Skip to main content

Anxiety Disorders Diagnosis: Some History and Controversies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Behavioral Neurobiology of Anxiety and Its Treatment

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 2))

Abstract

Treatment of and research on anxiety disorders depends on the adequate conceptualization and measurement of these conditions. We review the history of the nosology of anxiety disorders and note that divisions of “neurosis” have inadvertently taken attention away from what is shared among conditions now classified separately. We note the changes in the definition of agoraphobia over time and the striking differences between DSM-IV and ICD-10 definitions. We mention ongoing controversies in the diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Finally, we discuss controversies surrounding the proper placement of obsessive-compulsive disorder and putatively related conditions in future diagnostic classifications. We hope that reviewing controversial aspects of diagnosis is useful to clinicians and researchers interested in the neurobiology of anxiety disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edn. APA, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edn. APA, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. APA, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association, Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics (1952) Diagnostic and statistical manual: mental disorders. APA Mental Hospital Service, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association, Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics (1968) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2nd edn. APA, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen NC (2004) Acute and delayed posttraumatic stress disorder: a history and some issues. Am J Psychiatry 161:1321–1323

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews G, Stewart G, Morris-Yates A et al (1990) Evidence for a general neurotic syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 157:6–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews G, Slade T, Issakidis C (2002) Deconstructing current comorbidity: data from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Br J Psychiatry 181:306–314

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angst J, Gamma A, Bienvenu OJ et al (2006) Varying temporal criteria for generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence and clinical characteristics in a young age cohort. Psychol Med 36:1283–1292

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Argyle N, Roth M (1989) The phenomenological study of 90 patients with panic disorder, part II. Psychiatr Dev 7:187–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arrindell WA, Eisemann M, Richter J et al (2003) Phobic anxiety in 11 nations. part 1: dimensional constancy of the five-factor model. Behav Res Ther 41:469–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Battie W (1758) A treatise on madness. J Whiston & B White, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Beard GM (1880) A practical treatise on nervous exhaustion (neurasthenia). W Wood, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bienvenu OJ, Nestadt G, Eaton WW (1998) Characterizing generalized anxiety: temporal and symptomatic thresholds. J Nerv Ment Dis 186:51–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bienvenu OJ, Samuels JF, Riddle MA et al (2000) The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry 48:287–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bienvenu OJ, Brown C, Samuels JF et al (2001) Normal personality traits and comorbidity among phobic, panic and major depressive disorders. Psychiatry Res 10:73–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Bienvenu OJ, Onyike CU, Stein MB et al (2006) Agoraphobia in adults: incidence and longitudinal relationship with panic. Br J Psychiatry 188:432–438

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boissier de Sauvages F (1752) Pathologica Methodica. De Tournes, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd JH, Burke JD, Gruenberg E et al (1984) Exclusion criteria of DSM-III: a study of co-occurrence of hierarchy-free syndromes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:983–989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau N, Davis GC (1985) DSM-III generalized anxiety disorder: an empirical investigation of more stringent criteria. Psychiatry Res 14:231–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslau N, Kessler RC (2001) The stressor criterion in DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder: an empirical investigation. Biol Psychiatry 50:699–704

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P et al (1991) Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:216–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau N, Lucia VC, Davis GC (2004) Partial PTSD versus full PTSD: an empirical examination of associated impairment. Psychol Med 34:1205–1214

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewin CR, Andrews B, Rose S et al (1999) Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of violent crime. Am J Psychiatry 156:360–366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewin CR, Andrews B, Rose S (2003) Diagnostic overlap between acute stress disorder and PTSD in victims of violent crime. Am J Psychiatry 160:783–785

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown TA, Campbell LA, Lehman CL et al (2001) Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. J Abnorm Psychol 110:585–599

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant RA, Creamer M, O’Donnell ML et al (2008) A multisite study of the capacity of acute stress disorder diagnosis to predict posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 69:923–929

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Classen C, Koopman C, Hales R et al (1998) Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 155:620–624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper JE, Kendell RE, Gurland BJ et al (1969) Cross-national study of diagnosis of the mental disorders: some results from the first comparative investigation. Am J Psychiatry 125(Suppl 10):21–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox BJ, Clara IP, Enns MW (2002) Posttraumatic stress disorder and the structure of common mental disorders. Depress Anxiety 15:168–171

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox BJ, McWilliams LA, Clara IP et al (2003) The structure of feared situations in a nationally representative sample. J Anxiety Disord 17:89–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craske MG (1996) Is agoraphobic avoidance secondary to panic attacks? In: Widiger TA, Frances AJ, Pincus HA et al (eds) DSM-IV sourcebook. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Craske MG, Barlow DH, Clark DM et al (1996) Specific (simple) phobias. In: Widiger TA, Frances AJ, Pincus HA et al (eds) DSM-IV sourcebook. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Creed F, Barsky A (2004) A systematic review of the epidemiology of somatization disorder and hypochondriasis. J Psychosom Res 56:391–408

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen W (1807) First lines on the practice of physic. E Merriam, Brookfield, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers A, Mayou RA, Bryant B (1998) Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. J Abnorm Psychol 107:508–519

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faravelli C, Pallanti S, Biondi F et al (1992) Onset of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 149:827–828

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fava GA, Grandi S, Canestrari R (1988) Prodromal symptoms in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Am J Psychiatry 145:1564–1567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fava GA, Grandi S, Rafanelli C et al (1992) Prodromal symptoms in panic disorder with agoraphobia: a replication study. J Affect Disord 26:85–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fava GA, Rafanelli C, Tossani E et al (2008) Agoraphobia is a disease: a tribute to Sir Martin Roth. Psychother Psychosom 77:133–138

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feigner JP, Robins E, Guze SB et al (1972) Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:57–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Frances A, Miele GM, Widiger TA et al (1993) The classification of panic disorders: from Freud to DSM-IV. J Psychiatr Res 27(Suppl 1):3–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freud S (1895/1962) On the grounds for detaching a particular syndrome from neurasthenia under the description ‘anxiety neurosis’. In: Strachey J (ed) Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, vol 3. Hogarth Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Freyberger HJ, Spitzer C (2005) Dissociative disorders. Nervenarzt 76:893–899

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frost RO, Gross RC (1993) The hoarding of possessions. Behav Res Ther 31:367–381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurland BJ, Fleiss JL, Cooper JE et al (1969) Cross-national study of diagnosis of the mental disorders: some comparisons of diagnostic criteria from the first investigation. Am J Psychiatry 125(Suppl 10):30–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartenberg P (1901) Les timides et la timidite. Alcan, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey AG, Bryant RA (1999) The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a 2-year prospective evaluation. J Consult Clin Psychol 67:985–988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward C, Wilson KA (2008) Anxiety sensitivity: a missing piece to the agoraphobia-without-panic puzzle. Behav Modif 31:162–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward C, Killen JD, Taylor CB (2003) The relationship between agoraphobic symptoms and panic disorder in a nonclinical sample of adolescents. Psychol Med 33:733–738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hettema JM (2008a) What is the genetic relationship between anxiety and depression? Am J Med Genet Part C Semin Med Genet 148C:140–146

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hettema JM (2008b) The nosologic relationship between generalized anxiety disorder and major depression. Depress Anxiety 25:300–316

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn-Saric R, Borkovec TD, Belzer K (2007) Generalized anxiety disorder. In: Gabbard GO (ed) Treatments of DSM-IV-TR psychiatric disorders. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander E, Braun A, Simeon D (2008) Should OCD leave the anxiety disorders in DSM-V? The case for obsessive compulsive-related disorders. Depress Anxiety 25:317–329

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horwath E, Lish JD, Johnson J et al (1993) Agoraphobia without panic: clinical reappraisal of an epidemiologic finding. Am J Psychiatry 150:1496–1501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janet P (1908) Obsessions and psychasthenia. Alcan, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn AA, Jacobson KC, Gardner CO et al (2005) Personality and comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders. Br J Psychiatry 186:190–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendell RF, Cooper JE, Gourlay AJ et al (1971) Diagnostic criteria of American and British psychiatrists. Arch Gen Psychiatry 25:123–130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS (1996) Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder, (partly) different environments – revisited. Br J Psychiatry 168:68–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC et al (1992a) Generalized anxiety disorder in women: a population-based twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:267–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC et al (1992b) Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: same genes, (partly) different environments? Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:716–722

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Prescott CA, Myers J et al (2003) The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:929–937

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Gatz M et al (2006) The sources of co-morbidity between major depression and generalized anxiety disorder in a Swedish national twin sample. Psychol Med 37:453–462

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler RC (1995) Epidemiology of psychiatric comorbidity. In: Tsuang MT, Tohen M, Zahner GEP (eds) Textbook in psychiatric epidemiology. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler RC, Brandenburg N, Lane M et al (2005a) Rethinking the duration requirement for generalized anxiety disorder: evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol Med 35:1073–1082

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O et al (2005b) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:617–627

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein DF (1964) Delineation of two drug-responsive anxiety syndromes. Psychopharmacologia 5:397–408

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein DF (1980) Anxiety reconceptualized. Compr Psychiatry 21:411–427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knoff WF (1970) A history of the concept of neurosis, with a memoir of William Cullen. Am J Psychiatry 127:120–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer M (1969) Cross-national study of diagnosis of the mental disorders: origin of the problem. Am J Psychiatry 125(Suppl 10):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger RF (1999) The structure of common mental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:921–926

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger RF, Caspi A, Moffitt TE et al (1998) The structure and stability of common mental disorders (DSM-III-R): a longitudinal-epidemiological study. J Abnorm Psychol 107:216–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger RF, McGrue M, Iacono WG (2001) The higher order structure of common DSM mental disorders: internalization, externalization, and their connections to personality. Pers Individ Dif 30:1245–1259

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger RF, Chentsova-Dutton YE, Markon KE et al (2003) A cross-cultural study of the structure of comorbidity among common psychopathological syndromes in the general health care setting. J Abnorm Psychol 107:216–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuch K, Swinson RP (1992) Agoraphobia: what Westphal really said. Can J Psychiatry 37:133–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Grand du Saulle H (1878) Etude clinique sur la peur des espaces (agoraphobie, des Allemandes). V Adrien Delahaye, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Tsang A, Ruscio AM et al (2008) Implications of modifying the duration requirement of generalized anxiety disorder in developed and developing countries. Psychol Med. doi:10.1017/S0033291708004807

    Google Scholar 

  • Lelliott P, Marks I, McNamee G et al (1989) Onset of panic disorder with agoraphobia: toward an integrated model. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:1000–1004

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis AJ (1938) States of depression: clinical and aetiological differentiation. BMJ 11:875–878

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieb R, Mienlschmidt G, Araya R (2007) Epidemiology of the association between somatoform disorders and anxiety and depressive disorders: an update. Psychosom Med 69:860–863

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks IM (1970) A classification of phobic disorders. Br J Psychiatry 116:377–386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks IM (1987) Fears, phobias and rituals: panic, anxiety, and their disorders. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall RD, Spitzer RL, Liebowitz MR (1999) Review and critique of the new DSM-IV diagnosis of acute stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 156:1677–1685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall RD, Olfson M, Hellman F et al (2001) Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD. Am J Psychiatry 158:1467–1473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marten PA, Brown TA, Barlow DH et al (1993) Evaluation of the ratings comprising the associated symptom criterion of DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 181:676–682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mataix-Cols D, Pertusa A, Leckman JF (2007) Issues for DSM-V: how should obsessive-compulsive and related disorders be classified? Am J Psychiatry 164:1313–1314

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McHugh PR, Treisman G (2007) PTSD: a problematic diagnostic construct. J Anxiety Disord 21:211–222

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McReynolds P (1975) Changing conceptions of anxiety: a historical review and a proposed integration. In: Sarason IG, Spielberger CD (eds) Stress and anxiety, vol 2. Hemisphere, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas KR, Angst J, Eaton WW et al (1996) Comorbidity and boundaries with anxiety disorders and substance misuse: results of an international task force. Br J Psychiatry 168:58–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller MW, Fogler JM, Wolf EJ et al (2008) The internalizing and externalizing structure of psychiatric comorbidity in combat veterans. J Trauma Stress 21:58–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray J, Ehlers A, Mayou RA (2002) Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder: two prospective studies of road traffic accident survivors. Br J Psychiatry 180:363–368

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nestadt G, Samuels J, Riddle MA et al (2001) The relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety and affective disorders: results from the Johns Hopkins OCD Family Study. Psychol Med 31:481–487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norman SB, Stein MB, Davidson JR (2007) Profiling posttraumatic functional impairment. J Nerv Ment Dis 195:48–53

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perugi G, Toni C, Benedetti A et al (1998) Delineating a putative phobic-anxious temperament in 126 panic-agoraphobic patients: towards a rapprochement of European and US views. J Affect Disord 47:11–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regier DA (2007) Obsessive-compulsive behavior spectrum: refining the research agenda for the DSM-V. CNS Spectr 12:343–344

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribot T (1896) The psychology of emotions. Walter Scott, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Rickels K, Rynn MA (2001) What is generalized anxiety disorder? J Clin Psychiatry 62(Suppl 11):4–12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen GM, Spitzer RL, McHugh PR (2008) Problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis and its future in DSM-V. Br J Psychiatry 192:3–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy MA, Neale MC, Pedersen NL et al (1995) A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression. Psychol Med 25:1037–1049

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruscio AM, Lane M, Roy-Byrne P et al (2005) Should excessive worry be required for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder? Results from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol Med 35:1761–1772

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena S (2008) Neurobiology and treatment of compulsive hoarding. CNS Spectr 13(9 Suppl 14):29–36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slade T, Watson D (2006) The structure of common DSM-IV and ICD-10 mental disorder in the Australian general population. Psychol Med 36:1593–1600

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slater E, Slater P (1944) A heuristic theory of neurosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 7:49–55

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E (1978) Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35:773–782

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein DJ (2008) Is disorder x in category or spectrum y? General considerations and application to the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 25:330–335

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein MB, Bienvenu OJ (2008) Diagnostic classification of anxiety disorders: DSM-V and beyond. In: Charney DS, Nestler EJ (eds) Neurobiology of mental illness. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein MB, Walker JR, Hazen AL et al (1997) Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a community survey. Am J Psychiatry 154:1114–1119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steketee G, Frost R (2003) Compulsive hoarding: current status of the research. Clin Psychol Rev 23:905–927

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone MH (2002) History of anxiety disorders. In: Stein DJ, Hollander E (eds) Textbook of anxiety disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Storch EA, Abramowitz J, Goodman WK (2008) Where does obsessive-compulsive disorder belong in DSM-V? Depress Anxiety 25:336–347

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyrer P (1985) Neurosis divisible? Lancet 1:685–688

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VolleberghWA IJ, Bijl RV et al (2001) The structure and stability of common mental disorders: the NEMESIS study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:597–603

    Google Scholar 

  • Westphal C (1872) Die agoraphobie: eine neuropatische erscheinung. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 3:138–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Whytt R (1765) Observations on the nature, causes, and cure of those disorders which have commonly been called nervous, hypochondriac or hysteric, to which are prefixed some remarks on the sympathy of the nerves. Becket & du Hondt, Edinburgh, Scotland

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittchen H-U, Reed V, Kessler RC (1998) The relationship of agoraphobia and panic in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:1017–1024

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittchen H-U, Gloster A, Beesdo K et al (2009) Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnostic and epidemiological perspectives. CNS Spectr 14(1 Suppl 1):5–12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1992) International classification of disease and related disorders (ICD-10). WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1993) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu KD, Watson D (2005) Hoarding and its relation to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 43:897–921

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zubin J (1969) Cross-national study of diagnosis of the mental disorders: methodology and planning. Am J Psychiatry 125(Suppl 10):12–20

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to O. Joseph Bienvenu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bienvenu, O.J., Wuyek, L.A., Stein, M.B. (2009). Anxiety Disorders Diagnosis: Some History and Controversies. In: Stein, M., Steckler, T. (eds) Behavioral Neurobiology of Anxiety and Its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2009_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics