Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessing Non-Motor Symptoms: An Overview of Scales and Questionnaires

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease

  • 1130 Accesses

Abstract

The NMSs of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been an under-recognized part of PD, often leading to a poor quality of life for patients and their caregivers [1]. NMSs are common, with incidence and severity varying widely from patient to patient. It has been found that their incidence significantly increases with disease severity—monitored using Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) staging [2]. Studies have shown that NMSs such as depression or constipation may precede the motor signs of PD [3, 4]. Therefore, this relatively newly recognized but significant aspect of PD requires NMS declaration by patients and evaluation by health care professionals in order to determine its presence and monitor its severity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Chaudhuri KR, Prieto-Jurcynska C, Naidu Y, et al. The nondeclaration of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease to health care professionals: an international study using the nonmotor symptoms questionnaire. Mov Disord 2010;25:697-701.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AH, Stocchi F, et al. Prevalence of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease in an international setting; study using nonmotor symptoms questionnaire in 545 patients. Mov Disord 2007;22:1623-1629.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003;24:197-211.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AH. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:235-245.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Brown RG, et al. The metric properties of a novel non‑motor symptoms scale for Parkinson’s disease: Results from an international pilot study. Mov Disord 2007;22:1901-1911.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Shulman LM, Taback RL, Rabinstein AA, Weiner WJ. Non-recognition of depression and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2002;8:193-197.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-198.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mattis S. Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly patient. In: Bellak L, Karasu TB (eds), Geriatric Psychiatry: A Handbook for Psychiatrists and Primary Care Physicians. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1976: 77-121.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-571.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361-370.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol 1959;32:50-55.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Zung WWK. A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics 1971;12:371-379.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Starkstein SE, Mayberg HS, Preziosi TJ, Andrezejewski P, Leiguarda R, Robinson RG. Reliability, validity, and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992;4:134-139.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Sockeel P, Dujardin K, Devos D, Deneve C, Destee A, Defebvre L. The Lille apathy rating scale (LARS). a new instrument for detecting and quantifying apathy: validation in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:579-584.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Snaith RP, Hamilton M, Morley S, Humayan A, Hargreaves D, Trigwell P. A scale for the assessment of hedonic tone: the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale. Br J Psychiatry 1995;167:99-103.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Friedberg G, Zoldan J, Weizman A, Melamed E. Parkinson Psychosis Rating Scale: a practical instrument for grading psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1998;21:280-284.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989;28:193-213.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep 1991;14:540-545.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Chaudhuri KR, Pal S, DiMarco A, et al. The Parkinson’s disease sleep scale: a new instrument for assessing sleep and nocturnal disability in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73:629-635.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Fisk JD, Doble SE. Construction and validation of a fatigue impact scale for daily administration (D-FIS). Qual Life Res 2002;11:263-272.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Brown RG, Dittner A, Findley L, Wessely SC. The Parkinson fatigue scale. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2005;11:49-55.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lee MA, Walker RW, Hildreth TJ, Prentice WM. A survey of pain in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Pain Symptom Manag 2006;32:462-469.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Martinez-Martin P, Marinus J, van Hilten B. Assessment tools for non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. In: Chaudhuri KR, Tolosa E, Schapira A, Poewe W (eds), Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009: 47-58.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Movement Disorders Society Task Force. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): status and recommendations. Mov Disord 2003;18:738-750.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Goetz CG, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P, et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Process, format, and clinimetric testing plan. Mov Disord 2007;22:41-47.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord 2008;23:2129-2170.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Marinus J, Visser M, Verwey NA, et al. Assessment of cognition in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2003;61:1222-1228.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kulisevsky J, Pagonabarraga J. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: tools for diagnosis and assessment. Mov Disord 2009;24:1103-1110.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Verbaan D, Marinus J, Visser M, et al. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:1182-1187.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Carod-Artal FJ, Martinez-Martin P, Kummer W, Ribeiro LS. Psychometric attributes of the SCOPACOG Brazilian version. Mov Disord 2008;23:81-87.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Martinez-Martin P, Frades-Payo B, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Forjaz MJ, Pedro-Cuesta J, Grupo Estudio Longitudinal de Pacientes con Enfermedad de Parkinson. [Psychometric attributes of Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease - Cognition (SCOPA -Cog). Castilian language]. Rev Neurol 2008;47:337-343.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Evatt ML, Chaudhuri KR, Chou KL, et al. Dysautonomia rating scales in Parkinson’s disease: sialorrhea, dysphagia, and constipation - critique and recommendations by movement disorders task force on rating scales for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2009;24:635-646.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mitra T, Chaudhuri KR. Sleep dysfunction and role of dysautonomia in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009;15(suppl 3):S93-S95.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Visser M, Marinus J, Stiggelbout AM, van Hilten JJ. Assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: the SCOPA -AUT. Mov Disord 2004;19:1306-1312.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Forjaz MJ, Frades-Payo B, Pedro-Cuesta J, Martinez-Martin P. Independent validation of the scales for outcomes in Parkinson’s disease - autonomic (SCOPA - AUT). Eur J Neurol 2010;17:194-201.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Forjaz MJ, Ayala A, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Frades-Payo B, Martinez-Martin P. Assessing autonomic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease with the SCOPA -AUT : a new perspective from Rasch analysis. Eur J Neurol 2010;17:273-279.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Tandberg E, Larsen JP, Karlsen K. Excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep benefit in Parkinson’s disease: a community-based study. Mov Disord 1999;14:922-927.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Menza M, Dobkin RD, Marin H, Bienfait K. Sleep disturbances in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2010;25(suppl 1):S117-S122.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Marinus J, Visser M, van Hilten JJ, Lammers GJ, Stiggelbout AM. Assessment of sleep and sleepiness in Parkinson disease. Sleep 2003;26:1049-1054.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Martinez-Martin P, Visser M, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Marinus J, Chaudhuri KR, van Hilten JJ. SCOPA sleep and PDSS : two scales for assessment of sleep disorder in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2008;23:1681-1688.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Visser M, Verbaan D, van Rooden SM, Stiggelbout AM, Marinus J, van Hilten JJ. Assessment of psychiatric complications in Parkinson’s disease: The SCOPA -PC. Mov Disord 2007;22:2221-2228.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Barone P, Antonini A, Colosimo C, et al. The PRIA MO study: A multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2009;24:1641-1649.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Jenkinson C, Peto V, Fitzpatrick R, Greenhall R, Hyman N. Self-reported functioning and wellbeing in patients with Parkinson’s disease: Comparison of the Short-form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39). Age Aging 1995;24:505-509.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Peto V, Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R, Greenhall R. The development and validation of a short measure of functioning and well being for individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Qual Life Res 1995;4:241-248.

    Google Scholar 

  46. de Boer AG, Wijker W, Speelman JD, de Haes JC. Quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease: development of a questionnaire. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;61:70-74.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Grosset D, Taurah L, Burn DJ, et al. A multicentre longitudinal observational study of changes in self reported health status in people with Parkinson’s disease left untreated at diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:465-469.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Martinez-Martin P, Serrano-Duenas M, Forjaz MJ, Serrano MS. Two questionnaires for Parkinson’s disease: are the PDQ-39 and PDQL equivalent? Qual Life Res 2007;16:1221-1230.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Schrag A, Jahanshahi M, Quinn N. What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69:308-312.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Martinez-Martin P, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Abe K, et al. International study on the psychometric attributes of the non-motor symptoms scale in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2009;73:1584-1591.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Carod-Artal FJ, da Silveira RL, Kummer W, Martinez-Martin P. Psychometric properties of the SCOPA -AUT Brazilian Portuguese version. Mov Disord 2010;25:205-212.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Herlofson K, Larsen JP. The influence of fatigue on health-related quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2003;107:1-6.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Global Parkinson’s Disease Survey Steering Committee. Factors impacting on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: results from an international survey. Mov Disord 2002;17:60-67.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Rahman S, Griffin HJ, Quinn NP, Jahanshahi M. Quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: the relative importance of the symptoms. Mov Disord 2008;23:1428-1434.

    Google Scholar 

  55. de Boer AG, Sprangers MA, Speelman HD, de Haes HC. Predictors of health care use in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a longitudinal study. Mov Disord 1999;14:772-779.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Fraix V, Houeto JL, Lagrange C, et al. Clinical and economic results of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:443-449.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Reuther M, Spottke EA, Klotsche J, et al. Assessing health-related quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease in a prospective longitudinal study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007;13:108-114.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Schrag A, Spottke A, Quinn NP, Dodel R. Comparative responsiveness of Parkinson’s disease scales to change over time. Mov Disord 2009;24:813-818.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Yousefi B, Tadibi V, Khoei AF, Montazeri A. Exercise therapy, quality of life, and activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson disease: a small scale quasi-randomised trial. Trials 2009;10:67.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AH, et al. International multicenter pilot study of the first comprehensive self-completed nonmotor symptoms questionnaire for Parkinson’s disease: the NMSQuest study. Mov Disord 2006;21:916-923.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Perez-Lloret S, Rossi M, Cardinali DP, Merello M. Validation of the sleep related items of the Nonmotor Symptoms Questionnaire for Parkinson’s disease (NMSQuest). Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008;14:641-645.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain

    Carmen Rodriguez-Blazquez & Pablo Martinez-Martin

  2. King’s College, London, UK

    Madhuja Tanya Mitra

Authors
  1. Carmen Rodriguez-Blazquez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Madhuja Tanya Mitra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pablo Martinez-Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Healthcare, a part of Springer Science+Business Media

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rodriguez-Blazquez, C., Mitra, M.T., Martinez-Martin, P. (2011). Assessing Non-Motor Symptoms: An Overview of Scales and Questionnaires. In: Handbook of Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. Springer Healthcare, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-908517-60-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-908517-60-9_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer Healthcare, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-907673-23-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-908517-60-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation