Abstract
Preventing bone resorption or facilitating bone regeneration are major clinical challenges for several dental procedures, including ridge preservation after tooth extractions, integration of tooth implants, and the treatment of severe periodontal disease1, 2. Many of the current treatments fail because of the inability of the materials and methods to heal osseous defects. Thus, recent directions in tissue engineering suggest strategies to design synthetic carriers for cell-based therapies that are targeted towards bone regeneration. For example, several groups3–5 are interested in the development of injectable gel carriers that would allow simple and reproducible clinical delivery of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to treat bone defects. From a bone tissue engineering perspective, hMSCs have many advantages. A large number of hMSCs can be easily obtained by aspiration of adult bone marrow6, and these multipotent cells can then be coaxed to differentiate into osteoblasts by exposure to specific growth factors or hormones at the right time and with the right dose (e.g., dexamethasone, BMPs, others)7–9. During their differentiation to osteoblasts, hMSCs secrete significant amounts of extracellular matrix molecules, providing further advantages for tissue regeneration. Because of these properties, numerous groups are exploring the development of hydrogels for three-dimensional culture and expansion of hMSCs; controlled differentiation of hMSCs to osteoblasts10, chondrocytes11, and other cell types12; and the targeted delivery of hMSCs to bone defects13.
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Nuttelman, C.R., Kloxin, A.M., Anseth, K.S. (2006). Temporal Changes in PEG Hydrogel Structure Influence Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation and Matrix Mineralization. In: Fisher, J.P. (eds) Tissue Engineering. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 585. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34133-0_10
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