis of cohort studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 415

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ezzati M et al (2005) Role of smoking in global and regional cancer epidemiology: current patterns and data needs. Int J Cancer 116(6):963–971

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu BQ et al (1998) Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths. BMJ 317(7170):1411–1422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Thun MJ et al (2008) Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies. PLoS Med 5(9):e185

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Siegel R et al (2014) Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 64(1):9–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Thun MJ et al (2006) Lung cancer death rates in lifelong nonsmokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 98(10):691–699

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Parkin DM et al (2005) Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55(2):74–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wakelee HA et al (2007) Lung cancer incidence in never smokers. J Clin Oncol 25(5):472–478

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Gazdar AF, Thun MJ (2007) Lung cancer, smoke exposure, and sex. J Clin Oncol 25(5):469–471

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yano T et al (2008) Never-smoking nonsmall cell lung cancer as a separate entity: clinicopathologic features and survival. Cancer 113(5):1012–1018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gomez SL et al (2011) Survival following non-small cell lung cancer among Asian/Pacific Islander, Latina, and Non-Hispanic white women who have never smoked. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20(3):545–554

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2004) Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 83:1–1438

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Vineis P et al (2005) Environmental tobacco smoke and risk of respiratory cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in former smokers and never smokers in the EPIC prospective study. BMJ 330(7486):277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Vineis P et al (2004) Tobacco and cancer: recent epidemiological evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(2):99–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Clement-Duchene C et al (2010) Characteristics of never smoker lung cancer including environmental and occupational risk factors. Lung Cancer 67(2):144–150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bagley SC, White H, Golomb BA (2001) Logistic regression in the medical literature: standards for use and reporting, with particular attention to one medical domain. J Clin Epidemiol 54(10):979–985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Brennan P et al (2004) Secondhand smoke exposure in adulthood and risk of lung cancer among never smokers: a pooled analysis of two large studies. Int J Cancer 109(1):125–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Brenner DR et al (2010) Lung cancer risk in never-smokers: a population-based case-control study of epidemiologic risk factors. BMC Cancer 10:285

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Gorlova OY et al (2007) Aggregation of cancer among relatives of never-smoking lung cancer patients. Int J Cancer 121(1):111–118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kurahashi N et al (2008) Passive smoking and lung cancer in Japanese non-smoking women: a prospective study. Int J Cancer 122(3):653–657

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Nyberg F et al (1998) A European validation study of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in nonsmoking lung cancer cases and controls. Cancer Causes Control 9(2):173–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wells AJ et al (1998) Misclassification rates for current smokers misclassified as nonsmokers. Am J Public Health 88(10):1503–1509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Asomaning K et al (2008) Second hand smoke, age of exposure and lung cancer risk. Lung Cancer 61(1):13–20

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Lissowska J et al (2005) Lung cancer and indoor pollution from heating and cooking with solid fuels: the IARC international multicentre case-control study in Eastern/Central Europe and the United Kingdom. Am J Epidemiol 162(4):326–333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Samet JM (1989) Radon and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 81(10):745–757

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Krewski D et al (2006) A combined analysis of North American case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. J Toxicol Environ Health A 69(7):533–597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. (1980) Fundamental measures of disease occurrence and association. In: Breslow NE, Day NE (eds) The analysis of case-control studies. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  42. Sandler DP et al (2006) Indoor radon and lung cancer risk in Connecticut and Utah. J Toxicol Environ Health A 69(7):633–654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Darby S et al (2005) Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. BMJ 330(7485):223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Leuraud K et al (2011) Radon, smoking and lung cancer risk: results of a joint analysis of three European case-control studies among uranium miners. Radiat Res 176(3):375–387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bonner MR et al (2006) Radon, secondhand smoke, glutathione-S-transferase M1 and lung cancer among women. Int J Cancer 119(6):1462–1467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Zhang J, Smith KR (2003) Indoor air pollution: a global health concern. Br Med Bull 68:209–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hosgood HD 3rd et al (2010) In-home coal and wood use and lung cancer risk: a pooled analysis of the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Environ Health Perspect 118(12):1743–1747

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Bonjour S et al (2013) Solid fuel use for household cooking: country and regional estimates for 1980–2010. Environ Health Perspect 121(7):784–790

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Kleinerman RA et al (2002) Lung cancer and indoor exposure to coal and biomass in rural China. J Occup Environ Med 44(4):338–344

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Barone-Adesi F et al (2012) Risk of lung cancer associated with domestic use of coal in Xuanwei, China: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 345:e5414

