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Strukturelle und funktionelle Bildgebung

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Akute und therapieresistente Depressionen

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Zusammenfassung

Strukturelle und funktionelle Bildgebungsverfahren werden bereits gegenwärtig bei Diagnostik und Therapie primärer und sekundärer affektiver Störungen angewandt und haben großes Potenzial für die Zukunft. Strukturelle Bildgebung ist insbesondere bei der klinischen Handhabung solcher psychischer Störungen wichtig, die in der Folge somatischer und neurologischer Prozesse auftreten, wie z. B. traumatische Hirnverletzungen, Hirntumoren, Schlaganfälle, Sklerose und zerebrale Krampfanfälle. Bei primären affektiven Störungen verbessert die strukturelle Bildgebung unser Verständnis der Neuroanatomie dieser Störungen einschließlich der Differenzierung von diagnostischen Subtypen sowie von Therapierespondern und -nonrespondern.

Die am häufigsten auftretenden Befunde bei Patienten mit psychischen Störungen sind Ventrikelerweiterung, vermehrte subkortikale Hyperintensitäten und regionale Reduktion des Hirnvolumens. Forschungsprojekte mit funktioneller Bildgebung wie PET (Positronenemissionstomographie), SPECT (Single-Photon-Emissions-Computertomographie), MRS (Magnetresonanzspectroskopie) und funktioneller MRT haben die Rolle der präfrontalen und anterioren paralimbischen Stukturen bei affektiven Störungen bestätigt. Im Allgemeinen untermauern funktionelle Bildgebungsbefunde die Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den neuropathologischen Prozessen, die bei primären und sekundären affektiven Störungen involviert sind, wobei der häufigste Befund eine Hypofunktionalität anteriorer Strukturen ist. Neuere Berichte zeigen bei Therapierespondern im Vergleich zu Nonrespondern metabolische Unterschiede, die meist in anterioren paralimbischen Stukturen nachweisbar sind. — Weitere Fortschritte vorausgesetzt, könnte sich die funktionelle Bildgebung in der Psychiatrie nicht nur als reines Forschungsinstrument, sondern auch als nützliches Verfahren der klinischen Praxis erweisen.

Affektive Störungen sind eine heterogene Gruppe von Krankheiten, die in Symptomatik, Schwere und Langzeitverlauf variieren. Neuere Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass der klinischen Diversität auch eine biologische Heterogenität entspricht — eine Vorstellung, die dadurch unterstützt wird, dass die Wirksamkeit einer Therapie von Patient zu Patient deutlich variieren kann. Neue Wege, Therapeutika noch effektiver und zielgerichteter bei therapieresistenten affektiven Störungen einzusetzen, werden dringend gebraucht.

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  1. P.W. Wang
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    Michael Bauer  & Mazda Adli  & 

  2. Institut für Sozialmedizin, Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsökonomie, Charité — Universitätsklinik Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Luisenstr. 57, 10117, Berlin

    Anne Berghöfer

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Wang, P., Ketter, T. (2005). Strukturelle und funktionelle Bildgebung. In: Bauer, M., Berghöfer, A., Adli, M. (eds) Akute und therapieresistente Depressionen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28049-9_10

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