Abstract
The tripartite model of anxiety includes three response domains: cognitive (most often identified by self report), behavioral, and physiological. Each is suggested to bring a separate element of response characteristics and, in some cases, potentially independent underlying mechanisms to the construct of anxiety. In this chapter, commonly used behavioral correlates of anxiety in human research, including startle reflex, attentional bias, and avoidance tasks, as well as future tasks using virtual reality technology will be discussed. The focus will be in evaluating their translational utility supported by (1) convergent validity with other measures of anxiety traits or anxiety disorders, (2) their use in identifying neural and genetic mechanisms of anxiety, and (3) ability to predict treatment efficacy.
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Notes
- 1.
As opposed to humans, rodents are nocturnal, and lit conditions tend to be more threatening as they increase the chances of being observed by predators.
- 2.
How does this fit with the efficacy of benzodiazepines in the clinic? One might expect then that phobias to specific cues, which on its face would be the most similar form of anxiety to the fear potentiated model, are less treatable by benzodiazepines, and indeed, behavioral therapy has been the most effective first line treatment for specific phobias (Argyropoulos and Nutt 1999; Davidson 1997; Verster and Volkerts 2004). There is evidence, however, that benzodiazepines reduce fear and behavioral avoidance in claustrophobia (Tschirch et al. 2007), agoraphobia (Carter et al. 1995), and public speaking (Graeff et al. 2003; Lee 2004). Thus, although benzodiazepines are not first line treatments for most phobias due to interference with extinction processes(Lee 2004), sedation, toxicity and abuse potential, they are effective in short term reduction of phobic symptoms. Benzodiazepines have been shown to reduce self report of fear but not behavioral measures of fear (reduced approach) in animal phobia (Sartory et al. 1990); however, higher doses of benzodiazepines reduce both anxiety and approach behavior (Whitehead et al. 1978). These data suggest that behavioral manifestations of phobias may be more resilient to benzodiazepine treatment than the conscious fear emotions, although this speculation requires testing.
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Support was provided by the National Institute of Health grant MH074697 and the Veterans Affair’s Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health.
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Risbrough, V. (2009). Behavioral Correlates of Anxiety. In: Stein, M., Steckler, T. (eds) Behavioral Neurobiology of Anxiety and Its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2009_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2009_11
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