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Hosgood HD 3rd et al (2011) Household coal use and lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies, with an emphasis on geographic variation. Int J Epidemiol 40(3):719–728

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Lan Q et al (2002) Household stove improvement and risk of lung cancer in Xuanwei, China. J Natl Cancer Inst 94(11):826–835

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Gorlova OY et al (2006) Never smokers and lung cancer risk: a case-control study of epidemiological factors. Int J Cancer 118(7):1798–1804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. van Loon AJ et al (1997) Occupational exposure to carcinogens and risk of lung cancer: results from The Netherlands cohort study. Occup Environ Med 54(11):817–824

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Zheng W et al (1987) Lung cancer and prior tuberculosis infection in Shanghai. Br J Cancer 56(4):501–504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Hinds MW, Cohen HI, Kolonel LN (1982) Tuberculosis and lung cancer risk in nonsmoking women. Am Rev Respir Dis 125(6):776–778

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Daniels CE, Jett JR (2005) Does interstitial lung disease predispose to lung cancer? Curr Opin Pulm Med 11(5):431–437

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hubbard R et al (2000) Lung cancer and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. A population-based cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161(1):5–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Le Jeune I et al (2007) The incidence of cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis in the UK. Respir Med 101(12):2534–2540

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Wells C, Mannino DM (1996) Pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer in the United States: analysis of the multiple cause of death mortality data, 1979 through 1991. South Med J 89(5):505–510

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Prochazka M et al (2005) Ionizing radiation and tobacco use increases the risk of a subsequent lung carcinoma in women with breast cancer: case-only design. J Clin Oncol 23(30):7467–7474

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Travis LB et al (2002) Lung cancer following chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 94(3):182–192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. van Leeuwen FE et al (1995) Roles of radiotherapy and smoking in lung cancer following Hodgkin’s disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 87(20):1530–1537

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Dacic S et al (2014) RET rearrangements in lung adenocarcinoma and radiation. J Thorac Oncol 9(1):118–120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Nitadori J et al (2006) Association between lung cancer incidence and family history of lung cancer: data from a large-scale population-based cohort study, the JPHC study. Chest 130(4):968–975

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gao Y et al (2009) Family history of cancer and nonmalignant lung diseases as risk factors for lung cancer. Int J Cancer 125(1):146–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Wu PF et al (2004) Cancer aggregation and complex segregation analysis of families with female non-smoking lung cancer probands in Taiwan. Eur J Cancer 40(2):260–266

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bell DW et al (2005) Inherited susceptibility to lung cancer may be associated with the T790M drug resistance mutation in EGFR. Nat Genet 37(12):1315–1316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ohtsuka K et al (2011) Familial lung adenocarcinoma caused by the EGFR V843I germ-line mutation. J Clin Oncol 29(8):e191–e192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Yamamoto H et al (2014) Novel germline mutation in the transmembrane domain of HER2 in familial lung adenocarcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 106(1):djt338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Sanchez-Cespedes M et al (2001) Chromosomal alterations in lung adenocarcinoma from smokers and nonsmokers. Cancer Res 61(4):1309–1313

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Wong MP et al (2003) Chromosomal aberrations of primary lung adenocarcinomas in nonsmokers. Cancer 97(5):1263–1270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hsiung CA, et al (2010) The 5p15.33 locus is associated with risk of lung adenocarcinoma in never-smoking females in Asia. PLoS Genet 6(8)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Wang Y et al (2010) Role of 5p15.33 (TERT-CLPTM1L), 6p21.33 and 15q25.1 (CHRNA5-CHRNA3) variation and lung cancer risk in never-smokers. Carcinogenesis 31(2):234–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Wang Y et al (2008) Common 5p15.33 and 6p21.33 variants influence lung cancer risk. Nat Genet 40(12):1407–1409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Amos CI et al (2010) A susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q greatly increases lung cancer risk among light and never smokers. Cancer Res 70(6):2359–2367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Truong T et al (2010) Replication of lung cancer susceptibility loci at chromosomes 15q25, 5p15, and 6p21: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst 102(13):959–971

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Li Y et al (2010) Genetic variants and risk of lung cancer in never smokers: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Oncol 11(4):321–330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Ahn MJ et al (2012) The 18p11.22 locus is associated with never smoker non-small cell lung cancer susceptibility in Korean populations. Hum Genet 131(3):365–372

