Skip to main content

Africa

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mosquitoes

Abstract

There is no doubt that with several hundred bites/man/night inflicted by Cx. quinquefasciatus∗ and Cx. antennatus in Kinshasa (Coene 1993; Karch et al. 1993), these mosquitoes could be classified as both voracious biters and important vectors, at least in some countries. Unfortunately the vectorial capacity, pest status and distribution range cannot be defined so clearly for other important species. African anophelines of secondary importance that could be involved in malaria transmission are An. labranchiae∗ (North Africa), An. merus (costal East Africa) and An. sergentii∗ (North Africa). Ae. furcifer [Diceromyia furcifer] (patchy distribution in eastern, western and southern Africa) may also be involved in the transmission of chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever viruses (Germain et al. 1980; Jupp 1996; Diallo et al. 1998).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anonymous (1993) Regional disease vector ecology profile: Somalia. Defense Pest Management Information Analysis Center, Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Forest Glen Section, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, p 27

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2000) Regional disease vector ecology profile: North Africa. Defense Pest Management Information Analysis Center, Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Forest Glen Section, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, p 177

    Google Scholar 

  • Blacklock DB, Wilson C (1941) Notes on Anopheles gambiae and An. gambiae var. melas in Freetown and its vicinity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 35:37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan JH (1983) Anopheles gambiae and An. melas at Brefet, The Gambia, and their role in malaria transmission. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 77:1–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bushrod FM (1981) The Anopheles gambiae Giles complex and Bancroftian filariasis transmission in a Tanzanian coastal village. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 75:93–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coene J (1993) Malaria in urban and rural Kinshasa: the entomological input. Med Vet Ent 7(2):127–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coetzee M, Graig M, Le Sueur D (2000) Distribution of African malaria mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex. Parasitol Today 1:74–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coluzzi M (1964) Morphological divergences in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Riv Malariol 43:197–232

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Meillon B (1947) The Anophelini of the Ethiopian geographical region. Publ S Afr Inst Med Res 10(49):1–272

    Google Scholar 

  • della Torre A (1997) Polytene chromosome preparation from Anopheline mosquitoes. In: Crampton JM, Beard CB, Louis C (eds) Molecular biology of insect disease vectors: a methods manual. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 329–336

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • della Torre A, Tu Z, Petrarca V (2005) On the distribution and genetic differentiation of Anopheles gambiae s.s. molecular forms. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 35:754–769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diallo S, Konate L, Faye O, Ndir O, Faye M, Gueye A, Diouf M (1998) Le paludisme dans le District sanitaire sud de Dakar (Sénégal). 2. Données entomologiques. Bull de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 91(3):259–263

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards FW (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian region. III–Culicine adults and pupae. British Museum (Natural History), London, p 499

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans AM (1938) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian region. II–Anophelini adults and early stages. British Museum (Natural History), London, p 404

    Google Scholar 

  • Fall G, Diallo M, Loucoubar C, Faye O, Sall AA (2014) Vector competence of Culex neavei and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Senegal for lineages 1, 2, Koutango and a putative new lineage of West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90(4):747–754

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanello C, Santolamazza F, della Torre A (2002) Simultaneous identification of species and forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex by PCR-RFLP. Med Vet Ent 16:461–464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fettene M, Temu EA (2003) Species-specific primer for identification of An. quadriannulatus sp. B (Diptera: Culicidae) from Ethiopia using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. J Med Ent 40(1):112–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fettene M, Koekemoer LL, Hunt RH, Coetzee M (2002) PCR assay for identification of An. quadriannulatus species B from Ethiopia and other sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Med Vet Ent 16(2):214–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gentile G, Slotman M, Ketmaier V, Powell JR, Caccone A (2001) Attempts to molecularly distinguish cryptic taxa in Anopheles gambiae s.s. Insect Molec Biol 10:25–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Germain M, Francy DB, Ferrara L, Sanyang Y, Monath TP, Adam C, Salaun JJ (1980) Yellow fever in The Gambia, 1978-1979: a complementary entomological survey. Cah ORSTOM Ser Ent Med Parasitol 18:3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillies MT, Coetzee M (1987) A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). S Afr Inst Med Res Publ 55:1–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillies MT, de Meillon B (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian zoogeographical region) 2nd edn. S Afr Inst Med Res Publ 54:343

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutsevich AV, Monchadskii AS, Shtakel’berg AA (1974) Fauna SSSR, Family Culicidae. Leningrad Akad Nauk SSSR Zool Inst N S No. 100 (English trans: Israel Program for Scientific Translations) 3(4):384

    Google Scholar 

  • Harbach RE (1988) The mosquitoes of the subgenus Culex in southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Ent Inst Ann Harbour 24(1):1–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan AN, Onsi HM (2004) Remote sensing as a tool for mapping mosquito breeding habitats and associated health risk to assist control efforts and development plans: a case study in Wadi El Natroun, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 34(2):367–382

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins GHE (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian region. I–Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. British Museum (Natural History), London, p 355

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsfall RW (1955) Mosquitoes, their bionomics and relation to disease. Ronald Press, New York, p 723

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang YM (1990) The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in the Afrotropical Region. I. The africanus group of species (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Ent Inst Gainesville, FL 26(1):l–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang YM (2001) A pictorial key for the identification of the subfamilies of Culicidae, genera Culicinae and subgenera of Aedes mosquitoes of the afrotropical region (Diptera: Culicidae). Proc Ent Soc Wash 103:1–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt RH (1973) A cytological technique for the study of Anopheles gambiae complex. Parasitology 15:137–139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt RH, Coetzee M, Fettene M (1998) The Anopheles gambiae complex a new species from Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92:231–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jupp PG (1971) The taxonomic status of Culex (Culex) univittatus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) in South Africa. J Ent Soc S Afr 34(2):339–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Jupp PG (1996) Mosquitoes of Southern Africa. Culicinae and Toxorhynchitinae. Ekogilde Publishers, Hartebeespoort, South Africa, p 156

    Google Scholar 

  • Jupp PG, McIntosh BM, Blackburn NK (1986) Experimental assessment of the vector competence of Culex (Culex) neavei Theobald with West Nile and Sindbis viruses in South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80(2):226–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karch S, Asidi N, Manzambi ZM, Salaun JJ (1993) La faune culicidienne et sa nuisance à Kinshasa (Zaïre). Bull de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 86(1):68–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JA (1933) Studies on the abundance, distribution and feeding habits of some West African mosquitoes. Bull Ent Res 24(4):493–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laurence BR (1960) The biology of two species of mosquito, Mansonia africana (Theobald) and Mansonia uniformis (Theobald), belonging to the subgenus Mansonioides (Diptera, Culicidae). Bull Ent Res 51:491–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee VH (1979) Isolation of viruses from field populations of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Nigeria. J Med Ent 16:76–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DJ (1947) General observations on mosquitoes in relation to yellow fever in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Bull Ent Res 37(4):543–566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DJ (1948) The mosquitoes of the Jebel Auliya reservoir on the White Nile. Bull Ent Res 39(1):133–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahon RJ, Green CA, Hunt RH (1976) Diagnostic allozymes for routine identification of adults of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Ent Res 66:25–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mara L (1945) Considerazioni sul rinvenimento dell’ Aedes aegypti (Dip. Aedinae) ad altitudini d’eccezione e brevi note sulla fauna culicidica del M. Bizen (Eritrea, A O). Bull Sot It Med Igiene Trop Sez Eritrea V:189–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattingly PF (1971) Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XII–Illustrated keys to the genera of mosquitoes. Contr Am Ent Inst 7(4):1–84

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh BM (1986) Mosquito-borne virus diseases of man in southern Africa. “Festschrift” S Afr Med J 11:66–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles SJ (1979) A biochemical key to adult members of the Anopheles gambiae group of species (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Ent 15:297–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muspratt J (1955) Research on South African Culicini (Diptera, Culicidae). III–A check-list of the species and their distribution, with notes on taxonomy bionomics and identification. J Ent Soc S Afr 18:149–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Muspratt J (1956) The Stegomyia mosquitoes of South Africa and some neighboring territories. Including chapters on the mosquito-borne virus diseases of the Ethiopian zoogeographical region of Africa. Mem Ent Soc S Afr 4:1–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Muturi EJ, Shililu JI, Gu WD, Jacob BG, Githure JI, Novak RJ (2007) Larval habitat dynamics and diversity of Culex mosquitoes in rice agro-ecosystem in Mwea, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76(1):95–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nikolay B, Diallo M, Faye O, Boye CS, Sall AA (2012) Vector competence of Culex neavei (Diptera: Culicidae) for Usutu virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86(6):993–996

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reuben R, Tewari SC, Hiriyan J, Akiyama J (1994) Illustrated keys to species of Culex (Culex) associated with Japanese Encephalitis in Southeast Asia (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 26(2):75–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Rueda LM (2004) Pictorial keys for the identification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) associated with Dengue virus transmission. Zootaxa 589:1–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell RC (1993) Mosquitoes and mosquito-borne disease in Southeastern Australia. A guide to the biology, relation to disease, surveillance, control and identification of mosquitoes in SE Austr. Univ Sydney Printing Service NSW, p 310

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell RC (1996) A colour photo atlas of mosquitoes of Southeastern Australia. Department of Medical Entomology, Westmead Hospital and the University of Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  • Scirocchi A, Kooli J, Daoud W (1990) Étude pour la planification de la lutte contre les moustiques dans la region de Tunis. Rivista di Parassitologia Publ 5(2):178–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH (1993) Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49:520–529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senevet G (1947) Le genre Culex en Afrique du Nord. I. Les Larves. Arch Inst Past Algerie XXV:107–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirivanakarn S (1976) Medical entomology studies–III. A revision of the subgenus Culex in the Oriental region (Diptera: Culicidae). Contr Am Ent Inst 12(2):1–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith KGV (1973) Insects and other arthropods of medical significance. British Museum (Natural History), London, p 561

    Google Scholar 

  • Soper FL, Wilson DB (1943) Anopheles gambiae in Brazil 1930 to 1940. Rockefeller Foundation, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stojanovich CJ, Scott HG (1966) Illustrated key to the mosquitoes of Vietnam. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, p 158

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K, Mizusawa K, Saugstad ES (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contr Am Ent Inst Ann Harbor 16:1–987

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor RM, Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Rizk F (1956) A study of the ecology of West Nile virus in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 5:579–620

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White GB (1973) Comparative studies on sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Dipt., Culicidae). III–The distribution, ecology, behaviour and vectorial importance of species D in Bwamba County, Uganda, with an analysis of biological, ecological, morphological and cytogenetical relationships of Ugandan species D. Bull Ent Res 63:65–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White GB (1974) Anopheles gambiae complex and disease transmission in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 68:278–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White GB (1985) Anopheles bwambae sp. n., a malaria vector in the Semliki Valley, Uganda, and its relationships with other sibling species of the An. gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Syst Ent 10:501–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman JH, Hanafi HA, Abbassy MM (1985) Host-feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on farms in Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt. J Med Ent 22:82–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Becker, N. et al. (2020). Africa. In: Mosquitoes. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11623-1_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics