Abstract
The need to unravel the skein of politics by starting from the subjects’ duties rather than the citizens’ rights has recently been stressed. Likewise it is diseases which have stimulated physiology; and it is not physiology but pathology and clinical practice which gave medicine its start. The reason is that as a matter of fact well-being is not felt, for it is the simple awareness of living, and only its impediment provokes the force of resistance. It is no wonder then that Brown begins by classifying diseases. Kant1
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Notes
- 1.
Kant, Werke, Akdemie Ausgabe, 15(2), Anthropologie, in the ‚Handschriftlicher Nachlass’, circa 1798, p. 964. Kant cited by Georges Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological. Trans. Carolyn R. Fawcett in collaboration with Robert S. Cohen [New York: Zone Books, 1991], 141.
- 2.
Karl Sudhoff, “Goethe and Johannes Müller,” in Essays in the History of Medicine trans. by various hands and ed. Fielding H. Garrison [New York: Medical Life Press, 1926], 371. “As if lost in dreams, the medicine and natural history of those days rested quietly in the shadow of the system of Nature Philosophy expounded by the gifted Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. This system evolved all natural phenomena from the idea of the absolute and endeavored to spiritualize all natural laws and turn them into laws of perception and cogitation, in consequence of which all natural phenomena seemed to disappear. Even the greatest investigators had fallen before the power of this theory and research came to a standstill, as people were chiefly concerned with bringing everything into line with this system. In this confused era, Goethe, the scientist, had kept himself free from all such philosophic fragments of imagination. Upon him fell the task of saving the great principle of observation.” See also: Erna Lesky, The Vienna Medical School of the 19th Century [Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976], 80.
- 3.
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, First Outline of a System of the Philosophy of Nature. Trans. Keith R. Peterson [Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2004].
- 4.
Timothy Lenoir, The Strategy of Life: Teleology and Mechanics in Nineteenth-Century German Biology [Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1989], 13. See: J. Bronowski and Bruce Mazlish, “Kant and Hegel: The Emergence of History.” In The Western Intellectual Tradition [Dorset Press, 1986], 472–3. Kant founded the tradition of philosophy in Germany. “The problems of philosophy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were related to the advance of science then. Much work in philosophy was an attempt to find foundations for the new science, and many philosophers were scientists. Kant was among these, and his philosophy was such an attempt to close a gap in the foundations of science which had been opened unexpectedly in his boyhood.” J. Bronowski and Bruce Mazlish, 477. “Kant himself was trained as a mathematician and physicist, and for much of his life he earned his living as a lecturer in physics. He made an original contribution to science in 1775, when he put forward for the first time the theory that the planets have been condensed from a mass of gas, which Laplace formulated more accurately in 1796. Only at the age of 45, in 1769, did Kant begin to trouble himself with the philosophical difficulties in the foundations of science which Hume had thrown up. In that year Kant had the great revelation, that some knowledge must be a priori in order to make empirical science possible at all, which turned his career to philosophy. In the following year, in 1770, Kant was elected to the chair of logic and metaphysics in his native university of Konigsberg in East Prussia, and he outlined his approach in his inaugural lecture and published it fully in his book The Critique of Pure Reason in 1881.” J. Bronowski and Bruce Mazlish, 479. “The question that drove Kant was, ‘How does it come about that the human mind so naturally understands what goes on outside it.” J. Bronowski and Bruce Mazlish, 477. Kant greatly influenced German scientists in the nineteenth century. See also. Ronald H. Brady, “The Idea in Nature: Rereading Goethe’s Organics.” In Goethe’s Way of Science: A Phenomenology of Nature, edited by David Seamon and Arthur Zajonc, 83–111:90. [Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998], 83–111:90.
- 5.
Timothy Lenoir, The Strategy of Life: Teleology ad Mechanics in Nineteenth-Century German Biology [Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1989], 17, 18.
- 6.
Carl Rokitansky, Ueber Uterusdrüsen-Neubildung in Uterus- und Ovarial-Sarcomen. Zeitschift Gesellschaft der Aerzte in Wien. 1860;16:577–581. See also: Emge LA. The elusive adenomyosis of the uterus: its historical past and its present state of recognition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1962;83:1541–1563:1542.
- 7.
Carl Rokitansky, Lehrbuch der Pathologischen Anatomie III. Auflage 1855–1861. III. Band p. 488–491. Also cited by Pick L. Arch f Gynaek 1905;lxxvi:251–275, and Sampson JA. Heterotopic or misplaced endometrial tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1925;10:649–664:655.
- 8.
Chiari H. Zur pathologischen Anatomie des Eileiter-Catarrhs. Pager Ztschr. Heilkunde 1887;8:457–473. That same year, Martin reported cases similar to Chiari. Martin. Uber Tubenkrankung. Zeitschr für Geb und Gynak 1887;13. S. 299. Martin cited by: Cuthbert Lockyer, Fibroids and Allied Tumours (Myoma and Adenomyoma): Their Pathology, Clinical Features and Surgical Treatment [London: Macmillan and Company, 1918], 284.
- 9.
Robert Meyer, Autobiography of Dr. Robert Meyer (1864–1947): A Short Abstract of a Long Life. With a Memoir of Dr. Meyer by Emil Novak, MD. [New York: Henry Schuman, 1949], 33. Friedrich v. Recklinghausen, Die Adenomyome und Cystadenome der Uterus- und Tubenwandung ihre Abkunft von Resten des Wolff’schen Korpers. Im Anhang: Von W. A. Freund, Klinische Notizen zu den voluminosen Adenomyomen des Uterus [Berlin: Verlag von August Hirschwald, 1896.]
- 10.
Von Recklinghausen F. Ueber die Adenomyome des Uterus und der Tuba. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1895;29:530. In 1925, Oskar Frankl recommended that the designation “adenomyoma uteri” be reserved for encapsulated adenomyoma and that diffuse adenomyosis be called “adenomyosis.” Frankl O. Adenomyosis uteri. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1925;10:680–684. See also: Benagiano G, Brosens I. History of adenomyosis. Best Practice Research Clinical Obstet Gynaecol 2006;20:449–463.
- 11.
Friedrich v. Recklinghausen, Die Adenomyome und Cystadenome der Uterus- und Tubenwandung ihre Abkunft von Resten des Wolff’schen Korpers. Im Anhang: Von W. A. Freund, Klinische Notizen zu den voluminosen Adenomyomen des Uterus [Berlin: Verlag von August Hirschwald, 1896.] Cullen, TS. Adeno-myoma uteri diffusum benignum. Bulletin Johns Hopkins Hospital 1896;6:133–157:139.
- 12.
Cuthbert Lockyer, Fibroids and Allied Tumours (Myoma and Adenomyoma): Their Pathology, Clinical Features and Surgical Treatment [London: Macmillan and Company, 1918],
- 13.
During Sampson’s life time, Robert Meyer, Emil Novak, Peter Grünwald, GH Gardiner, Brooks Ranney, and Joe V Meigs supported the theory of coelomic metaplasia. See Robert Meyer, Autobiography of Dr. Robert Meyer: (1864–1947): A Short Abstract of a Long Life [New York: Henry Schuman, 1949], 78. “Peter Grünwald, the embryologist in Boston, insists that endometriosis may arise from coelomic epithelium.”
- 14.
Javert CT. Pathogenesis of endometriosis based on endometrial homeoplasia, direct extension, exfoliation ad implantation, lymphatic, and hematogenous metastasis. (Including five case reports of endometrial tissue in pelvic lymph nodes). Cancer 1949;2:399–410:407.
- 15.
Javert CT. Cancer 1949;2:399–410:407.
- 16.
Javert CT. Cancer 1949;2:399–410. See: Benagiano G, Brosens I. History of Adenomyosis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2006;20:449–463:460. See also Brosens IA, Brosens JJ. Endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;90:159–164. Though much of the twentieth century research has “focused on the finding evidence for Sampson’s regurgitation theory…the underlying mechanism, implantation, and/or induction, remains unsolved.”
- 17.
Robert Meyer, Autobiography of Dr. Robert Meyer: (1864–1947): A Short Abstract of a Long Life [New York: Henry Schuman, 1949], 33.
- 18.
Sampson JA. The clinical manifestations of uterine cancer. International Clinics 1908;(Series 18(2):176–201:199.
- 19.
Fallon J. Endometriosis in youth. JAMA 1946;131:1405.
- 20.
Miller JR. Preoperative use of testosterone propionate as aid to surgical treatment of endometriosis. JAMA 1944;125:207–208.
- 21.
Karnaky, KJ. Use of stilbestrol for endometriosis: preliminary report. South M J 1948;41:1109.
- 22.
Meigs JV. Endometriosis. Ann Surg 1948;127:795–809:805.
- 23.
Catch-up and continuing medical education for returning WWII veterans was provided by Joe Vincent Meigs and Somers H. Sturgis, editors of Progress in Gynecology. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1946. Also in 1946, Nicholas J. Eastman and Emil Novak founded and edited the Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey.
- 24.
Cohen MR. Culdoscopy vs. peritoneoscopy. Obstet Gynecol 1968;31:319–21.
- 25.
In 1971, Jordan Phillips founded the American Association for Gynecological Laparoscopy, and through the AAGL taught laparoscopic and later microsurgical skills to thousands of gynecologists. Ronald E. Batt. Jordan M Phillips, MD – Postdoctoral educator-at-large. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1992;37:626–628. (Translated by Dr. Han Yu Chi of Tianjin Medical, College Library People’s Republic of China for the Translation Journal, 1993). Ronald E. Batt. Jordan Matthew Phillips, MD: Visionary, Founder of the AAGL, Organizational Genius. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 2007; 14:536–7.
- 26.
Endometriosis Association. International Headquarters, 8585 N. 76th Place, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 53223.
- 27.
Rier SE, Martin DC, Bowman RE, Dmowski WP, Becker JL. Endometriosis in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following chronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1993;21:433–41.
- 28.
Maurice A. Bruhat and Michel Canis, eds. Endometriosis [Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 1987], ix–x.
- 29.
Maurice A. Bruhat, “Preface,” in Maurice A. Bruhat and Michel Canis, eds. Endometriosis [Basel, Switzerland:Karger, 1987], ix–x.
- 30.
Michel Henri Jean Canis, Thesis pour le Doctorat en Medecine (Diplome d’Etat) par CANIS Michel, Henri, Jean. Ne le 3 Octobre 1957 a Chamalieres (PUY-DE-DOME) Presentee et soutenue publiquement le 30 octobre 1894. “TENTATIVE DE MISE AU POINT SUR L’ENDOMETRIOSE EN 1984.” [Doctorat en Medicine. Universite de Clermont I Faculte de Medicine, 1984]. [An Attempt to Launch an Investigation into the State of Endometriosis].
- 31.
The World Endometriosis Society was founded in 1998 to promote the exchange of clinical experience, scientific thought, and investigation among gynaecologists, endocrinologists, scientists, biologists, and other qualified individuals interested in advancing the field of endometriosis.
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Batt, R.E. (2011). Scientific Objectivity. In: A History of Endometriosis. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-585-9_11
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