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lan Q et al (2012) Genome-wide association analysis identifies new lung cancer susceptibility loci in never-smoking women in Asia. Nat Genet 44(12):1330–1335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Hosgood HD 3rd et al (2012) Genetic variant in TP63 on locus 3q28 is associated with risk of lung adenocarcinoma among never-smoking females in Asia. Hum Genet 131(7):1197–1203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Miki D et al (2010) Variation in TP63 is associated with lung adenocarcinoma susceptibility in Japanese and Korean populations. Nat Genet 42(10):893–896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Shiraishi K et al (2012) A genome-wide association study identifies two new susceptibility loci for lung adenocarcinoma in the Japanese population. Nat Genet 44(8):900–903

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Raimondi S et al (2005) Metabolic gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in non-smokers. An update of the GSEC study. Mutat Res 592(1–2):45–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Taioli E et al (2003) Polymorphisms in CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and lung cancer below the age of 45 years. Int J Epidemiol 32(1):60–63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Wenzlaff AS et al (2005) CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 polymorphisms and risk of lung cancer among never smokers: a population-based study. Carcinogenesis 26(12):2207–2212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Gorlova OY et al (2008) DNA repair capacity and lung cancer risk in never smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(6):1322–1328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Lo YL et al (2010) ATM polymorphisms and risk of lung cancer among never smokers. Lung Cancer 69(2):148–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Jung CY et al (2006) Polymorphisms in the hMSH2 gene and the risk of primary lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15(4):762–768

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Lo YL et al (2011) Polymorphisms of MLH1 and MSH2 genes and the risk of lung cancer among never smokers. Lung Cancer 72(3):280–286

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Govindan R et al (2012) Genomic landscape of non-small cell lung cancer in smokers and never-smokers. Cell 150(6):1121–1134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Kawaguchi T et al (2010) Gender, histology, and time of diagnosis are important factors for prognosis: analysis of 1499 never-smokers with advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Japan. J Thorac Oncol 5(7):1011–1017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Toh CK et al (2006) Never-smokers with lung cancer: epidemiologic evidence of a distinct disease entity. J Clin Oncol 24(15):2245–2251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Zhang Y et al (2012) Frequency of driver mutations in lung adenocarcinoma from female never-smokers varies with histologic subtypes and age at diagnosis. Clin Cancer Res 18(7):1947–1953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Chougule A et al et al (2013) Frequency of EGFR mutations in 907 lung adenocarcioma patients of Indian ethnicity. PLoS One 8(10)

    Google Scholar 

  96. Subramanian J, Govindan R (2008) Molecular genetics of lung cancer in people who have never smoked. Lancet Oncol 9(7):676–682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Dacic S (2013) Molecular genetic testing for lung adenocarcinomas: a practical approach to clinically relevant mutations and translocations. J Clin Pathol 66(10):870–874

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Mazieres J et al (2013) Lung cancer that harbors an HER2 mutation: epidemiologic characteristics and therapeutic perspectives. J Clin Oncol 31(16):1997–2003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kwak EL et al (2010) Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 363(18):1693–1703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Bergethon K et al (2012) ROS1 rearrangements define a unique molecular class of lung cancers. J Clin Oncol 30(8):863–870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Shaw AT et al (2011) Effect of crizotinib on overall survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring ALK gene rearrangement: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol 12(11):1004–1012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Suehara Y et al (2012) Identification of KIF5B-RET and GOPC-ROS1 fusions in lung adenocarcinomas through a comprehensive mRNA-based screen for tyrosine kinase fusions. Clin Cancer Res 18(24):6599–6608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Wang R et al (2012) RET fusions define a unique molecular and clinicopathologic subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 30(35):4352–4359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Subramanian J et al (2007) Presentation and stage-specific outcomes of lifelong never-smokers with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Thorac Oncol 2(9):827–830

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Nordquist LT et al (2004) Improved survival in never-smokers vs current smokers with primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. Chest 126(2):347–351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Kawaguchi T et al (2010) Japanese ethnicity compared with Caucasian ethnicity and never-smoking status are independent favorable prognostic factors for overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer: a collaborative epidemiologic study of the National Hospital Organization Study Group for Lung Cancer (NHSGLC) in Japan and a Southern California Regional Cancer Registry databases. J Thorac Oncol 5(7):1001–1010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Gabriel Alberto Rivera & Heather Wakelee

Authors
  1. Gabriel Alberto Rivera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Heather Wakelee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heather Wakelee .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA

    Aamir Ahmad

  2. Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA

    Shirish Gadgeel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rivera, G.A., Wakelee, H. (2016). Lung Cancer in Never Smokers. In: Ahmad, A., Gadgeel, S. (eds) Lung Cancer and Personalized Medicine. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 893. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24223-1_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation