Skip to main content

Infestation with Gamasid Mites

  • Chapter
Arthropods and Human Skin

Abstract

Attacks on man by members of the family Gamasidae (suborder Mesostigmata) have been recorded on a worldwide basis. They not only cause irritating skin eruptions but are also known or suspected vectors of several rickettsial and viral diseases (Table 17.1). Hirst (1922) enumerated five species which attacked humans. The nomenclature of this group in the literature is very confusing because of the necessity for periodic revision of Classification as new species and facts are discovered. Suffice it to note that the various species of the genus Ornithonyssus have previously been included as Leiognathus, Liponyssus or Bdellonyssus, whilst Liponyssoides sanguineus has been termed Dermanyssus or Allodermanyssus sanguineus (Ewing 1923; Oudemans 1937; Da Fonseca 1948).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson CR (1944) Rat mite dermatitis; acariasis caused by the tropical rat mite Liponyssus bacoti Hirst 1914. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 50: 90–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Audy JR (1948) Natural history and scrub typhus. Malay Nat J 3: 114–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker EW, Evans TM, Gould DJ, Hull WB, Keegan HL (1956) A manual of parasitic mites of medical or economic importance. National Pest Control Association Inc, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks N (1915) The acarina or mites. US Dept of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary Report No 108. US Govt Printing Office, Washington DC, pp 1–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Berndt WL (1952) The chicken mite attacking children. J Econ Entomol 45: 1098

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertram DS, Unsworth K, Gordon RM (1946) The biology and maintenance of Liponyssus bacoti Hirst 1913 and an investigation into its role as a vector of Litomosoides carini to cotton rats and white rats together with some observations on the infection of the white rats. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 40: 228–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishopp FC, Wood HP (1931) Mites and lice on poultry. US Dept of Agriculture Farmers Bulletin No 801. US Govt Printing Office, Washington DC, pp 1–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun M III (1979) Avian mite dermatitis. Cutis 23: 680–682

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JH (1953) A chicken-mite infestation in a hospital. J Econ Entomol 46: 900

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning E (1950) On the occurrence of the tropical rat mite Bdellonyssus bacoti (Hirst 1913)—synonym Liponyssus bacoti (Hirst)—in Great Britain. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 44: 124–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnet FM, Freeman M (1939) Note on a series of laboratory infestations with the Rickettsia of ‘Q’ fever. Med J Aust 1: 11–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahn MM, Schechter FR (1958) Pruritus from an unusual source—bird mites; report of a case. JAMA 167: 724–726

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron D (1938) The northern fowl mite (Liponyssus sylviarum C & F 1877). Can J Res 16: 230–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth EN, Cleghern RW (1977) Tropical rat mite dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 113: 937–938

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole HN, Driver JR (1937) Gamasoidosis. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 38: 322–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole LC, Koepke JA (1947) Problem of interpretation of the data of rodent ectoparasite surveys and studies of rodent ectoparasites in Honolulu, T.H., Savannah, Ga and Dothan, Ala. Public Health Rep Washington, Suppl 202

    Google Scholar 

  • Cory EN (1923) Liponyssus bacoti Hirst. J Econ Entomol 16: 226

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutright CR (1929) A valuable aid in the control of the feather mite Liponyssus sylviarum. J Econ Entomol 22: 422

    Google Scholar 

  • Da Fonseca F (1948) A monograph of the genera and species of Macronyssidae Oudemans 1936 (Synan. Liponyssidae Vitzhum 1931) Acari. Proc Zool Soc Lond 118: 239–334

    Google Scholar 

  • de Meillon B, Lavoipierre M (1944) New records and species of biting insects from the Ethiopian region. J. Entomol Soc S Afr 7: 38–67

    Google Scholar 

  • DeOreo GA (1958) Pigeons acting as vector in acariasis caused by Dermanyssus gallinae (DeGeer 1778) Arch Dermatol Syphilol 77: 422–429

    Google Scholar 

  • Dipeolu OO, Ajayi SS (1976) Parasites of the African giant rat Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) in Ibadan, Nigeria. East Afr Wild Life J 14: 85–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Dove WE, Shelmire B (1931) Tropical rat mites Liponyssus bacoti Hirst, vectors of endemic typhus. JAMA 97: 1506–1511

    Google Scholar 

  • Dove WE, Shelmire B (1932) Some observations on tropical ratmite and endemic typhus. J Parasitol 18: 159–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowlati Y, Maguire HC (1970) Rat–mite dermatitis; a family affair. Arch Dermatol 101: 617–618

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebeling W (1960) Control of the tropical rat mite. J Econ Entomol 53: 475–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans IBP (1938) Pasture, crop and insect problems of the Union. Annual report of the Division of Plant Industry. Farming S Afr 13: 519–538

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing HE (1923) The dermanyssid mites of North America. Smithsonian Institution US National Museum Proceedings, vol 62 (art/13), Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, pp 1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing HE (1932) Early records and present known distribution in the United States of three recently introduced mites. Proc Entomol Soc Washington 34: 13–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing HE (1936) A short synopsis of the North American species of the mite genus Dermanyssus. Proc Entomol Soc Washington 38: 47–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn EA, Frain–Bell W (1956) Bdellonyssus bacoti as a causal agent of cutaneous disease. Br J Dermatol 68: 350–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson FF (1954) Biological factors in the transmission of arthropod–borne virus encephalitis. Public Health Serv Bull No 372. (Public Health Monogr No 23). Cited by Fox (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Finnegan S (1945) Acari as agents transmitting typhus in India, Australasia and the Far East. British Museum (Natural History) Economic Ser Br Museum No 16, London, Trustees of the British Museum, p 13

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox I (1957) Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) attacking man in Puerto Rico. J Econ Entomol 50: 838

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox JG (1982) Outbreak of tropical rat mite dermatitis in laboratory personnel. Arch Dermatol 118: 676–678

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederick WG (1951) Rat mite dermatitis. Ind Med Surg 20: 382

    Google Scholar 

  • Frenken JH (1962) Dermanyssus gallinae (D. avium). Strophulus or “insect bites”, diet or D.D.T. Dermatologica 125: 322–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Furumizo RT, Thomas V (1977) Mites of house dust. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 8: 411–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross ER (1959) Air–conditioning. A modern method for the transmission of parasites. Arch Dermatol 79: 355

    Google Scholar 

  • Haggard CN (1955) Rat–mite dermatitis in children. Pediatrics 15: 322–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammön WMcD, Reeves WC, Cunha R, Espana C, Sather G (1948) Isolation from wild bird mites (Liponyssus sylviarum) of a virus or mixtures of viruses from which St. Louis Western equine encephalitis viruses have been obtained. Science 107: 92–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington GW, Holder WB, Smith EB (1971) Rat mite dermatitis. JAMA 215: 1499–1500

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidano A, Asanuma K (1976) Acariasis caused by bird mites. Arch Dermatol 112: 882–883

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill MA, Gordon RM (1945) An outbreak of dermatitis amongst troops in North Wales caused by rodent mites. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 39: 46–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst S (1913) On three new species of gamasid mites found on rats. Bull Entomol Res 4: 119–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst S (1914a) Preliminary list of the acari occurring on the brown rat (Mus norvegica) in Great Britain, with the description of a new species (Haemogamasus oudemansii). Bull Entomol Res 5: 119–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst S (1914b) On the parasitic acari found on the species of rodents frequenting human habitation in Egypt. Bull Entomol Res 5: 215–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst S (1915–1916) On a widely distributed gamasid mite (Leiognathus morsitans sp. n.) parasitic on the domestic fowl. Bull Entomol Res 6: 55–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst S (1920) Species of Arachnida and Myropoda injurious to man. Econ Ser Br Museum No 6, p 32

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst S (1921) On some new or little–known acari mostly parasitic in their habit. Proc Zool Soc Ij3nd 25: 357–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst S (1922) Mites injurious to domestic animals. Econ Ser Br Museum 13: 1–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst S (1926) The principal species of acari parasitic on rats, with brief notes on hosts and distribution. Ceylon J Sei 1: 273–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdaway FG (1926) A note on the occurrence of the rat mite Liponyssus bacoti in South Australia, together with descriptions of certain stages. Trans R Soc S Aust 50: 85–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Huebner RJ, Jellison WL, Pomerantz C (1946) Rickettsialpox— a newly recognised rickettsial disease. IV. Isolation of a Rickettsia apparently identical with the causative agent of rickettsialpox from Allodermanyssus sanguineus, a rodent mite. Public Health Rep 61: 1677–1682

    Google Scholar 

  • Jo I, Cho BK, Lee WK (1983) Avian mite dermatitis (in Korean with English summary). Korean J Dermatol 21: 29–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Laird M (1950) Notes on the infestation of man by the chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae (DeGeer) in New Zealand, NZ Med J 49: 22–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb KP (1952) The tropical rat mite Bdellonyssus bacoti (Hirst 1913) attacking man in New Zealand. NZ Med J 51: 320–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu WT (1947) Isolation of typhus Rickettsiae from rat mites Liponyssus bacoti, in Peiping. Am J Hyg 45: 58–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Lodha KR (1969) The occurrence of tropical fowl mite Ornithonyssus (Bdellonyssus, Liponyssus) bursa on a man in Ragasthan (India). Vet Ree 84: 363–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowell ME (1946) Rat mite dermatitis. Acariasis caused by the tropical rat mite Liponyssus bacoti Hirst. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 54: 278–280

    Google Scholar 

  • McGinnis GF (1959) Avian–mite dermatitis. N Engl J Med 261: 396–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Mclntosh A (1935) Tropical rat mite attacking man. Proc Helminthol Soc Washington 2: 62

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercantini ES (1959) The transmission of parasites by air conditioning. Arch Dermatol 80: 587

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller WV, Price FC (1977) The avian mite Ornithonyssus sylviarum on mammalian hosts with reference to transmission to poultry. J Parasitol 63: 417

    Google Scholar 

  • Moniez R (1893) Leiognathus sylviarum. Rev biol Nord Fr 5: 408

    Google Scholar 

  • Morisita T (1938) Transmission experiments in relapsing fever with tropical rat mite, Liponyssus sp. Jpn J Med 16: 551–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray HD (1951) Tropical fowl mite, Liponyssus bursa (Berlese), infesting man in New Zealand. NZ Med J 51: 392–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadchatram M, Ramalingam S (1974) Dermatitis caused by Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst 1913). Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 5: 150

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton HE (1942) Tropical rat mite infestation. Cal West Med 5: 143

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogata M, Itagaki M, Ishida F, Nakai T (1976) A canine case of infestation with the tropical mite Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst 1913). J Jpn Vet Med Assoc 29: 442–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Oudemans AC (1936–1937) Kritisch historisch Overzieht der Acarologie, vol 3. Brill, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohmori N (1938) Studies on the tropical rat mite; Second report on the sex ratio and parthenogenesis. Zool Mag Tokyo 48: 627–637

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson TA, Dahms RG (1946) Observations on the tropical rat mite, Liponyssus bacoti, as an ectoparasite of laboratory animals and suggestions for its control. J Parasitol 32: 56–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Oshima S (1964) Observations of floor mites collected in Yokohama. In the mites found in several schools in summer. Jpn J Sanit Zool 15: 233–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Pang KH (1941) Isolation of typhus rickettsiae from rat mites during epidemic in an orphange. Proc Soc Exp Biol NY 48: 266–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Philip CB, Hughes LE (1948) Tropical rat mite, Liponyssus bacoti, as experimental vector of rickettsialpox. Am J Trop Med 28: 697–705

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirila V, Kilpio O (1949) Rat mite dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 29: 70–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Polano MK (1962) In discussion on Frenken (1962) Dermatologica 125: 322–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Porta A (1914) Dermatitis occasionale nell’uomo dovuta ad un acaro (Liponyssus lobatus). Zool Anzeiger (Berlin) 44: 481–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Przybilla B, Ryckmans F, Postner M, Klöverorn W (1983) Epizootic durch die Milbe Dermanyssus gallinae (DeGeer 1778). Hautarzt 34: 335–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves WC, Hammon WMcD, Furman DP, McClure HE, Brookman B (1947) Recovery of Western equine encephalitis virus from wild bird mites (Liponyssus sylviarum) in Kern County, California. Science 105: 411–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley WA (1940) Rat mite dermatitis in Minnesota. Minn Med 23: 423–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Rockwell E (1953) Dermatitis due to Dermanyssus gallinae of pigeons. Arch Dermatol 68: 82

    Google Scholar 

  • Rook A (1979) Skin diseases caused by arthropods and other venomous and noxious animals. In: Rook A, Wilkinson DS, Ebling FJG (eds) Text book of dermatology, 3rd edn. Blackwell, Oxford, p 947

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman S, Niederman D (1947) Rat mite dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 55: 138–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders RN (1944) A blood sucking mite of poultry. Agric J Fiji 15: 27

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz H (1975) Human infestation by Ophionyssus natricis snake mite. Br J Dermatol 93: 695–697

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott JA (1949) Longevity of tropical rat mites without food. J Parasitol 35: 434–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Semskaya AA, Neronov VH (1976–1977) Some features of the gamasine mite fauna of small mammals in Iran (in Russian). Inst Epidemiol Mikrobiol AMN USSR, pp 187–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw JW, Pommerening RA (1950) Avian mite dermatitis (gamasoidosis). Arch Dermatol 61: 466–469

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelmire B, Dove WE (1930) Rat–mite dermatitis and the coincidental occurrence of Liponyssus bacoti and evidence of typhus in Texas. J Parasitol 17: 115 (Abstracted from Report to the Bureau of Entomology of the US Dep of Agriculture).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelmire B, Dove WE (1931) The tropical rat mite Liponyssus bacoti Hirst 1914. The cause of a skin eruption of man and a possible vector of endemic typhus fever. JAMA 96: 579–584

    Google Scholar 

  • Skaliy P, Hayes WJ Jr (1949)–Biology of Liponyssus bacoti (Hirst 1913 ) (Acarina: Liponyssidae ). Am J Trop Med 29: 759–772

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith DJW, Brown HE, Derrick EH (1939) A further series of laboratory infection with the rickettsiae of ‘Q’ fever. Med J Aust 1: 13–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MG, Blattner RJ, Heys FM (1946) St. Louis encephalitis. Infection of chicken mites, Dermanyssus gallinae, by feeding on chickens with viraemia; transovarian passage of virus into the second generation. J Exp Med 84: 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Southcott RV (1978) Australian harmful arachnids and their allies, Southcott, Mitcham, S. Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer GJ (1936) The menace of rat parasites in Vancouver in 1936. Proc Entomol Soc Br Colombia 33: 44–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudd JH (1952) Laboratory studies of adult female Bdellonyssus bacoti (Hirst 1916) (Acarina: Parasitiformes). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 46: 158–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Sulzberger MB, Fisher AA (1948a) Rat mite dermatitis due to Liponyssus bacoti. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 57: 566–569

    Google Scholar 

  • Sulzberger MB, Fisher AA (1948b) Rickettsialpox due to AUodermanyssus sanguineus. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 57: 767–769

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarshis IB (1964) A sorptive dust for control of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, infesting dwellings. J Econ Entomol 57: 110–111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theis JT, Lavoipierre MM, Lapierre R, Kroese H (1981) Tropical rat mite dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 117: 341–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Touraine A (1947) Les traitements actuels des parasitoses ariimaux de la peau. Bailiiere, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber LF (1940) Rat mite dermatitis. JAMA 114: 1442

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood HP (1920) Tropical fowl mites in the United States. With notes on life history and control. US Dept of Agriculture Circular No 79. US Govt Printing Office, Washington DC, pp 3–8

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

O’Donel Alexander, J. (1984). Infestation with Gamasid Mites. In: Arthropods and Human Skin. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1356-0_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1356-0_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1358-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-1356-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics