Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1-2/2014

01.01.2014 | themenschwerpunkt

Was Ethanolmetabolite als Biomarker über Alkoholkonsum aussagen

verfasst von: Univ. Prof. Dr. med. Friedrich Martin Wurst, Mag. Natasha Thon, Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Weinmann, Michel Yegles, PhD, Prof. Dr. Ulrich Preuss

Erschienen in: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift | Ausgabe 1-2/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Alkoholbezogene Störungen und Störungen durch Tabakkonsum sind in Mitteleuropa die zwei häufigsten und teuersten Krankheitsursachen. In Ergänzung zu Selbstangaben sind Biomarker von Bedeutung in Diagnose und Therapie alkoholbezogener Störungen. Traditionelle Biomarker wie Gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) und mittleres korpuskuläres Volumen (MCV) sind indirekte Zustandsmarker und werden durch Alter, Geschlecht und nicht-Alkoholbezogene Erkrankungen beeinflusst.
Als direkte Stoffwechselprodukte von Alkohol zeichnen sich Ethanolmetabolite wie Ethylglukuronid (EtG), Ethylsulfat (EtS) und Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) durch hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität aus. Darüber hinaus decken sie ein komplementäres Zeitfenster des Konsumnachweises ab und werden seit einigen Jahren zunehmend routinemäßig eingesetzt. Ethanolmetabolite sind im Serum für Stunden, im Urin für bis zu sieben Tage, im Vollblut über zwei Wochen und in Haaren über Monate nachweisbar. Zu den Anwendungsbereichen gehören klinisch routinemäßige Anwendungen, der Einsatz in notfallmedizinischen Kontexten, Abstinenznachweis in Alkoholbehandlungsprogrammen, bei Fahreignungsuntersuchungen, Lebertransplantationen, betrieblicher Gesundheitsprävention sowie die Verwendung zur Abschätzung des Alkoholkonsums während der Schwangerschaft im Zusammenhang mit dem fetalen Alkoholsyndrom.
Literatur
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Mann K. Neue ärztliche Aufgaben bei Alkoholproblemen: von der Behandlungskette zum Behandlungsnetz. Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 2002;99(10):632–44. Mann K. Neue ärztliche Aufgaben bei Alkoholproblemen: von der Behandlungskette zum Behandlungsnetz. Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 2002;99(10):632–44.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Tonnesen H, Kehlet H. Preoperative alcoholism and postoperative morbidity. Br J Surg. 1999;86(7):869–74.PubMedCrossRef Tonnesen H, Kehlet H. Preoperative alcoholism and postoperative morbidity. Br J Surg. 1999;86(7):869–74.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Spies C, Tonnesen H, Andreasson S, Helander A, Conigrave K. Perioperative morbidity and mortality in chronic alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(5):164–70.CrossRef Spies C, Tonnesen H, Andreasson S, Helander A, Conigrave K. Perioperative morbidity and mortality in chronic alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(5):164–70.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Rubinsky AD, Sun H, Blough DK, Maynard C, Bryson CL, Harris AH, Hawkins EJ, Beste LA, Henderson WG, Hawn MT, Hughes G, Bishop MJ, Etzioni R, Tonnesen H, Kivlahan DR, Bradley KA. AUDIT-C alcohol use screening results and postoperative inpatient health care use. J Am Coll Surg. 2012 Mar;214(3):296–305.PubMedCrossRef Rubinsky AD, Sun H, Blough DK, Maynard C, Bryson CL, Harris AH, Hawkins EJ, Beste LA, Henderson WG, Hawn MT, Hughes G, Bishop MJ, Etzioni R, Tonnesen H, Kivlahan DR, Bradley KA. AUDIT-C alcohol use screening results and postoperative inpatient health care use. J Am Coll Surg. 2012 Mar;214(3):296–305.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol use disorders. Lancet. 2009;373:2223–33.PubMedCrossRef Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol use disorders. Lancet. 2009;373:2223–33.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore RD, Bone LR, Geller G, Mamon JA, Stokes EJ, Levine DM. Prevalence, detection, and treatment of alcoholism in hospitalized. patients. JAMA. 1989;261:403–7.CrossRef Moore RD, Bone LR, Geller G, Mamon JA, Stokes EJ, Levine DM. Prevalence, detection, and treatment of alcoholism in hospitalized. patients. JAMA. 1989;261:403–7.CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Ewing JA. Detecting alcoholism: the CAGE questionnaire. J Am Med Assoc. 1984;252:1905–7.CrossRef Ewing JA. Detecting alcoholism: the CAGE questionnaire. J Am Med Assoc. 1984;252:1905–7.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption – II. Addiction. 1993;88:791–804.PubMedCrossRef Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption – II. Addiction. 1993;88:791–804.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Conigrave KM, Degenhardt LJ, Whitfield B, Saunders B, Helander A, Tabakoff B. On behalf of the WHO/ISBRA study on biological state and trait markers of alcohol use and dependence investigators. CDT, GGT, and AST as markers of alcohol use: the WHO/ISBRA collaborative project. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26:332–9.PubMedCrossRef Conigrave KM, Degenhardt LJ, Whitfield B, Saunders B, Helander A, Tabakoff B. On behalf of the WHO/ISBRA study on biological state and trait markers of alcohol use and dependence investigators. CDT, GGT, and AST as markers of alcohol use: the WHO/ISBRA collaborative project. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26:332–9.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Laposata M. Assessment of ethanol intake – current tests and new assays on the horizon. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999;112:443–50.PubMed Laposata M. Assessment of ethanol intake – current tests and new assays on the horizon. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999;112:443–50.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A. Biological markers in alcoholism. J Neural Transm. 2003;66(Suppl):15–32. Helander A. Biological markers in alcoholism. J Neural Transm. 2003;66(Suppl):15–32.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Hannuksela ML, Liisanantti MK, Nissinen AE, Savolainen MJ. Biochemical markers of alcoholism. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007;45:953–61.PubMedCrossRef Hannuksela ML, Liisanantti MK, Nissinen AE, Savolainen MJ. Biochemical markers of alcoholism. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007;45:953–61.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen JP, Marques P, Wurst F. Biomarkers of alcohol use: their nature, strengths, and limitations. Mil Med. 2009;173(8):v–viii. Allen JP, Marques P, Wurst F. Biomarkers of alcohol use: their nature, strengths, and limitations. Mil Med. 2009;173(8):v–viii.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Yegles M, Weinmann W, et al. Biologische Zustandsmarker für Alkoholkonsum 2011. In: Singer MV, Batra A, Mann K, Herausgeber. Alkohol und Tabak: Grundlagen und Folgeerkrankungen. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. Wurst FM, Yegles M, Weinmann W, et al. Biologische Zustandsmarker für Alkoholkonsum 2011. In: Singer MV, Batra A, Mann K, Herausgeber. Alkohol und Tabak: Grundlagen und Folgeerkrankungen. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Viel G, Boscolo-Berto R, Cecchetto G, Fais P, Nalesso A, Ferrara SD. Phosphatidylethanol in blood as a marker of chronic alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13:14788–812.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Viel G, Boscolo-Berto R, Cecchetto G, Fais P, Nalesso A, Ferrara SD. Phosphatidylethanol in blood as a marker of chronic alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13:14788–812.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Topic A, Djukic M. Diagnostic characteristics and application of alcohol biomarkers. Clin Lab. 2013;59:233–45.PubMed Topic A, Djukic M. Diagnostic characteristics and application of alcohol biomarkers. Clin Lab. 2013;59:233–45.PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Pragst F, Yegles M. Alcohol markers in hair. In: Kintz P, Herausgeber. Analytical and pratical aspects drug testing in hair. Boca Raton: CRC Press Taylor & Francis; 2007. S. 287–324. Pragst F, Yegles M. Alcohol markers in hair. In: Kintz P, Herausgeber. Analytical and pratical aspects drug testing in hair. Boca Raton: CRC Press Taylor & Francis; 2007. S. 287–324.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Metzger JW, on behalf of the WHO/ISBRA study on biological state and trait markers of alcohol use and dependence. The direct ethanol metabolite Ethyl glucuronide is a useful marker of recent alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26:1114–9.PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Metzger JW, on behalf of the WHO/ISBRA study on biological state and trait markers of alcohol use and dependence. The direct ethanol metabolite Ethyl glucuronide is a useful marker of recent alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26:1114–9.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Borucki K, Schreiner R, Dierkes J, Jachau K, Krause D, Westphal S, Wurst FM, Luley C, Schmidt-Gayk H. Detection of recent ethanol intake with new markers: comparison of fatty acid ethyl esters in serum and of ethyl glucuronide and the ratio of 5-hydroxytryptophol to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in urine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29:781–7.PubMedCrossRef Borucki K, Schreiner R, Dierkes J, Jachau K, Krause D, Westphal S, Wurst FM, Luley C, Schmidt-Gayk H. Detection of recent ethanol intake with new markers: comparison of fatty acid ethyl esters in serum and of ethyl glucuronide and the ratio of 5-hydroxytryptophol to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in urine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29:781–7.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Hagelberg CA, Beck O, Petrini B. Case report. Unreliable alcohol testing in a shipping safety programme Forensic Sci Int. 2009;189:e45–7. Helander A, Hagelberg CA, Beck O, Petrini B. Case report. Unreliable alcohol testing in a shipping safety programme Forensic Sci Int. 2009;189:e45–7.
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Thierauf A, Halter CC, Rana S, Auwaerter V, Wohlfarth A, Wurst FM, Weinmann W. Urine tested positive for ethyl glucuronide after trace amounts of ethanol. Addiction. 2009;104(12):2007–12.PubMedCrossRef Thierauf A, Halter CC, Rana S, Auwaerter V, Wohlfarth A, Wurst FM, Weinmann W. Urine tested positive for ethyl glucuronide after trace amounts of ethanol. Addiction. 2009;104(12):2007–12.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Costantino A, Digregorio EJ, Korn W, Spayd S, Rieders F. The effect of the use of mouthwash on ethylglucuronide concentration in urine. J Anal Toxicol. 2006;30:659–62.PubMedCrossRef Costantino A, Digregorio EJ, Korn W, Spayd S, Rieders F. The effect of the use of mouthwash on ethylglucuronide concentration in urine. J Anal Toxicol. 2006;30:659–62.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Rohrig TP, Huber C, Goodson L, Ross W. Detection of ethylglucuronide in urine following the application of Germ-X. J Anal Toxicol. 2006;30(9):703–4.PubMedCrossRef Rohrig TP, Huber C, Goodson L, Ross W. Detection of ethylglucuronide in urine following the application of Germ-X. J Anal Toxicol. 2006;30(9):703–4.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Skipper GE, Schaefer P, Thierauf A, Weinmann W, Allen JP, Miller M, Wurst FM. Detection of surreptitious alcohol use among health professionals recovering from substance-related disorders using a new marker, ethyl glucuronide. Alcohol Alcohol. 2004;39:445–59.PubMedCrossRef Skipper GE, Schaefer P, Thierauf A, Weinmann W, Allen JP, Miller M, Wurst FM. Detection of surreptitious alcohol use among health professionals recovering from substance-related disorders using a new marker, ethyl glucuronide. Alcohol Alcohol. 2004;39:445–59.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahl H, Hammarberg A, Franck J, Helander A. Urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate testing for recent drinking in alcohol-dependent outpatients treated with acamprosate or placebo. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011;46(5):553–7.PubMedCrossRef Dahl H, Hammarberg A, Franck J, Helander A. Urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate testing for recent drinking in alcohol-dependent outpatients treated with acamprosate or placebo. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011;46(5):553–7.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell JM, Teague CH, Kayser AS, Bartlett SE, Fields HL. Varenicline decreases alcohol consumption in heavy-drinking smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012;223(3):299–306.CrossRef Mitchell JM, Teague CH, Kayser AS, Bartlett SE, Fields HL. Varenicline decreases alcohol consumption in heavy-drinking smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012;223(3):299–306.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Dürsteler-MacFarland KM, Auwaerter V, Ergovic S, Thon N, Yegles M, Halter C, Weinmann W, Wiesbeck G. Assessment of alcohol use among methadone maintenance patients by direct ethanol metabolites and self-reports. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008b;32:1552–7.CrossRef Wurst FM, Dürsteler-MacFarland KM, Auwaerter V, Ergovic S, Thon N, Yegles M, Halter C, Weinmann W, Wiesbeck G. Assessment of alcohol use among methadone maintenance patients by direct ethanol metabolites and self-reports. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008b;32:1552–7.CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Gitto S, Micco L, Conti F, Andreone P, Bernardi M. Alcohol and viral hepatitis: a mini-review. Dig Liver Dis. 2009;41:67–70.PubMedCrossRef Gitto S, Micco L, Conti F, Andreone P, Bernardi M. Alcohol and viral hepatitis: a mini-review. Dig Liver Dis. 2009;41:67–70.PubMedCrossRef
35.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Haber PS, Wiesbeck G, Watson B, Wallace C, Whitfield JB, Halter C, Weinmann W, Conigrave KM. Assessment of alcohol consumption among hepatitis C positive people receiving opioid maintenance treatment using direct ethanol metabolites and self report – a pilot study. Addict Biol. 2008d;13:416–22.CrossRef Wurst FM, Haber PS, Wiesbeck G, Watson B, Wallace C, Whitfield JB, Halter C, Weinmann W, Conigrave KM. Assessment of alcohol consumption among hepatitis C positive people receiving opioid maintenance treatment using direct ethanol metabolites and self report – a pilot study. Addict Biol. 2008d;13:416–22.CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Burroughs AK, Sabin CA, Rolles K, Delvart V, Karam VBuckels J, et al. 3-month and 12-month mortality after first liver transplant in adults in Europe: predictive models for outcome. Lancet. 2006;367:225–32.PubMedCrossRef Burroughs AK, Sabin CA, Rolles K, Delvart V, Karam VBuckels J, et al. 3-month and 12-month mortality after first liver transplant in adults in Europe: predictive models for outcome. Lancet. 2006;367:225–32.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelly M, Chick J, Gribble R, Gleeson M, Holton M, Winstanley J, et al. Predictors of relapse to harmful alcohol after orthotopic liver transplantation. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006;41:278–83.PubMedCrossRef Kelly M, Chick J, Gribble R, Gleeson M, Holton M, Winstanley J, et al. Predictors of relapse to harmful alcohol after orthotopic liver transplantation. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006;41:278–83.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat DiMartini A, Day N, Dew MA, Javed L, Fitzgerald MG, Jain A, et al. Alcohol consumption patterns and predictors of use following liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:813–20.PubMedCrossRef DiMartini A, Day N, Dew MA, Javed L, Fitzgerald MG, Jain A, et al. Alcohol consumption patterns and predictors of use following liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:813–20.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Erim Y, Bottcher M, Dohmen U, Beck O, Helander A. Urinary ethyl glucuronide testing detects alcohol consumption in alcoholic liver disease patients awaiting liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:757–61.PubMedCrossRef Erim Y, Bottcher M, Dohmen U, Beck O, Helander A. Urinary ethyl glucuronide testing detects alcohol consumption in alcoholic liver disease patients awaiting liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:757–61.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Webzell I, Ball D, Bell J, Sherwood RA, Marsh A, O’Grady JG, Heaton ND. Substance use by liver transplant candidates: an anonymous urinalysis study. Liver Transpl. 2011;17(10):1200–4.PubMedCrossRef Webzell I, Ball D, Bell J, Sherwood RA, Marsh A, O’Grady JG, Heaton ND. Substance use by liver transplant candidates: an anonymous urinalysis study. Liver Transpl. 2011;17(10):1200–4.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Wiesbeck GA, Metzger JW, Weinmann W, Graf M, on behalf of the WHO/ISBRA study on biological state and trait markers of alcohol use and dependence. On sensitivity, specificity and the influence of various parameters on ethyl glucuronide levels in urine – Results from the WHO/ISBRA Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28:1220–8.PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Wiesbeck GA, Metzger JW, Weinmann W, Graf M, on behalf of the WHO/ISBRA study on biological state and trait markers of alcohol use and dependence. On sensitivity, specificity and the influence of various parameters on ethyl glucuronide levels in urine – Results from the WHO/ISBRA Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28:1220–8.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Høiseth G, Morini L, Ganss R, Nordal K, Mørland J. Higher levels of hair ethyl glucuronide in patients with decreased kidney function. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 (Epub ahead of print). Høiseth G, Morini L, Ganss R, Nordal K, Mørland J. Higher levels of hair ethyl glucuronide in patients with decreased kidney function. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 (Epub ahead of print).
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart SH, Koch DG, Burgess DM, Willner IR, Reuben A. Sensitivity and specificity of urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in liver disease patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:150–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Stewart SH, Koch DG, Burgess DM, Willner IR, Reuben A. Sensitivity and specificity of urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in liver disease patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:150–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Arndt T, Gierten B, Güssregen B, Werle A, Grüner J. False-positive ethyl glucuronide immunoassay screening associated with chloral hydrate medication as confirmed by LC-MS/MS and self-medication. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;30(184):27–9. Arndt T, Gierten B, Güssregen B, Werle A, Grüner J. False-positive ethyl glucuronide immunoassay screening associated with chloral hydrate medication as confirmed by LC-MS/MS and self-medication. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;30(184):27–9.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Arndt T, Grüner J, Schröfel S, Stemmerich K. False-positive ethyl glucuronide immunoassay screening caused by a propyl alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;223:359–63.PubMedCrossRef Arndt T, Grüner J, Schröfel S, Stemmerich K. False-positive ethyl glucuronide immunoassay screening caused by a propyl alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;223:359–63.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Böttcher M, Beck O, Helander A. Evaluation of a new immunoassay for urinary ethyl glucuronide testing. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008;43:46–8.PubMedCrossRef Böttcher M, Beck O, Helander A. Evaluation of a new immunoassay for urinary ethyl glucuronide testing. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008;43:46–8.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Aderjan R, Babel B, Briellmann T, Daldrup T, Demme U, Hallbach J, Hartung M, Harzer K, Herbold M, von Meyer L, Moeller M, Musshoff F, Schmitt G, Weinmann W. Anlage zu den Richtlinien der GTFCh zur Qualitätssicherung bei forensisch-toxikologischen Untersuchungen. Anhang A: Anforderung an einzelne Analysenmethoden. Toxichem + Krimtech. 2000;67:13–6. http://www.gtfch.org/GTFChneuEngl.htm. Zugegriffen: 24 Mai 2004. Aderjan R, Babel B, Briellmann T, Daldrup T, Demme U, Hallbach J, Hartung M, Harzer K, Herbold M, von Meyer L, Moeller M, Musshoff F, Schmitt G, Weinmann W. Anlage zu den Richtlinien der GTFCh zur Qualitätssicherung bei forensisch-toxikologischen Untersuchungen. Anhang A: Anforderung an einzelne Analysenmethoden. Toxichem + Krimtech. 2000;67:13–6. http://​www.​gtfch.​org/​GTFChneuEngl.​htm. Zugegriffen: 24 Mai 2004.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Weinmann W, Schäfer P, Thierauf A, Schreiber A, Wurst FM. Confirmatory analysis for ethyl glucuronide in urine by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry applying forensic guidelines. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2004;15:188–93.PubMedCrossRef Weinmann W, Schäfer P, Thierauf A, Schreiber A, Wurst FM. Confirmatory analysis for ethyl glucuronide in urine by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry applying forensic guidelines. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2004;15:188–93.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaufmann E, Alt A. Detection of ethyl glucuronide in dried human blood using LC-MS/MS. Int J Legal Med. 2008;122:245–9.PubMedCrossRef Kaufmann E, Alt A. Detection of ethyl glucuronide in dried human blood using LC-MS/MS. Int J Legal Med. 2008;122:245–9.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Winkler M, Kaufmann E, Thoma D, Thierauf A, Wenmann W, Skopp G, Alt A. Detection of ethyl glucuronide in blood spotted on different surfaces. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;210:243–6.PubMedCrossRef Winkler M, Kaufmann E, Thoma D, Thierauf A, Wenmann W, Skopp G, Alt A. Detection of ethyl glucuronide in blood spotted on different surfaces. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;210:243–6.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Helander A, Dahl H. Urinary tract infection: a risk factor for false-negative urinary ethyl glucuronide but not ethyl sulfate in the detection of recent alcohol consumption. Clin Chem. 2005 Sep;51(9):1728–30.PubMedCrossRef Helander A, Dahl H. Urinary tract infection: a risk factor for false-negative urinary ethyl glucuronide but not ethyl sulfate in the detection of recent alcohol consumption. Clin Chem. 2005 Sep;51(9):1728–30.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Baranowski S, Serr A, Thierauf A, Weinmann W, Grosse Perdekamp M, Wurst FM, Halter CC. In vitro study of bacterial degradation of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate. Int J Legal Med. 2008;122:389–93.PubMedCrossRef Baranowski S, Serr A, Thierauf A, Weinmann W, Grosse Perdekamp M, Wurst FM, Halter CC. In vitro study of bacterial degradation of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate. Int J Legal Med. 2008;122:389–93.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Halter CC, Laengin A, Al-Ahmad A, Wurst FM, Weinmann W, Kuemmerer K. Assesment of the stability of the ethanol metabolite ethyl sulfate in standardised degradation tests. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;186(1–3):52–5.PubMedCrossRef Halter CC, Laengin A, Al-Ahmad A, Wurst FM, Weinmann W, Kuemmerer K. Assesment of the stability of the ethanol metabolite ethyl sulfate in standardised degradation tests. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;186(1–3):52–5.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Redondo AH, Körber C, König S, Längin A, Al-Ahmad A, Weinmann W. Inhibition of bacterial degradation of EtG by collection as dried urine spots (DUS). Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012;402(7):2417–24.PubMedCrossRef Redondo AH, Körber C, König S, Längin A, Al-Ahmad A, Weinmann W. Inhibition of bacterial degradation of EtG by collection as dried urine spots (DUS). Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012;402(7):2417–24.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Carlini EJ, Raftogianis RB, Wood TC, Jin F, Zheng W, Rebbeck TR, Weinshilboum RM. Sulfation pharmacogenetics. SULT1A1 and SULT1A2 allele frequencies in Caucasian, Chinese and AfricanAmerican subjects. Pharmacogenetics. 2001;11:57–68.PubMedCrossRef Carlini EJ, Raftogianis RB, Wood TC, Jin F, Zheng W, Rebbeck TR, Weinshilboum RM. Sulfation pharmacogenetics. SULT1A1 and SULT1A2 allele frequencies in Caucasian, Chinese and AfricanAmerican subjects. Pharmacogenetics. 2001;11:57–68.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Dresen S, Weinmann W, Wurst FM. Forensic confirmatory analysis of ethyl sulfate – a new marker for alcohol consumption – by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation/tandem mass spectrometry. J Americ Soc Mass Spectrom. 2004;15:1644–8.CrossRef Dresen S, Weinmann W, Wurst FM. Forensic confirmatory analysis of ethyl sulfate – a new marker for alcohol consumption – by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation/tandem mass spectrometry. J Americ Soc Mass Spectrom. 2004;15:1644–8.CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Albermann ME, Musshoff F, Doberentz E, Heese P, Banger M, Madea B. Preliminary investigations on ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate cutoffs for detecting alcohol consumption on the basis of an ingestion experiment and on data from withdrawal treatment. Int J Legal Med. 2012 Sep;126(5):757–64.PubMedCrossRef Albermann ME, Musshoff F, Doberentz E, Heese P, Banger M, Madea B. Preliminary investigations on ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate cutoffs for detecting alcohol consumption on the basis of an ingestion experiment and on data from withdrawal treatment. Int J Legal Med. 2012 Sep;126(5):757–64.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsujita T, Okuda H. Fatty acid ethyl ester synthase in rat adipose tissue and its relationship to carboxylesterase. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:23489–94.PubMed Tsujita T, Okuda H. Fatty acid ethyl ester synthase in rat adipose tissue and its relationship to carboxylesterase. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:23489–94.PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Bora PS, Guruge DG, Miller DD, Chaitman BR, Ruyle MS. Purification and characterization of human heart fatty acid ethyl ester synthase/carboxylesterase. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996;28:2027–32.PubMedCrossRef Bora PS, Guruge DG, Miller DD, Chaitman BR, Ruyle MS. Purification and characterization of human heart fatty acid ethyl ester synthase/carboxylesterase. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996;28:2027–32.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Bora PS, Spilburg CA, Lange LG. Metabolism of ethanol and carcinogens by glutathione transferases. Prot Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86:4470–3.CrossRef Bora PS, Spilburg CA, Lange LG. Metabolism of ethanol and carcinogens by glutathione transferases. Prot Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86:4470–3.CrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang W, Waltenbaugh C, Borensztajn J. Fatty acid ethyl ester synthesis by isolated perfused rat heart. Metabolism. 1997;46:926–9.PubMedCrossRef Chang W, Waltenbaugh C, Borensztajn J. Fatty acid ethyl ester synthesis by isolated perfused rat heart. Metabolism. 1997;46:926–9.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Pragst F, Yegles M. Determination of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl flucuronide (EtG) in hair: a promising way for retrospective detection of alcohol abuse during pregnancy? Ther Drug Monit. 2008;30:255–63.PubMedCrossRef Pragst F, Yegles M. Determination of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl flucuronide (EtG) in hair: a promising way for retrospective detection of alcohol abuse during pregnancy? Ther Drug Monit. 2008;30:255–63.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Gustavsson L, Alling C. Formation of phosphatidylethanol in rat brain by phospholipase D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987;142:958–63.PubMedCrossRef Gustavsson L, Alling C. Formation of phosphatidylethanol in rat brain by phospholipase D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987;142:958–63.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Gnann H, Engelmann C, Skopp G, Winkler M, Auwarter V, Dresen S, Ferreiros N, Wurst FM, Weinmann W. Identification of 48 homologues of phosphatidylethanol in blood by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;396:2415–23.PubMedCrossRef Gnann H, Engelmann C, Skopp G, Winkler M, Auwarter V, Dresen S, Ferreiros N, Wurst FM, Weinmann W. Identification of 48 homologues of phosphatidylethanol in blood by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;396:2415–23.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Zheng Y, Beck O, Helander A. Method development for routine liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry measurement of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in blood. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:1428–35.PubMedCrossRef Zheng Y, Beck O, Helander A. Method development for routine liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry measurement of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in blood. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:1428–35.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Varga A, Hansson P, Lundqvist C, Alling C. Phosphatidylethanol in blood as a marker of ethanol consumption in healthy volunteers: comparison with other markers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22:1832–7.PubMed Varga A, Hansson P, Lundqvist C, Alling C. Phosphatidylethanol in blood as a marker of ethanol consumption in healthy volunteers: comparison with other markers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22:1832–7.PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Gnann H, Weinmann W, Thierauf A. Formation of phosphatidylethanol and its subsequent elimination during an extensive drinking experiment over 5 days. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(9):1507–11.PubMedCrossRef Gnann H, Weinmann W, Thierauf A. Formation of phosphatidylethanol and its subsequent elimination during an extensive drinking experiment over 5 days. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(9):1507–11.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Vogel R, Jachau K, Varga A, Alling C, Skipper GE, Alt A. Ethyl glucuronide detects recent alcohol use in forensic psychiatric inpatients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003;27:471–6.PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Vogel R, Jachau K, Varga A, Alling C, Skipper GE, Alt A. Ethyl glucuronide detects recent alcohol use in forensic psychiatric inpatients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003;27:471–6.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartmann S, Aradottir S, Graf M, Wiesbeck G, Lesch O, Ramskogler K, Wolfersdorf M, Alling C, Wurst FM. Phosphatidylethanol as a sensitive and specific biomarker – comparison with gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, mean corpuscular volume and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Addict Biol. 2007;12:81–4.PubMedCrossRef Hartmann S, Aradottir S, Graf M, Wiesbeck G, Lesch O, Ramskogler K, Wolfersdorf M, Alling C, Wurst FM. Phosphatidylethanol as a sensitive and specific biomarker – comparison with gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, mean corpuscular volume and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Addict Biol. 2007;12:81–4.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Alexson S, Wolfersdorf M, Bechtel G, Forster S, Alling C, Aradottir S, Jachau K, Huber P, Allen JP, Auwärter V, Pragst F. Concentration of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair of alcoholics: comparison to other biological state markers and self reported ethanol intake. Alcohol Alcohol. 2004;39:33–8.PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Alexson S, Wolfersdorf M, Bechtel G, Forster S, Alling C, Aradottir S, Jachau K, Huber P, Allen JP, Auwärter V, Pragst F. Concentration of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair of alcoholics: comparison to other biological state markers and self reported ethanol intake. Alcohol Alcohol. 2004;39:33–8.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Aradottir S, Asanovska G, Gjerss S, Hansson P, Alling C. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) concentrations in blood are correlated to reported alcohol intake in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006;41:431–7.PubMedCrossRef Aradottir S, Asanovska G, Gjerss S, Hansson P, Alling C. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) concentrations in blood are correlated to reported alcohol intake in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006;41:431–7.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart SH, Reuben A, Brzezinski WA, Koch DG, Basile J, Randall PK, Miller PM. Preliminary evaluation of phosphatidylethanol and alcohol consumption in patients with liver disease and hypertension. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009;44(5):464–7.PubMedCrossRef Stewart SH, Reuben A, Brzezinski WA, Koch DG, Basile J, Randall PK, Miller PM. Preliminary evaluation of phosphatidylethanol and alcohol consumption in patients with liver disease and hypertension. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009;44(5):464–7.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart SH, Law TL, Randall PK, Newman R. Phosphatidylethanol and alcohol consumption in reproductive age women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34(3):488–92.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Stewart SH, Law TL, Randall PK, Newman R. Phosphatidylethanol and alcohol consumption in reproductive age women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34(3):488–92.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Thon N, Aradottir S, Hartmann S, Wiesbeck GA, Lesch O, Skala K, Wolfersdorf M, Weinmann W, Alling C. Phosphatidylethanol. normalization during detoxification, gender aspects and correlation with other biomarkers and self-reports. Addict Biol. 2010;15(1):88–95.PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Thon N, Aradottir S, Hartmann S, Wiesbeck GA, Lesch O, Skala K, Wolfersdorf M, Weinmann W, Alling C. Phosphatidylethanol. normalization during detoxification, gender aspects and correlation with other biomarkers and self-reports. Addict Biol. 2010;15(1):88–95.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Thon N, Weinmann W, Tippetts S, Marques P, Hahn JA, Alling C, Aradottir S, Hartmann S, Lakshman R. Characterization of sialic acid index of plasma apolipoprotein J and phosphatidylethanol during alcohol detoxification–a pilot study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(2):251–7.PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Thon N, Weinmann W, Tippetts S, Marques P, Hahn JA, Alling C, Aradottir S, Hartmann S, Lakshman R. Characterization of sialic acid index of plasma apolipoprotein J and phosphatidylethanol during alcohol detoxification–a pilot study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(2):251–7.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Hahn JA, Dobkin LM, Mayanja B, Emenyonu NI, Kigozi IM, Shiboski S, Bangsberg DR, Gnann H, Weinmann W, Wurst FM. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) as a biomarker of alcohol consumption in HIV-Positive patients in sub-Saharan Africa. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(5):854–62.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hahn JA, Dobkin LM, Mayanja B, Emenyonu NI, Kigozi IM, Shiboski S, Bangsberg DR, Gnann H, Weinmann W, Wurst FM. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) as a biomarker of alcohol consumption in HIV-Positive patients in sub-Saharan Africa. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(5):854–62.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Aradóttir S, Seidl S, Wurst FM, Jönsson BA, Alling C. Phosphatidylethanol in human organs and blood: a study on autopsy material and influences by storage conditions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(11):1718–23.PubMedCrossRef Aradóttir S, Seidl S, Wurst FM, Jönsson BA, Alling C. Phosphatidylethanol in human organs and blood: a study on autopsy material and influences by storage conditions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(11):1718–23.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Varga A, Alling C. Formation of phosphatidylethanol in vitro in red blood cells from healthy volunteers and chronic alcoholics. J Lab Clin Med. 2002;140(2):79–83.PubMed Varga A, Alling C. Formation of phosphatidylethanol in vitro in red blood cells from healthy volunteers and chronic alcoholics. J Lab Clin Med. 2002;140(2):79–83.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Faller A, Richter B, Kluge M, Koenig P, Seitz HK, Thierauf A, Gnann H, Winkler M, Mattern R, Skopp G. LC-MS/MS analysis of phosphatidylethanol in dried blood spots versus conventional blood specimens. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;401(4):1163–6.PubMedCrossRef Faller A, Richter B, Kluge M, Koenig P, Seitz HK, Thierauf A, Gnann H, Winkler M, Mattern R, Skopp G. LC-MS/MS analysis of phosphatidylethanol in dried blood spots versus conventional blood specimens. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;401(4):1163–6.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Auwärter V, Sporkert F, Hartwig S, Pragst F, Vater H, Diefenbacher A. Fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as markers 2 alcohol consumption. Segmental hair analysis of alcoholics, social drinkers, and teetotalers. Clin Chem. 2001;47:2114–23.PubMed Auwärter V, Sporkert F, Hartwig S, Pragst F, Vater H, Diefenbacher A. Fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as markers 2 alcohol consumption. Segmental hair analysis of alcoholics, social drinkers, and teetotalers. Clin Chem. 2001;47:2114–23.PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Pragst & Balikova. State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;370:17–49.PubMedCrossRef Pragst & Balikova. State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;370:17–49.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Morini L, Politi L, Polettini A. Ethyl glucuronide in hair. A sensitive and specific marker of chronic heavy drinking. Addiction. 2009;104:915–20.PubMedCrossRef Morini L, Politi L, Polettini A. Ethyl glucuronide in hair. A sensitive and specific marker of chronic heavy drinking. Addiction. 2009;104:915–20.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Boscolo-Berto R, Viel G, Montisci M, TerranovaC, Favretto D, Ferrara SD. Ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair for detecting heavy drinking and/or abstinence: a meta-analysis. Int J Legal Med. 2013;127:611–9.PubMedCrossRef Boscolo-Berto R, Viel G, Montisci M, TerranovaC, Favretto D, Ferrara SD. Ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair for detecting heavy drinking and/or abstinence: a meta-analysis. Int J Legal Med. 2013;127:611–9.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Kharbouche H, Steiner N, Morelato M, Staub C, Boutrel B, Mangin P, Sporkert F, Augsburger M. Influence of ethanol dose and pigmentation on the incorporation of ethyl glucuronide into rat hair. Alcohol. 2010;44(6):507–14.PubMedCrossRef Kharbouche H, Steiner N, Morelato M, Staub C, Boutrel B, Mangin P, Sporkert F, Augsburger M. Influence of ethanol dose and pigmentation on the incorporation of ethyl glucuronide into rat hair. Alcohol. 2010;44(6):507–14.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Schräder J, Rothe M, Pragst F. Ehtyl glucuronide concentrations in beard hair after a single alcohol dose: evidence for incorporation in hair root. Int J Legal Med. 2012;126:791–9.PubMedCrossRef Schräder J, Rothe M, Pragst F. Ehtyl glucuronide concentrations in beard hair after a single alcohol dose: evidence for incorporation in hair root. Int J Legal Med. 2012;126:791–9.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Kintz P. Consensus of the Society of Hair Testing on hair testing for chronic excessive alcohol consumption. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;196:2. Kintz P. Consensus of the Society of Hair Testing on hair testing for chronic excessive alcohol consumption. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;196:2.
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Appenzeller BMR, Agirman R, Neuberg P, Yegles M, Wennig R. Segmental determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair: a pilot study. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;173:87–92.PubMedCrossRef Appenzeller BMR, Agirman R, Neuberg P, Yegles M, Wennig R. Segmental determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair: a pilot study. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;173:87–92.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Kulaga V, Velazquez-Armenta Y, Aleksa K, Vergee Z, Koren G. The effect of hair pigment on the incorporation of fatty acid ethyl esters (FSEE). Alcohol Alcohol. 2009;44:287–92.PubMedCrossRef Kulaga V, Velazquez-Armenta Y, Aleksa K, Vergee Z, Koren G. The effect of hair pigment on the incorporation of fatty acid ethyl esters (FSEE). Alcohol Alcohol. 2009;44:287–92.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartwig S, Auwärter V, Pragst F. Effect of hair care and hair cosmetics on the concentrations of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as markers of chronically elevated alcohol consumption. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;131:90–7.PubMedCrossRef Hartwig S, Auwärter V, Pragst F. Effect of hair care and hair cosmetics on the concentrations of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as markers of chronically elevated alcohol consumption. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;131:90–7.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferreira LM, Binz T, Yegles M. The influence of ethanol containing cosmetics on ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;218:123–5.CrossRef Ferreira LM, Binz T, Yegles M. The influence of ethanol containing cosmetics on ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;218:123–5.CrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Morini L, Groppi A, Marchei E, Vagnarelli F, Garcia Algar O, Zuccaro P, Pichini S. Population baseline of meconium ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate concentrations in newborns of nondrinking women in 2 mediterranean cohorts. Ther Drug Monit. 2010 Mar 23 (Epub ahead of print). Morini L, Groppi A, Marchei E, Vagnarelli F, Garcia Algar O, Zuccaro P, Pichini S. Population baseline of meconium ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate concentrations in newborns of nondrinking women in 2 mediterranean cohorts. Ther Drug Monit. 2010 Mar 23 (Epub ahead of print).
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Kerekes I, Yegles M. Coloring, bleaching and perming: influence on EtG content in hair. Ther Drug Monit. 2013;35:527–9.PubMedCrossRef Kerekes I, Yegles M. Coloring, bleaching and perming: influence on EtG content in hair. Ther Drug Monit. 2013;35:527–9.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Pragst F, Rothe M, Moench B, Hastedt M, Herre S, Simmert D. Combined use of fatty acid ethyl esters and ethyl glucuronide in hair for diagnosis of alcohol abuse: interpretation and advantages. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;196:101–10.PubMedCrossRef Pragst F, Rothe M, Moench B, Hastedt M, Herre S, Simmert D. Combined use of fatty acid ethyl esters and ethyl glucuronide in hair for diagnosis of alcohol abuse: interpretation and advantages. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;196:101–10.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Kelso E, Weinmann W, Pragst F, Yegles M, Sundström Poromaa I. Measurement of Direct Ethanol Metabolites suggests Higher Rate of Alcohol Use among Pregnant Women than found with the AUDIT – a Pilot Study in a Population-Based Sample of Swedish Women. Am J Obstetrics Gynecol. 2008a;198/4(407):e1–5. Wurst FM, Kelso E, Weinmann W, Pragst F, Yegles M, Sundström Poromaa I. Measurement of Direct Ethanol Metabolites suggests Higher Rate of Alcohol Use among Pregnant Women than found with the AUDIT – a Pilot Study in a Population-Based Sample of Swedish Women. Am J Obstetrics Gynecol. 2008a;198/4(407):e1–5.
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Liniger B, Nguyen A, Friedrich-Koch A, Yegles M. Abstinence monitoring of suspected drinking drivers: ethyl glucuronide in hair versus CDT. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010;11:123–6.PubMedCrossRef Liniger B, Nguyen A, Friedrich-Koch A, Yegles M. Abstinence monitoring of suspected drinking drivers: ethyl glucuronide in hair versus CDT. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010;11:123–6.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Wurst FM, Thon N, Yegles M, Halter C, Weinmann W, Laskowska B, Strasser J, Skipper G, Wiesbeck GA, Dürsteler-Macfarland K. Optimizing heroin-assisted. treatment (HAT): assessment of the contribution of direct ethanol metabolites in identifying hazardous and harmful alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;115(1–2):57–61.PubMedCrossRef Wurst FM, Thon N, Yegles M, Halter C, Weinmann W, Laskowska B, Strasser J, Skipper G, Wiesbeck GA, Dürsteler-Macfarland K. Optimizing heroin-assisted. treatment (HAT): assessment of the contribution of direct ethanol metabolites in identifying hazardous and harmful alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;115(1–2):57–61.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Sterneck M, Yegles M, von Rothkirch G, et al. Determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair improves evaluation of long-term alcohol abstention in liever transplant candidates. Liver Int. 2013 Jun 16 (Epub ahead of print). Sterneck M, Yegles M, von Rothkirch G, et al. Determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair improves evaluation of long-term alcohol abstention in liever transplant candidates. Liver Int. 2013 Jun 16 (Epub ahead of print).
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart SH, Koch DG, Willner IR, Randall PK, Reuben A. Hair ethyl glucuronide is highly sensitive and specific for detecting moderate to heavy drinking in patients with liver disease. Alcohol Alcohol. 2012;48:83–7.PubMedCrossRef Stewart SH, Koch DG, Willner IR, Randall PK, Reuben A. Hair ethyl glucuronide is highly sensitive and specific for detecting moderate to heavy drinking in patients with liver disease. Alcohol Alcohol. 2012;48:83–7.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Joya X, Friguls B, Ortigosa S, et al. Determination of maternal-fetal biomarkers of prenatal exposure to ethanol: a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2012;69:209–22.PubMedCrossRef Joya X, Friguls B, Ortigosa S, et al. Determination of maternal-fetal biomarkers of prenatal exposure to ethanol: a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2012;69:209–22.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Sampson PD, Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, et al. Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Teratology. 1997;56(5):317–26.PubMedCrossRef Sampson PD, Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, et al. Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Teratology. 1997;56(5):317–26.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Stade B, Ali A, Bennett D, et al. The burden of prenatal exposure to alcohol: revised measurement of cost. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;16(1):e91–102.PubMed Stade B, Ali A, Bennett D, et al. The burden of prenatal exposure to alcohol: revised measurement of cost. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;16(1):e91–102.PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Pichini S, Marchei E, Vagnarelli F, et al. Assessment of prenatal exposure to ethanol by meconium analysis: results of an Italian multicenter study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(3):417–24.PubMedCrossRef Pichini S, Marchei E, Vagnarelli F, et al. Assessment of prenatal exposure to ethanol by meconium analysis: results of an Italian multicenter study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(3):417–24.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Zelner I, Hutson JR, Kapur BM, et al. False-positive meconium test results for fatty acid ethyl esters secondary to delayed sample collection. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(9):1497–506.PubMedCrossRef Zelner I, Hutson JR, Kapur BM, et al. False-positive meconium test results for fatty acid ethyl esters secondary to delayed sample collection. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(9):1497–506.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Was Ethanolmetabolite als Biomarker über Alkoholkonsum aussagen
verfasst von
Univ. Prof. Dr. med. Friedrich Martin Wurst
Mag. Natasha Thon
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Weinmann
Michel Yegles, PhD
Prof. Dr. Ulrich Preuss
Publikationsdatum
01.01.2014
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift / Ausgabe 1-2/2014
Print ISSN: 0043-5341
Elektronische ISSN: 1563-258X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-013-0254-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1-2/2014

Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1-2/2014 Zur Ausgabe