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Sex and Gender Differences in Autoimmune Diseases

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Sex and Gender Aspects in Clinical Medicine

Abstract

Autoimmune and rheumatological diseases often come to mind when thinking about gender differences in medicine.

While sex ratios vary among the conditions presented herein, female patients are predominantly affected by autoimmune diseases, possibly due to differences in susceptibility, hormonal influences, genetics, and exposure and response to environmental triggers. Where the male incidence is low, the diagnosis of autoimmune disease may be delayed. The clinical and serological differences among the genders are yet to be elucidated. In this chapter, we will discuss the potential biological influences on disease development, with an emphasis on the influence of gender on the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes. The diseases that will be presented are systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, Sjogren’s syndrome, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Internal Medicine Department C, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel

    Gisele Zandman-Goddard & Ziv Rozman

  2. Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

    Gisele Zandman-Goddard, Pnina Langevitz, Howard Amital, Merav Lidar & Yehuda Shoenfeld

  3. Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Elena Peeva

  4. Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel

    Ilan Ben-Zvi, Pnina Langevitz, Shaye Kivity, Merav Lidar & Yehuda Shoenfeld

  5. Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel

    Yulia Shvartser & Howard Amital

  6. Department of Psychiatry B, Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Ness Ziona, Israel

    Daniela Amital

  7. Department of Medicine B, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel

    Hedi Orbach

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  1. Gisele Zandman-Goddard
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Correspondence to Gisele Zandman-Goddard .

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  1. Charite´- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM), Berlin, 10115, Germany

    Sabine Oertelt-Prigione

  2. Inst. Geschlechterforschung in der, Medizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, Berlin, 10115, Germany

    Vera Regitz-Zagrosek

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Zandman-Goddard, G. et al. (2012). Sex and Gender Differences in Autoimmune Diseases. In: Oertelt-Prigione, S., Regitz-Zagrosek, V. (eds) Sex and Gender Aspects in Clinical Medicine. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-832-4_8

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