Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Medical Importance of Mosquitoes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mosquitoes

Part of the book series: Fascinating Life Sciences ((FLS))

  • 1121 Accesses

Abstract

Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of many medically important pathogens and parasites such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans and nematodes causing serious human diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Zika, West Nile, yellow fever, encephalitis or filariasis (Kettle 1995; Beaty and Marquardt 1996; Lehane 1991; Caraballo 2014).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allering L, Jöst H, Emmerich P, Günther S, Lattwein E, Schmidt M, Seifried E, Sambri V, Hourfar K, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2012) Detection of Usutu virus infection in a healthy blood donor from South-West Germany, 2012. Euro Surveill: Bulletin Européen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin 17(50)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alphey L, Beard CB, Billingsley P, Coetze M, Crisanti A (2002) Malaria control with genetically manipulated insect vectors. Science 298:119–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Main AJ (2014) Spatial-temporal analysis of Cache Valley virus (Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) infection in anopheline and culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the northeastern United States, 1997–2012. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis 14:763–773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aranda C, Panyella O, Eritja R, Castella J (1998) Canine filariasis: importance and transmission in the Baix Llobregat area, Barcelona (Spain). Vet Parasitol 77(4):267–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aranda C, Martínez MJ, Montalvo T, Eritja R, Navero-Castillejos J, Herreros E, Marqués E, Escosa R, Corbella I, Bigas E, Picart L, Jané M, Barrabeig I, Torner N, Talavera S, Vázquez A, Sánchez-Seco MP, Busquets N (2018) Arbovirus surveillance: first dengue virus detection in local Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in Europe, Catalonia, Spain, 2015. Eur Secur 23:47. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.47.1700837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aspöck H (1979) Biogeographie der Arboviren Europas Beitr Z Geoökologie d Menschen, 3. Geomed Symp Geograph Z Beiheft 51:11–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspöck H (1996) Stechmücken als Virusüberträger in Mitteleuropa. Nova Acta Leopoldina 292:37–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Baqar S, Hayes CG, Murphy JR, Watts DM (1993) Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex and Aedes species mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48(6):757–762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbic L, Vilibic-Cavlek T, Listes E, Stevanovic V, Gjenero-Margan I, Ljubin-Sternak S, Pem-Novosel I et al (2013) Demonstration of Usutu virus antibodies in horses, Croatia. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis 13(10):772–774

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardos V, Cupkova B (1962) The Calovo virus-the second virus isolated from mosquitoes in Czechoslovakia. J Hyg Epid Microbiol Immunol 6:186–192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaty BJ, Marquardt WC (1996) The biology of disease vectors. University Press of Colorado, Colorado, p 632

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker N (2008) Influence of climate change on mosquito development and mosquito-borne diseases in Europe. Parasitol Res 103:19–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker N, Jöst H, Ziegler U, Eiden M, Höper D, Emmerich P, Fichet-Calvet E et al (2012a) Epizootic emergence of Usutu virus in wild and captive birds in Germany. PLoS ONE 7(2):e32604. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032604. Edited by Justin David Brown

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Becker N, Pluskota B, Kaiser A, Schaffner F (2012b) Exotic mosquitoes conquer the world. In: Mehlhorn H (ed) Parasitology research monographs 3. Springer, Berlin, pp 31–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker N, Schön S, Klein AM, Ferstl I, Kizgin A, Tannich E, Kuhn C, Pluskota B, Jöst A (2017) First mass development of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) – its surveillance and control in Germany. Parasitol Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5356

  • Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Farlow AW, Moyes CL ea (2013) The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 496:504–507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blackmore CG, Blackmore MS, Grimstad PR (1998) Role of Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Coquillettidia perturbans (Diptera: Culicidae) in the transmission cycle of Cache Valley virus (Bunyaviridae: Bunyavirus) in the midwest, USA. J Med Entomol 35:660–664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boreham PFL, Atwell RB (eds) (1988) Dirofilariasis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady OJ, Gething PW, Bhatt S, Messina JP, Brownstein JS, Hoen AG et al (2012) Refining the global spatial limits of dengue virus transmission by evidence-based consensus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 6:e1760. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001760

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce-Chwatt LJ, de Zulueta J (1980) The rise and fall of malaria in Europe. A historico-epidemiological study. University Press, Oxford, p 240

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce-Chwatt LJ, Draper CC, Avradamis D, Kazandzoglou O (1975) Sero-epidemiological surveillance of disappearing malaria in Greece. J Trop Med Hyg 78:194–200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cadar D, Becker N, Mendonca Campos R, Börstler J, Jöst H, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2014) Usutu virus in bats, Germany, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 20(10):1771–1773

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cadar D, Maier P, Müller S, Kress J, Chudy M, Bialonski A, Schlaphof A, Jansen S, Jöst H, Tannich E, Runkel S, Hitzler WE, Hutschenreuter G, Wessiepe M, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2017a) Blood donor screening for West Nile virus (WNV) revealed acute Usutu virus (USUV) infection, Germany, September 2016. Euro Surveill 22(14):30501. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.14.30501

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cadar D, Lühken R, van der Jeugd H, Garigliany M, Ziegler U, Keller M, Lahoreau J et al (2017b) Widespread activity of multiple lineages of Usutu virus, Western Europe, 2016. Euro Surveill 22(4). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.4.30452

