Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Innovations in the Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Schizophrenia

  • Chapter
A Clinical Guide for the Treatment of Schizophrenia

Abstract

The treatment of schizophrenia represents a major challenge to clinicians. The role of pharmacologic and somatic treatments in this disorder is an important one; however, clinicians must appreciate both the complexity and the potential heterogeneity of the disorder in order to provide optimal management within a particular modality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Angrist, B., Pesselow, E., Rubenstein, M., Wolkin, A., & Rotrosen, J. (1985). Amphetamine response and relapse risk after depot neuroleptic discontinuation. Psychopharmacology, 85, 277–283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angrist, B., Rotrosen, J., & Gershon, S. L. (1980). Responses to apomorphine, amphetamine and neuroleptics in schizophrenic subjects. Psychopharmacology, 67, 31–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldessarini, R., Katz, B., & Cotton, P. (1984). Dissimilar dosing with high-potency and low-potency neuroleptics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 748–752.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergling, R., Mjorndal, T., Oreland, L., Rapp, W., & Wold, S. (1975). Plasma levels and clinical effects of thioridazine and thiothixene. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 15, 178–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorndal, N., Bjerre, M., Gerlach, J., Kristjansen, P., Magelund, G., Oestrich, I. H., & Wachrems, J. (1980). High dosage haloperidol therapy in chronic schizophrenic patients: A double-blind study of clinical response, side effects, serum haloperidol and serum prolac-tin. Psychopharmcology, 67, 17–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bleuler, M. (1978). The schizophrenic disorder: Long-term patients and family studies (S. M. Clemens, Trans.). New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolvig-Hansen, L. B., Larsen, N. E., & Vestergaard, P. (1981). Plasma levels of perphenazine (Trilafon) related to development of extrapyramidal side effects. Psychopharmacology, 74, 306–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandon, S., Cowley, P., McDonald, C., Neville, P., Palmer, R., Wellstood-Eason, S., & Leicester, R. (1985). ECT trial: Results in schizophrenia. British journal of Psychiatry, 146, 177–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caffey, E. M., Jr., Diamond, L. S., Frank, T. V., Grasberger, J. C., Herman, L., Klett, C. J., & Rothstein, C. (1964). Discontinuation or reduction of chemotherapy in chronic schizophrenics. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 17, 347–358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, W. T., & Heinrichs, D. W. (1984). Intermittent pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. In J. Kane (Ed.), Drug maintenance strategies in schizophrenia (pp. 69–82). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, W. T., Stephens, J. H., Rey, A. C., Hanlon, T. E., & Heinrichs, D. W. (1982). Early intervention vs. continued pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 18, 21–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casper, R., Garver, D. L., Dekirmenjian, H., Chang, S., & Davis, J. M. (1980). Phenothiazine levels in plasma and red blood cells: Their relationship to clinical improvement in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 301–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, H. K. (1981). Schizophrenics fully remitted on neuroleptics for 3-5 years: To stop or continue drugs? British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 490–494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chien, C. P. (1975). Drugs and rehabilitation in schizophrenia. In M. Greenblatt (Ed.), Drugs in combination with other therapies (pp. 13–34). New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouinard, G., & Jones, B. (1980). Neuroleptic induced supersensitivity psychosis: Clinical and pharmacologic characteristics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 16–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciompi, L. (1980a). Three lectures on schizophrenia: The natural history of schizophrenia in the long-term. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 413–420.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciompi, L. (1980b). Catamnestic long-term study on the course of life and aging of schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 606–618.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claghorn, J., Honigfeld, G., Abuzzahab, F. S., Wang, R., Steinbook, R., Tuason, V., & Klerman, G. (1987). The risks and benefits of clozapine vs. chlorpromazine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 377–384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, B. M., Lipinski, J. F., Harris, P. O., Pope, H. G., & Friedman, M. (1980). Clinical use of the radioreceptor assay for neuroleptics. Psychiatry Research, 2, 173–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, B. M., Lipinski, J. F., Pope, H. G., Harris, P. O., & Altesman, R. I. (1980). Neuroleptic blood level and therapeutic effect. Psychopharmocology, 70, 191–193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, R., & Forrest, A. (1974). Control trial of depot fluphenazine in outpatient schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 385–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crow, T. J., McMillan, J. F., Johnson, A. L., & Johnstone, E. C. (1986). The Northwick Park study of first episodes of schizophrenia: II. A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic neuroleptic treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 120–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. M. (1975). Overview: Maintenance therapy in psychiatry—I. Schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 1237–1245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. M., Schaffer, C. B., Killian, G. A., Kinard, C., & Chan, C. (1980). Important issues in the drug treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 70–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delva, N. J., & Letemendia, F. J. J. (1982). Lithium treatment in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 387–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dencker, S. J., Lepp, M, & Malm, U. (1980). Do schizophrenics well adapted in the community need neuroleptics? A depot neuroleptic withdrawal study. Acta Psychiatrica Scan-dinavica (Suppl.), 279, 64–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dysken, M. W., Javaid, J. I., Chang, S. S., Schaffer, C., Shaid, A., & Davis, J. M. (1981). Fluphenazine pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response. Psychopharmacology, 73, 205–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, D. M., Freedman, M., Rosen, B., Mann, D., & Margolis, R. (1964). Phe-nothiazines in the prevention of psychiatric hospitalization: III. Delay or prevention of hospitalization. Archives of General Psychiatry, 11, 162–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, D. M., Rosen, B., Freedman, N., Mann, D., & Margolis, R. (1963). Phe-nothiazines in the prevention of psychiatric hospitalization: II Duration of treatment exposure. Journal of the American Medical Association, 186, 981–983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, D. M., Rosen, B., Freedman, N., & Margolis, R. (1967). Phenothiazines in prevention of psychiatric hospitalization: IV. Delay or prevention of hospitalization—A reevaluation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 98–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falloon, I. R. H., Watts, D. C., & Shepherd, M. (1978). A comparative controlled trial of pimozide and fluphenazine decanoate in continuation therapy of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 8, 59–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garver, D. L., Dekirmenjian, H., Davis, J. M., Casper, R., & Ericksen, S. (1977). Neuroleptic drug levels and therapeutic response: Preliminary observations with red blood cell bound butaperazine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 304–307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garver, D. L., Hirschowitz, J., Glicksteen, G. A., Kanter, D. R., & Mavroidis, M. L. (1984). Haloperidol plasma and red blood cell levels and clinical antipsychotic response. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 4, 133–137.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerlach, J., Koppelhus, E., Helweg, E., & Monrad, A. (1974). Clozapine and haloperidol in a single-blind cross-over trial: Therapeutic and biochemical aspects in the treatment of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 50, 410–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M. J., Rodnick, E. H., Evans, J. R., May, P. R. A., & Steinberg, M. R. (1978). Drug and family therapy in the aftercare of acute schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 1169–1177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haase, H. J. (1961). Extrapyramidal modification of fine movements—A “conditio sine qua non” of the fundamental therapeutic action of neuroleptic drugs. In J. M. Bordeleau (Ed.), Extrapyramidal system and neuroleptics (pp. 329–353). Montreal: Montreal Editions Psychiatriques.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haase, H. J., & Janssen, A. P. J. (1965). The action of neuroleptic drugs. Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Askihaga, T., Strauss, J. S., & Breier, A. (1987). The Vermont longitudinal study: II. Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 727–735.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herz, M. I., & Melville, C. (1980). Relapse in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 801–805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herz, M. I., Szymanski, H. B., & Simon, J. C. (1982). Intermittent medication for stable schizophrenic outpatients: An alternative to maintenance medication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 918–922.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, S. R., Gaind, R., Rohde, P. D., Stevens, B. C., & Wing, J. K. (1973). Outpatient maintenance of chronic schizophrenic patients with long-acting fluphenazine: Double-blind placebo trial. British Medical Journal, 1, 633–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschowitz, J., Casper, R., Garver, D. L., & Chang, S. (1980). Lithium response in good prognosis schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 916–920.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogarty, G. E., Goldberg, S. C., & the Collaborative Study Group. (1974). Drug and so-ciotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients: One year relapse rates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 54–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogarty, G. E., Goldberg, S. C., Schooler, N. R., Ulrich, R. F., & the Collaborative Study Group. (1979). Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients: II. Two year relapse rate. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 603–608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogarty, G. E., Schooler, N. R., Ulrich, R. F., Mussare, F., Ferro, P., & Herron, E. (1979). Fluphenazine and social therapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients: Relapse analyses of a two-year controlled study of fluphenazine decanoate and fluphenazine hydro-chloride. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1283–1294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogarty, G. E., Ulrich, R. F., Mussare, F., & Aristigueta, N. (1976). Drug discontinuation among long-term successfully maintained schizophrenic outpatients. Diseases of the Nervous System, 37, 494–500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honigfeld, G., Patin, J., & Singer, J. (1984). Antipsychotic activity in treatment resistance schizophrenics. Advances in Therapy, 1, 77–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, G., Gross, G., & Schüttler, R. (1979). Verlaufs-und Sozialpsychiatriche langzeitunter-suchunder an den 1945-1959 in Benn Hospitalizierten Schizophren Kranken Monogr. Gesantgeb Psychiatr. (Berline). English Abstract, 21, 1–3999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huber, G., Gross, G., Schüttler, R., & Linz, M. (1980). Longitudinal studies of schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 592–605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itil, T. M., Keskiner, A., Heinemann, L., Han, T., Gannen, P., & Hsu, W. (1970). Treatment of resistant schizophrenics with extreme high dosage fluphenazine hydrochloride. Psychoso-matics, 11, 456–463.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janowsky, D. S., & Davis, J. M. (1976). Methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine and levam-fetamine: Effects on schizophrenic symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 304–308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janowsky, D. S., El-Yousef, K., Davis, J. M., & Sekerke, J. (1973). Provocations of schizophrenic symptoms by intravenous administration of methylphenidate. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 185–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. A. W. (1976). The duration of maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 53, 298–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. A. W. (1979). Further observations on the duration of depot neuroleptic maintenance therapy in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 524–530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J. M., & Borenstein, M. (1985). Compliance in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 23–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J., Honigfeld, G., Singer, J., & Meltzer, H. (1988). Clozapine for the treatment-resistance schizophrenic: A double-blind comparison versus chlorpromazine/benztropine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 789–796.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J. M., & Lieberman, J. A. (1987). Maintenance pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia. In H. Y. Meltzer (Ed.), Psychopharmacology, the third generation of progress: The emergency of molecular biology and biological psychiatry (pp. 1103–1109). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J. M., Rifkin, A., Quitkin, F., Nayak, D. V., & Ramos-Lorenzi, J. R. (1982). Fluphenazine versus placebo in patients with remitted, acute first episodes of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 70–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J. M., Rifkin, A., Woerner, M., Reardon, G., Kreisman, L., Blumenthal, R., & Borenstein, M. (1985). High-dose versus low-dose strategies in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 533–537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J. M., Rifkin, A., Woerner, M., Reardon, G., Sarantakos, S., Schiebel, D., & Ramos-Lorenzi, J. R. (1983). Low dose neuroleptic treatment of outpatient schizophrenics. I. Preliminary results for relapse rates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 893–896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J. M., Rifkin, A., Woerner, M., & Sarantakos, S. (1986). Dose response relationships in maintenance drug treatment for schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 6, 205–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J. M., Woerner, M., Borenstein, M., Wegner, J., & Lieberman, J. (1986). Integrating incidence and prevalence of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 22, 254–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, H. B., Freeman, H. L., Banning, B., & Schiff, A. (1977). A clinical and social comparison of fluphenazine decanoate and flupenthixol decanoate in the community maintenance therapy of schizophrenia. International Pharmacopsychology, 12, 54–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leff, J. P., & Wing, J. K. (1971). Trial of maintenance therapy in schizophrenia. British Medical Journal, 3, 559–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, J., Kane, J., Sarantakos, S., Gadaleta, D., & Woerner, M. (1987). Prediction of relapse in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 597–603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magliozzi, J. R., Hollister, L. E., Arnold, K. V., & Earlie, G. M. (1981). Relationship of serum haloperidol levels to clinical response in schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 365–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marder, S. R., Van Putten, T., Mintz, J., Lebelle, M., Faltico, G., & May, P. R. A. (1984). Costs and benefits of two doses of fluphenazine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 1025–1029.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marder, S. R., Van Putten, T., Mintz, J., Lebelle, M., McKenzie, J., & May, P. R. A. (1987). Low and conventional dose maintenance therapy with fluphenazine decanoate: Two year outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 518–521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mavroidis, M. L., Kanter, D. R., Hirschowitz, J., & Garver, D. L. (1983). Clinical response and plasma in haloperidol levels in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology, 81, 354–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mavroidis, M. L., Kanter, D. R., Hirschowitz, J., & Garver, D. L. (1984). Therapeutic blood levels of fluphenazine: Plasma or RBC determinations? Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 20, 168–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May, P. R. A. (1968). Treatment of schizophrenia: A Comparative study of five treatment methods. New York: Science House.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, P. R. A., Van Putten, T., Jenden, D. J., Yale, C., & Dixon, W. j. (1981). Chlorpromazine levels and the outcome of treatment in schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 202–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCreadie, R. G., Dingwall, J. M., Wiles, D. H., & Heykants, J. J. P. (1980). Intermittent pimozide versus fluphenazine decanoate as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 510–517.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCreadie, R. G., Mackie, M., Morrison, D., & Kidd, J. (1982). Once weekly pimozide versus fluphenazine decanoate as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 280–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCreadie, R. G., & McDonald, I. M. (1977). High dosage haloperidol in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 210–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy, J., Stiller, R. L., & Farr, R. (1986). Plasma haloperidol levels drawn on neuroleptic threshold doses: A pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6, 133–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neborsky, R. J., Janowsky, D. S., Perel, J. M., Munson, E., & Depry, D. (1984). Plasma/RBC haloperidol ratios and improvement in acute psychotic symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 45, 10–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odejide, O. A., & Aderounmu, A. F. (1982). Double-blind placebo substitution: Withdrawal of fluphenazine decanoate in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 43, 195–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potkin, S. G., Shen, Y., Zhou, D., Pardes, H., Shu, L., Phelps, B., & Poland, R. (1985). Does a therapeutic window for plasma haloperidol exist? Preliminary Chinese data. Psychophar-macology Bulletin, 21, 59–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quitkin, F., Rifkin, A., Kane, J. M., Ramos-Lorenzi, J. R., & Klein, D. F. (1978). Long-acting oral versus injectable antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenics: A one-year double-blind comparison in multiple episode schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 889–892.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quitkin, F., Rifkin, A., & Klein, D. F. (1975). Very high dosage versus standard dosage fluphenazine in schizophrenia: A double-blind study of non-chronic treatment refractory patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1276–1281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin, A., Quitkin, F., Rabiner, C. J., & Klein, D. F. (1977). Fluphenazine decanoate, fluphenazine hydrochloride given orally, and placebo in remitted schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 43–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salzman, C. (1980). The use of ECT in the treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1032–1041.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schooler, N. R., & Keith, S. J. (1983). Treatment strategies in schizophrenia study protocol. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schooler, N. R., Levine, J., Severe, J. B., Brauzer, B., DiMascio, A., Klerman, G. L., & Tauson, V. B. (1980). Prevention of relapse in schizophrenia: An evaluation of fluphenazine decanoate. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 16–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Small, J. G., Kellams, J. J., Millstein, V., & Moore, J. (1975). A placebo controlled study of lithium combined with neuroleptics in chronic schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 1315–1317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. C., Baumgartner, R., Ravichandran, G. K., Shvartsburd, A., Schooler, J. C., Allen, P., & Johnson, R. (1984). Plasma and cell levels of thioridazine and clinical response in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 12, 287–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. C., Baumgartner, R., Shvartsburd, A., Ravichandran, G. K., Vroulis, G., & Mauldin, M. (1985). Comparative efficacy of red cell and plasma haloperidol as predictors of clinical response in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology, 85, 449–455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. J., & Fleminger, J. J. (1980). ECT for schizophrenia. Lancet, 1, 1380–1382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troshinsky, C. H., Aaronson, H. G., & Stone, R. K. (1962). Maintenance phenothiazine in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. Pennsylvania Psychiatric Quarterly, 2, 11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Putten, T. (1974). Why do schizophrenic patients refuse to take their drugs? Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 67–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Putten, T., Marder, S. R., May, P. R. A., Poland, R. E., & O’Brien, R. (1985). Plasma levels of haloperidol and clinical response. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 69–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wistedt, B. (1981). A depot neuroleptic withdrawal study: A controlled study of the clinical effects of the withdrawal of depot fluphenazine decanoate and depot flupenthioxol decanoate in chronic schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 64, 65–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wode-Helgodt, B., Borg, S., Fyro, B., & Sedvall, G. (1978). Clinical effects and drug concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in psychotic patients treated with fixed doses of chlorpromazine. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 58, 149–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Hillside Hospital, Division of Long Island Jewish Medical Center, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, New York, 11004, USA

    John M. Kane

Authors
  1. John M. Kane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical College of Pennsylvania at EPPI, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Alan S. Bellack

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kane, J.M. (1989). Innovations in the Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Schizophrenia. In: Bellack, A.S. (eds) A Clinical Guide for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-8979-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-8979-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-8981-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-8979-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation