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Advances in Animal Models of Drug Addiction

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Molecular and Functional Models in Neuropsychiatry

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 7))

Abstract

Drug addiction is a syndrome of impaired response inhibition and salience attribution, which involves a complex neurocircuitry underlying drug reinforcement, drug craving, and compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors despite adverse consequences. The concept of disease stages with transitions from acute rewarding effects to early- and end-stage addiction has had an important impact on the design of nonclinical animal models. This chapter reviews the main advances in nonclinical paradigms that aim to at model (1) positive and negative reinforcing effects of addictive drugs; (2) relapse to drug-seeking behavior; (3) reconsolidation of drug cue memories, and (4) compulsive/impulsive drug intake. In addition, recent small animal neuroimaging studies and invertebrate models will be briefly discussed (see also Bifone and Gozzi, Animal models of ADHD, 2011). Continuous improvement in modeling drug intake, craving, withdrawal symptoms, relapse, and comorbid psychiatric associations is a necessary step to better understand the etiology of the disease and to ultimately foster the discovery, validation and optimization of new efficacious pharmacotherapeutic approaches. The modeling of specific subprocesses or constructs that address clinically defined criteria will ultimately increase our understanding of the disease as a whole. Future research will have to address the questions of whether some of these constructs can be reliably used as outcome measures to assess the effects of a treatment in clinical settings, whether changes in those measures can be a target of therapeutic efforts, and whether they relate to biological markers of traits such as impulsivity, which contribute to increased drug-seeking and may predict binge-like patterns of drug intake.

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Abbreviations

5-CSRT:

5-Choice serial reaction time

6-OHDA:

6-Hydroxydopamine

AA:

Alko alcohol rats

ADE:

Alcohol deprivation effect

ANA:

Alko non alcohol rats

APA:

American Psychiatric Association

BSR:

Brain stimulation reward

CPA:

Conditioned place aversion

CPP:

Conditioned place preference

CS:

Conditioned stimulus

DA:

Dopamine

DSM-IV:

Diagnostic and statistical manual fourth edition

EMCDDA:

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction

fMRI:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

FR:

Fixed ratio

HAD:

High alcohol drinking rats

HAP:

High alcohol preferring mice

ICD-10:

International classification of diseases and related health problems tenth revision

ICSS:

Intracranial self-stimulation

LAP:

Low alcohol preferring mice

LgA:

Long-access escalation

MK-801:

(5S,10R)-(+)-5-Methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclo hepten-5, 10-imine maleate

NAc:

Nucleus accumbens

NMDA:

N-methyl-d-aspartate

OFC:

Orbitofrontal cortex

PET:

Positron emission tomography

phMRI:

Pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging

PR:

Progressive ratio

SD:

Discriminative stimulus

sP:

Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats

VTA:

Ventral tegmental area

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Heidbreder, C. (2011). Advances in Animal Models of Drug Addiction. In: Hagan, J. (eds) Molecular and Functional Models in Neuropsychiatry. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 7. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2010_107

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