  • Calba C, Guerbois-Galla M, Franke F et al (2017) Preliminary report of an autochthonous chikungunya outbreak in France. Euro Surveill 22(39):17–00647

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Calisher CH, Karabatsos N (1988) Arbovirus serogroups: definition and geographic distribution. In: Monath TP (ed) The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology, vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 19–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Calzolari M, Gaibani P, Bellini R, Defilippo F, Pierro A et al (2012) Mosquito, bird and human surveillance of West Nile and Usutu viruses in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). PLoS One 7:e38058

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Calzolari M, Bonilauri P, Bellini R, Albieri A, Defilippo F, Tamba M, Tassinari M, Gelati A, Cordioli P, Angelini P, Dottori M (2013) Usutu virus persistence and West Nile virus inactivity in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) in 2011. PLoS One 8(5):e63979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell GL, Ceianu CS, Savage HM (2001) Epidemic West Nile encephalitis in Romania. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951:94–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02688.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantile C, di Guardo G, Eleni C, Aruspici M (2000) Clinical and neuropathological features of West Nile virus equine encephalomyelitis in Italy. Equine Vet J 32(1):31–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caraballo H (2014) Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile Virus. Emerg Med Pract 16(5):1–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson JO (1995) Molecular genetic manipulation of vectors. In: The biology of disease vectors. University Press of Colorado, Colorado, pp 215–228

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2006) Locally acquired mosquito-transmitted malaria: a guide for investigations in the United States. MMWR 55(RR13):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2014) Flaviviridae. National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), Viral Special Pathogens Branch (VSPB), Atlanta, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2018a) West Nile virus and other nationally notifiable arboviral diseases — United States, 2016. www.cdc.gov

  • CDC (2018b) La Crosse encephalitis virus. www.cdc.gov

  • Chaskopoulou A, L’Ambert G, Petric D, Bellini R, Zgomba M, Groen TA et al (2016) Ecology of West Nile fever across four European countries: history of WNV transmission, vector population dynamics & vector control response. Parasit Vectors 9:482

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chippaux A, Rageau J, Mouchet J (1970) Hibernation de l’arbovirus Tahyna chez Cu!ex modestus Fic en France. C R Acad Sci (D) Paris 270:1648–1650

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins FH (1994) Prospects for malaria control through genetic manipulation of its vectors. Parasitol Today 10:370–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crampton JM (1992) Potential application of molecular biology in entomology. In: Crampton JM, Eggleston P (eds) Insect molecular science. San Diego Academic Press, London, pp 4–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Crampton JM, Eggleston P (1992) Biotechnology and the control of mosquitoes. In: Young WK (ed) Animal parasite control utilizing biotechnology. CRC Press Inc Uniscience Volumes, Boca Raton, FL, pp 333–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Crampton JM, Morris A, Lycett G, Warren A, Eggleston P (1990) Transgenic mosquitoes: a future vector control strategy? Parasitol Today 6:31–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czajka C, Becker N, Jöst H et al (2014) Stable transmission of Dirofilaria repens nematodes, northern Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 20(2):328–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dambach P, Louis Valérie R, Kaiser A, Ouedraogo S, Sié A, Sauerborn R, Becker N (2014a) Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis against malaria mosquitoes in northwestern Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors 7:371

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dambach P, Traoré I, Becker N, Kaiser A, Sie´ A, Sauerborn R (2014b) EMIRA: Ecologic Malaria Reduction for Africa – innovative tools for integrated malaria control. Glob Health Action 7:25908. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.25908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danielova V (1992) Relationships of mosquitoes to Tahyna virus as determinant factors of its circulation in nature. Academia Publishing House of the Czechoslovak, Prague

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielova V, Ryba J (1979) Laboratory demonstration of transovarial transmission of Tahyna virus in Aedes vexans and the role of this mechanism in overwintering of this arbovirus. Folia Parasitologica 26:361–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Danis KA, Baka A, Lenglet A, van Bortel W, Terz M, Papanikolaou E, Balaska A, Gewehr S, Dougas G, Sideroglou T, Economopoulou A, Vakalis N, Tsiodras S, Bonovas S, Kretamistinou J (2011) Autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Greece. Euro Surveill 16(42). Pii:19993

    Google Scholar 

  • Detinova TS, Smelova VA (1973) The medical importance of mosquitoes of the fauna of the Soviet Union. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 42:455–471. in Russian

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhiman R, Pahwa S, Dash A (2008) Climate change and malaria in India: interplay between temperatures and mosquitoes. Reg Health Forum 12(1):27–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Dongus S, Nyika D, Kannady K, Mtasiwa D, Mshinda H, Fillinger U, Drescher AW, Tanner M, Castro MC, Killeen GF (2007) Participatory mapping of target areas to enable operational larval source management to suppress malaria vector mosquitoes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77:74–74

    Google Scholar 

  • ECDC (2008) Europe faces heightened risk of vector-borne disease outbreaks such as chikungunya fever. ECDC, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • ECDC (2013) Dengue outbreak in Madeira, Portugal, Stockholm, ECDC 2014 . ISBN 978-92-9193-564-2

    Google Scholar 

  • ECDC (2015) Annual epidemiological reports. https://ecdc.europa.eu

    Google Scholar 

  • ECDC (2016) Malaria – Annual epidemiological report 2016. https://ecdc.europa.eu

    Google Scholar 

  • ECDC (2017) Annual epidemiological reports. https://ecdc.europa.eu

    Google Scholar 

  • ECDC (2018a) Dengue fever facts. https://ecdc.europa.eu

  • ECDC (2018b) Weekly updates: West Nile fever transmission season. https://ecdc.europa.eu

  • ECDC (2019) Autochthonous cases of dengue in Spain and France-October 2019. ECDC, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldridge BF, Edman JD (2000) Medical entomology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, p 659

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott RM (1997) Mini review emerging viruses: the Bunyaviridae. Mol Med 3:572–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eltari E, Zeka S, Gina A, Sharofi F, Stamo K (1987) Epidemiological data on some foci of haemorrhagic fever in our country (in Albanian). Revista Mjekesore 1:5–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Espmark Ä, Niklasson B (1984) Ockelbo disease in Sweden: epidemiological, clinical, and virological data from the 1982 outbreak. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33:203–1211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esteves A, Almeida AP, Galao RP, Parreira R, Piedade J, Rodrigues JC, Sousa CA, Novo MT (2005) West Nile virus in southern Portugal, 2004. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis 5:410–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etang J, Chandre F, Guillet P, Manga L (2004) Reduced bio-efficacy of permethrin EC impregnated bednets against an Anopheles gambiae strain with oxidase-based pyrethroid tolerance. Malar J 3:46–46

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fauvel M, Artsob H, Calisher CH, Davignon L, Chagnon A, Skvorc-RAnko R, Belloncik S (1980) California group virus encephalitis in three children from Quebec: clinical and serologic findings. Can Med Assoc J 1228(1):60–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Filipe AR (1972) Isolation in Portugal of West Nile virus from Anopheles maculipennis mosquitoes. Acta Virol (Praha) 16:361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fillinger U, Lindsay SW (2006) Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11:1629–1642

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fillinger U, Lindsay SW (2011) Larval source management for malaria control in Africa: myths and reality. Malar J 10:353

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Francki RIB, Fauquet CM, Knudson DL, Brown F (1991) Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Fifth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Archives of Virology, Suppl 2. Springer, Wien, p 452

    Google Scholar 

  • Francy DB, Jaenson TGT, Lundström JO, Schildt EB, Espmark A, Henriksson B, Niklasson B (1989) Ecologic studies of mosquitoes and birds as hosts of Ockelbo virus in Sweden, and isolation of Inkoo and Batai viruses from mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41:355–363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz ML, Walker ED, Miller JR, Severson DW, Dworkin I (2015) Divergent host preferences of above- and below-ground Culex pipiens mosquitoes and their hybrid offspring. Med Vet Entomol 29(2):115–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fros JJ, Miesen P, Vogels CB et al (2015) Comparative Usutu and West Nile virus transmission potential by local Culex pipiens mosquitoes in north-western Europe. One Health 1:31–36

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garnham PCC (1966) Malaria parasites and other Haemosporidia. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p 1114

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnham PCC (1980) Malaria in its various vertebrate hosts. In: Kreier JP (ed) Malaria, vol 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 95–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnham PCC (1988) Malaria parasites of man: life-cycles and morphology (excluding ultrastructure). In: Wernsdorfer WH, McGregor I (eds) Malaria principles and practice of malariology, vol 1. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 61–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Giltner LT, Shahan MS (1933) The 1933 outbreak of infectious equine encephalomyelitis in the eastern states. N Am vet 14:25

    Google Scholar 

  • Goddard J (2000) Infectious diseases and arthropods. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp 20–25

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Goddard J (2018) Infectious diseases and athropods. Humana Press, Springer International, p 277. ISBN 978-3-319-75873-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray TJ, Trauer JM, Fairley M, Krause VL, Markey PG (2012) Imported malaria in the Northern Territory, Australia – 428 consecutive cases. Commun Dis 36(1):149

    Google Scholar 

  • Gresikova M, Sekeyova M, Batikova M, Bielikova V (1973) Isolation of Sindbis virus from the organs of a hamster in east Slovakia. In: 1. Internationales Arbeitskolloquium über Naturherde von Infektionskrankheiten in Zentraleuropa, 17–19 April 1973, Illmitz and Graz, pp 59–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubler DJ (2006) Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever: history and current status. Novartis Found Symp 277:3–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gubler DJ, Mount GA, Scanlon JE, Ford HR, Sullivan MF (1998) Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:480–496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gubler DJ, Kuno G, Markoff L (2007) Flaviviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds) Fields virology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp 1153–1252

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillet P, Germain MC, Giacomini T, Chandre F, Akogbeto M, Faye O, Kone A, Manga L, Mouchet J (1998) Origin and prevention of airport malaria in France. Trop Med Int Health 3(9):700–705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulland A (2016) Zika virus is a global public health emergency, declares WHO. BMJ 352:i657

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halouzka J, Pejcoch M, Hubalek Z, Knoz J (1991) Isolation of Tahyna virus from biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Czecho-Slovakia. Acta Virol 35:247–251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond AM, Galizi R (2017) Gene drives to fight malaria: current state and future directions. Pathog Glob Health 111(8):412–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2018.1438880

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannoun C, Panthier R, Mouchet J, Eouzan JP (1964) Isolement en France du virus West-Nile a’partir de malades et du vecteur Culex modestus Ficalbi. C R Acad Sci D Paris 259:4170–4172

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawley WA (1988) The biology of Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 4(Suppl):1–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes EB, Gubler DJ (2006) West Nile virus: epidemiology and clinical features of an emerging epidemic in the Unites States. Annu Rev Med 57:181–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RO, Holden P, Mitchell CJ (1971) Effects on ultra-low volume applications of malathion in Hale County, Texas IV. Arbovirus studies. J Med Ent 8(2):183–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heitmann A, Jansen S, Lühken R, Leggewie M, Badusche M, Pluskota B, Becker N, Vapalahti O, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Tannich E (2017) Experimental transmission of Zika virus by mosquitoes from central Europe. Euro Surveill 22(2):30437. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.2.30437

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hesson JC, Verner-Carlsson J, Larsson A, Ahmed R, Lundkvist A, Lundström JO (2015) Culex torrentium mosquito role as major enzootic vector defined by rate of Sindbis virus infection, Sweden 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 21:875–878

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hubalek Z, Halouzka J (1999) West Nile Fever–a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 5:643–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jetten TH, Takken W (1994) Anophelism without malaria in Europe. A review of the ecology and distribution of the genus Anopheles in Europe. Wageningen Agric Univ, pp 69

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöst H, Bialonski A, Storch V, Günther S, Becker N, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2010) Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Sindbis viruses from mosquitoes in Germany. J Clin Microbiol 48(5):1900–1903

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jöst H, Bürck-Kammerer S, Hütter G, Lattwein E, Lederer S, Litzba N, Bock-Hensley O, Emmerich P, Günther S, Becker N, Niedrig M, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2011a) Medical importance of Sindbis virus in south-west Germany. J Clin Virol 52(3):278–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jöst H, Bialonski A, Maus D, Sambri V, Eiden M et al (2011b) Isolation of Usutu virus in Germany. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85:551–553

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jöst H, Bialonski A, Schmetz C, Günther S, Becker N, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2011c) Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Batai virus, Germany. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84(2):241–243

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jourbert L, Oudar J, Hannoun C, Beytout D, Corniou B, Guillon JC, Panthier R (1970) Epidemiologie du virus West Nile: Etude d’un foyer en Camargue. IV. La meningoencephalomyelite du cheval. Ann Inst Pasteur 118:239–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Karabatsos N (1985) International catalogue of arboviruses: including certain other viruses of vertebrates. Am Soc Trop Med Hyg 1:147. 3rd edition

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay BH, Aaskov JG (1988) Ross River virus disease (Epidemic Polyarthritis). In: Monath TP (ed) The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology, vol IV. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 93–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Kettle DS (1995) Medical and veterinary entomology, 2nd edn. CAB International, Oxon, p 725

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell MG, Ribeiro JMC (1992) Can transposable elements be used to drive disease refractoriness genes into vector populations? Parasitol Today 8:325–329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kielian M, Mettenleiter T, Roossinck MJ (2018) Advances in virus research. Academic Press, p 258

    Google Scholar 

  • Killeen GF, McKenzie FE, Foy BD, Schieffelin C, Billingsley PF, Beier JC (2000) A simplified model for predicting malaria entomological inoculation rates based on entomologic and parasitologic parameters relevant to control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62:535–544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knope KE, Kurucz N, Doggett SL, Muller M, Johansen CA, Feldman R, Hobby M, Bennett S, Sly A, Lynch S, Currie BJ, Nicholson J (2016) Arboviral diseases and malaria in Australia, 2012–13: Annual report of the National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 40(1), Epub

    Google Scholar 

  • Konrad A (2011) Usutuviren-Assoziierter Bestandseinbruch Bei Amseln in Der Nördlichen Oberrheinischen Tiefebene Im Sommer 2011. Avifauna-Nordbaden 42

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozuch O, Labuda M, Nosek J (1978) Isolation of Sindbis virus from the frog Rana ridibunda. Acta Virol Praha 22:78

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kronefeld M, Kampen H, Sassnau R, Werner D (2014) Molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens and Setaria tundra in mosquitoes from Germany. Parasit Vectors 7:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari R, Rawat A, Singh GR, Yadav NK, Ghauhan LS (2013) First indigenous transmission of Japanese Encephalitis in urban areas of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India. Trop Med Int Health 18(6):743–749

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labuda M, Kozuch O, Gresikova M (1974) Isolation of West Nile virus from Aedes cantans mosquitoes in west Slovakia. Acta Virol Praha 18:429–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehane MJ (1991) Biology of blood-sucking insects. Harper Collins Academic, London, p 288

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lequime S, Paul RE, Lambrechts L (2016) Determinants of arbovirus vertical transmission in mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 12(5):e1005548

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay SW, Birley MH (2016) Climate change and malaria transmission. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90(5):573–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linthicum KJ, Kramer VL, Madon MB, Fujioka K, The Surveillance-Control Team (2003) Introduction and potential establishment of Aedes albopictus in California in 2001. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19(4):301–308

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lok JB (1988) Dirofilaria spp. taxonomy and distribution. In: Boreham PFL, Atwell RB (eds) Dirofilariasis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Lühken R, Jöst H, Cadar D, Thomas SM, Bosch S, Tannich E, Becker N, Ziegler U, Lachmann L, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2017) Distribution of Usutu virus in Germany and its effect on breeding bird populations. Emerg Infect Dis 23(12):1994–2001

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lundström JO (1994) Vector competence of western European mosquitoes for arboviruses: a review of field and experimental studies. Bull Soc Vect Ecol 19:23–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundström JO (1999) Mosquito-borne viruses in Western Europe: a review. J Vect Ecol 24(1):1–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundström JO, Pfeffer M (2010) Phylogeographic structure and evolutionary history of Sindbis virus. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis 10:889–907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundström JO, Vene S, Espmark A, Engvall M, Niklasson B (1991) Geographical and temporal distribution of Ockelbo disease in Sweden. Epidem Infect 106:567–574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundström JO, Lindström KM, Olsen B, Krakower D, Dufva R (2001) Prevalence of Sindbis virus neutralizing antibodies among Swedish passerines indicates that thrushes are the main amplifying hosts. J Med Entomol 38:289–297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lvov DK, Skvortsova TM, Brerezina LK, Gromashevsky VL, Yakolev BI, Gushchin BV, Aristova VA, Sidorova GA, Gushchina EL, Klimenko SM, Lvov SD, Khutoretskaya NI, Myasinkova A, Khizhnyakova TM (1984) Isolation of Karelian fever agent from Aedes communis mosquitoes. Lancet II:399–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mace KE, Arguin PM (2017) Malaria surveillance – United States, 2014. Surveill Summ 66(12):1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie JS, Smith DW (1996) Mosquito-borne viruses and polyarthritis. Med J Aust 164:90–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madon MB, Mulla MS, Shaw MW, Hazelrigg JE (2002) Introduction and establishment of Aedes albopictus in Southern California. J Vector Ecol 27(1):149–154

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madon MB, Hazelrigg JE, Shaw MW, Kluh S, Mulla MS (2004) Has Aedes albopictus established in California? J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19:298

    Google Scholar 

  • Makundi EA, Mboera LEG, Malebo HM, Kitua AY (2007) Priority setting on malaria interventions in Tanzania: strategies and challenges to mitigate against the intolerable burden. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77:106–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manson-Bahr PEC, Bell DR (1987) Manson’s tropical diseases. Bailliere-Tindall, London, 1557 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchand E et al (2013) Autochthonous case of dengue in France, October 2013. Euro Surveill 18(50):20661

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchant P, Eling W, van Gemert GJ, Leake CJ, Curtis CF (1998) Could British mosquitoes transmit falciparum malaria? Parsitol Today 14(9):344–345

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martina BE, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD (2009) Dengue virus pathogenesis: an integrated view. Clin Microbiol Rev 22(4):564–581

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mboera LEG, Makundi EA, Kitua AY (2007) Uncertainty in malaria control in Tanzania: crossroads and challenges for future interventions. In: Breman JG, Alilio MS, White NJ (eds) Defining and defeating the intolerable burden of malaria III: Progress and perspectives, vol 77, pp 112–118

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh BM (1985) Usutu (SAAr 1776), nouvel arbovirus du groupe B. Int Cat Arboviruses 3:1059–1060

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh BM (1986) Mosquito-borne virus diseases of man in southern Africa. S Afr Med J 11:66–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Medlock JM, Hansford KM, Schaffner F et al (2012) A review of the invasive mosquitoes in Europe: ecology, public health risks, and control options. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis 12(6):435–447. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2011.0814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michel F, Fischer D, Eiden M et al (2018) West Nile virus and Usutu virus monitoring of wild birds in Germany. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 15(1):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell CJ, Lvov SD, Savage HM, Calisher CH, Smith GC, Lvov DK, Gubler DJ (1993) Vector and host relationships of California sero-group viruses in western Siberia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49:53–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monath TP (1988) The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology. Vols 1–5. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Montarsi F, Martini S, Michelutti A, Da Rold G, Mazzucato M, Qualizza D, Di Gennaro D, Di Fant M, Dal Pont M, Palei M, Capelli G (2019) The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus is spreading in northeastern Italy. Parasit Vectors 12:120

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moore CG, Mitchell CJ (1997) Aedes albopictus in the United States: ten year presence and public health implications. Emerg Infect Dis 3:329–334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morris CD (1988) Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. In: Monath TP (ed) The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology, vol 3. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouchet J, Rageau J, Laumond C, Hannoun C, Beytout D, Oudar J, Corniou B, Chippaux A (1970) Epidemiologie du virus West Nile:etude d’un foyer en Camargue. V. Le vecteur: Culex modestus Ficalbi (Diptera, Culicidae). Ann Inst Pasteur 118:839–855

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukabana WR, Kannady K, Ijumba J et al (2006) Ecologists can enable communities to implement malaria vector control in Africa. Malar J 5:9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy FA, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Ghabrial SA, Jarvis AW, Martelli GP, Mayo MA, Summers MD (1995) Virus taxonomy–classification and nomenclature of viruses. Sixth Report Int Committee on Taxon Viruses. Springer, Wien, p 586

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasci RS, Miller BR (1996) Culicine mosquitoes and the agents they transmit. In: Beaty BJ, Marquardt WC (eds) The biology of disease vectors. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, CO, pp 85–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen NL, Zhao G, Hull R, Shelly MA, Wong SJ, Wu G, St George K, Wang D, Menegus MA (2013) Cache Valley virus in a patient diagnosed with aseptic meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 51(6):1966–1969. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00252-13

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolescu G, Linton YM, Vladimirescu A, Howard TM, Harbach RE (2004) Mosquitoes of the Anopheles maculipennis group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Romania, with the discovery and formal recognition of a new species based on molecular and morphological evidence. Bull Ent Res 94:525–535

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niedrig M, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2011) Letter to the Editor; Medical importance of Sindbis virus in south-west Germany. J Clin Virol 52(3):278–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niklasson B, Espmark Ä, LeDuck JW, Gargan TP, Ennis WA, Tesh RB, Main AJ Jr (1984) Association of a Sindbis-like virus with Ockelbo disease in Sweden. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33:1212–1217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nikolay B (2015) A review of West Nile and Usutu virus co-circulation in Europe: how much do transmission cycles overlap? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 109:609–618

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norder H, Lundström JO, Kozuch O, Magnius LO (1996) Genetic relatedness of Sindbis virus strains from Europe, Middle East and Africa. Virology 222:440–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norrby E (2007) Yellow fever and Max Theiler: the only Nobel Prize for a virus vaccine. J Exp Med 2004:2779–2784

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell KL, Bixby MA, Morin KJ, Bradley DS, Vaughan JA (2017) Potential of a northern population of Aedes vexans (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit Zika Virus. J Med Entomol 54(5):1354–1359. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx087

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Orshan L, Bin H, Schnur H, Kaufman A, Valinsky A, Shulman L, Weiss L, Mendelson E, Pener H (2008) Mosquito vectors of West Nile fever in Israel. J Med Entomol 45(5):939–947

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PAHO (1969) Malaria eradication. http://iris.paho.org

  • PAHO (2017) Epidemiological alert-increase in cases of malaria. https://www.paho.org

  • Panthier R, Hannoun C, Beytout D, Mouchet J (1968) Epidemiologie du virus West Nile. Etude d’un foyer en Camargue. III. Les maladies humaines. Ann Inst Pasteur 115:435–445

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papaevangelou G, Halstead SB (1977) Infections with two dengue viruses in Greece in the 20th century. Did dengue hemorhagic fever occur in the 1928 epidemic? J Trop Med Hyg 80:46–51

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paupy C, Delatte H, Bagny L, Corbel V, Fontenille D (2009) Aedes albopictus, an arbovirus vector: from the darkness to the light. Microb Infect 11:1177–1185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pecorari M, Longo G, Gennari W, Grottola A, Sabbatini A, Tagliazucchi S, Savini G et al (2009) First human case of Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection, Italy, August–September 2009. Euro Surveill: Bulletin European Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin 14(50)

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA (2016) Zika virus. N Engl J Med 374:1552–1563

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petrić D, Petrović T, Hrnjaković Cvjetković I, Zgomba M, Milošević V, Lazić G, Ignjatović Ćupina A, Lupulović D, Lazić S, Dondur D, Vaselek S, Živulj A, Kisin B, Molnar T, Janku DJ, Pudar D, Radovanov J, Kavran M, Kovačević G, Plavšić B, Jovanović Galović A, Vidić M, Ilić S, Petrić M (2016) West Nile virus ‘circulation’ in Vojvodina, Serbia: mosquito, bird, horse and human surveillance. Mol Cell Probes. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2016.10.011

  • Pfitzner P, Lehner A, Hoffmann D, Czajka C, Becker N (2018) First record and morphological characterization of an established population of Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany. Parasit Vectors 11(1):662. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3199-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pilaski J, Mackenstein H (1985) Nachweis des Tahyna-Virus bei Stechmücken in zwei verschiedenen europäischen Naturherden. Zbl Bakt Hyg, I Abt Orig B 180:394–420

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinger RR, Rowley WA, Wong YW, Dorsey DC (1975) Trivittatus virus infections in wild mammals and sentinel rabbits in central Iowa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24:1006–1009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pluskota B, Storch V, Braunbeck T, Beck M, Becker N (2008) First record of Stegomyia albopicta (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany. Eur Mosq Bull 26:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • PMI (2015) President’s Malaria Initiative strategy 2015–2020. www.pmi.gov

  • Protopopoff N, Bortel van Marcotty WT, Herp van M, Maes P, Baza D, Alessandro U, Coosemans M (2007a) Spatial targeted vector control in the highlands of Burundi and its impact on malaria transmission. Malariol J 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Protopopoff N, Herp van M, Maes P, Reid T, Baza D, d’Alessandro U, van Bortel W, Coosemans M (2007b) Vector control in a malaria epidemic occurring within a complex emergency situation in Burundi: a case study. Malariol J 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi A (2018) Zika virus disease. Elsevier, p 159

    Google Scholar 

  • Rai KS (1995) Genetic control of vectors. In: Beaty BJ, Marquardt WC (eds) The biology of disease vectors. University Press of Colorado, Colorado, pp 564–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravanini P, Huhtamo E, Ilaria V, Crobu MG, Nicosia AM, Servino L, Rivasi F, Allegrini S, Miglio U, Magri A, Minisini R, Vapalahti O, Boldorini R (2012) Japanese encephalitis virus RNA detected in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Italy. Euro Surveill 17:1–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RBM (2008) The global malaria action plan. The role back malaria partnership/WHO, Geneva, p 271

    Google Scholar 

  • RBM (2018). https://endmalaria.org/about-us/overview

  • Reeves WC (1990) Epidemiology and control of mosquito-borne arboviruses in California, 1943–1987. Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc, Sacramento, CA, p 508

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisen W, Lothrop H, Chiles R et al (2004) West Nile virus in California. Emerg Infect Dis 10:1369–1378

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rezza G, Nicoletti L, Angelini R, Romi R, Finarelli AC, Panning M, Cordioli P, Fortuna C, Boros S, Magurano F, Silvi G, Angelini P, Dottori M, Ciufolini MG, Majori GC, Cassone A (2007) Infection with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region. Lancet 370(9602):1840–1846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi SL, Ross TM, Evans JD (2010) West Nile virus. Clin Lab Med 30(1):47–65

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan KJ, Ray CG (eds) (2004) Sherris Medical microbiology, 4th edn. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Santini M, Vilibic-Cavlek T, Barsic B, Barbic L, Savic V, Stevanovic V, Listes E, Di Gennaro A, Giovanni Savini G (2015) First cases of human Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection in Croatia, August–September 2013: Clinical and Laboratory Features. J NeuroVirol 21(1):92–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-014-0300-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner F, Vazeille M, Kaufmann C, Failloux A, Mathis A (2011) Vector competence of Aedes japonicus for chikungunya and dengue viruses. Eu Mosq Bull 29:141–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner F, Thiery I, Kaufmann C, Zettor A, Lengeler C, Mathis A, Bourgouin C (2012) Anopheles plumbeus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Europe: a mere nuisance or potential malaria vector. Malar J 11:393

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner F, Medlock JM, van Bortel W (2013) Public health significance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 19(8):685–692. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schellenberg D, Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Font F, Galindo C, Acosta C, Armstrong Schellenberg J, Aponte J, Kimario J, Urassa H, Hshinda H, Tanner M, Alonos P (1999) African children with malaria in an area of intense Plasmodium falciparum transmission: features on admission to the hospital and risk factors for death. Am J Med Hyg 61(3):431–438

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Chanasit J, Haditsch M, Schöneberg I, Günther S, Stark K, Frank C (2010) Dengue virus infection in a traveller returning from Croatia to Germany. Euro Surveill 15(40):19677, PMID 20946759

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott TW, Weaver SC (1989) Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37:277–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shirako Y, Niklasson BJ, Dalrymple M, Strauss EG, Strauss JH (1991) Structure of the Ockelbo virus genome and its relationship to other Sindbis viruses. Virology 182:753–764

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh B, Daneshvar C (2013) Human infections and detection of Plasmodium knowlesi. Clin Microbiol Rev 26(2):165–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S et al (2012) A global map of dominant malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors 5:69

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka F (1969) The clinical picture of the Calovo virus infection. In: Arboviruses of the California complex and the Bunyamwera group. Proc symposium Smolenice. Publ House Slovak Accad Sci, Bratislava, pp 337–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart KL, Elbel RE, Woo RFN, Kern ER, Crane GT, Bales GL, Hill BW (1972) California and western encephalitis viruses from Bonneville Basin, Utah in 1965. Mosq News 32:282–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Sosa O (1989) Carlos J Finlay and yellow fever: a discovery. Bull Entomol Soc Am 35(2):23–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Staples A, Monath TP (2008) Yellow fever: 100 years of discovery. JAMA 300(8):960–962

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss JH, Strauss EG (1994) The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution. Microbiol Rev 58:491–562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Succo T, Leparc-Goffart I, Ferré JB, Roiz D, Broche B, Maquart M, Noel H, Catelinois O, Entezam F, Caire D, Jourdain F, Esteve-Moussion I, Cochet A, Paupy C, Rousseau C, Paty MC, Golliot F (2016) Autochthonous dengue outbreak in Nîmes, South of France, July to September 2015. Euro Surveill 21(21). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.21.30240

  • Tesh RB (1990) Undifferentiated arboviral fevers. In: Warren KS, AAF M (eds) Tropical and geographical medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 685–691

    Google Scholar 

  • Tietze DT, Lachmann L, Wink M (2014) Erfasst die Stunde der Gartenvögel-aktuelle Trends? Vogelwarte 52:258–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Traavik T, Mehl R, Wiger R (1978) California encephalitis group viruses isolated from mosquitoes collected in southern and arctic Norway. Acta Path Microbiol Scand Sect B 86:335–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Traavik T, Mehl R, Wiger R (1985) Mosquito-borne arboviruses in Norway: further isolations and detection of antibodies to California encephalitis viruses in human, sheep and wildlife sera. J Hyg Camb 94:111–122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Dohm DJ, Jones JW (2001a) Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 38(2):130–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turell MJ, Sardelis MR, Dohm DJ, O’Guinn ML (2001b) Potential North American vectors of West Nile virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951:317–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venturi G, Zammarchi L, Fortuna C et al (2016) An autochthonous case of Zika due to possible sexual transmission, Florence, Italy, 2014. Euro Surveill 21(8)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogels CBF, Göertz GP, Pijlman GP, Koenraadt CJM (2017) Vector competence of northern and southern European Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes for West Nile virus across a gradient of temperatures. Med Vet Entomol 31:358–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker K, Lynch M (2007) Contributions of Anopheles larval control to malaria suppression in tropical Africa: review of achievements and potential. J Med Vet Ent 21:2–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts DM, Pantuwatana S, DeFoliart GR, Yuill TM, Thompson WH (1973) Transovarial transmission of La Crosse virus in the mosquito, Aedes triseriatus. Science 182:1140–1141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver SC, Reisen WK (2010) Present and future arboviral threats. Antiviral Res 85(2):328–345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver SC, Ferro C, Barrera R, Boshell J, Navarro JC (2004) Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu Rev Entomol 49:141–174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster D, Dimitrova K, Holloway K, Makowski K, Safronetz D, Drebot M (2017) California serogroup virus infection associated with encephalitis and cognitive decline, Canada, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 23(8):1423–1424. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2308.170239

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weissenböck H, Kolodziejek J, Url A, Lussy H, Rebel-Bauder B, Nowotny N (2002) Emergence of Usutu virus, an African mosquito-borne Flavivirus of the Japanese Encephalitis virus group, Central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 8(7):652–656

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzel T, Gauch C, Becker N (2012) Identification of Anopheles daciae in Germany through ITS2 sequencing. Parasitol Res 111:2431–2438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wernsdorfer WH (1980) The importance of malaria in the world. In: Kreier JP (ed) Malaria, vol 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–93

    Google Scholar 

  • White GB (1978) Systematic reappraisal of the Anopheles maculipennis complex. Mosq Syst 10:13–44

    Google Scholar 

  • White NJ (2008) Plasmodium knowlesi: the fifth human malaria parasite. Clin Infect Dis 46(2):172–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2000) Report of the fourth WHOPES Working Group meeting, Geneva. Review of: IR3535;KBR3023;(RS)-Methoprene 20% EC, Pyriproxyfen 0.5% GR and Lambda-Cyhalothrin 2.5% CS. Geneva WHO/CDS/WHOPES/2001.2

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2008) World Malaria Report 2008. WHO/HTM/GMP/2008

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2009) Dengue – guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Geneva, WHO/HTM/NTD/DEN/2009, p 147

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2013) Larval source management – a supplementary measure for malaria vector control. An operational manual. WHO, Geneva, p 116. ISBN: 9789241505604

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2016) Zika virus microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. World Health Organization, Geneva, 17 March 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204633/1/zikasitrep_17Mar2016_eng.pdf

  • WHO (2017a) Malaria Fact sheet. November. http://www.who.int/vector-borne diseases

  • WHO (2017b) Lymphatic filariasis. WHO fact sheet. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/

  • WHO (2018a) Yellow fever. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/

  • WHO (2018b). www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis

  • Wilking H, Offergeld R, Lachmann R, Grünewald T, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2019) Erster in Deutschland durch Stechmücken übertragener Fall einer West-Nil-Infektion. Epid Bull 40:415–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Wojta J, Aspöck H (1982) Untersuchungen über die Möglichkeiten der Einschleppung durch Stechmücken übertragener Arboviren durch Vögel nach Mitteleuropa. Mitt Österr Ges Tropenmed Parasitol 4:85–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodall JP (1964) The viruses isolated from arthropods at the East African Virus Research Institute in the 26 years ending December 1963. Proc E Afr Acad 2:141–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Taylor RM (1953) Isolation of West Nile virus from hooded crows and rock pigeons in the Nile Delta. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 84:719–722

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Taylor RM (1955) Indigenous wild birds of the Nile Delta as potential West Nile virus circulating reservoirs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4:872–888

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Worrall E (2007) Integrated vector management programs for malaria control-cost analysis for large-scale use of larval source management in malaria control. Bureau Global Health, USA Inter Development (USAID) GHS-I-01-03-00028-000-1

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang HM (2017) The transovarial transmission in the dynamics of dengue infection: epidemiological implications and thresholds. Math Biosci 286:1–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yun SI, Lee YM (2017) Zika virus: an emerging flavivirus. J Microbiol 55(3):204–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zgomba M, Petrić D (2008) Risk assessment and management of mosquito-borne diseases in the European region. Proc 6th Int Conf Urban Pests 513:29–40

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Norbert Becker

  2. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Dušan Petrić & Marija Zgomba

  3. The Pest Management Consultancy, Haverhill, UK

    Clive Boase

  4. Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Minoo B. Madon

  5. Uppsala University EMA, Uppsala, Sweden

    Christine Dahl

  6. German Mosquito Control Association (KABS), Speyer, Germany

    Achim Kaiser

Authors
  1. Norbert Becker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dušan Petrić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marija Zgomba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Clive Boase
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Minoo B. Madon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Christine Dahl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Achim Kaiser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Becker, N. et al. (2020). Medical Importance of Mosquitoes. In: Mosquitoes. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11623-1_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation