Skip to main content
Home
Zeitschriften
Zeitungen
Podcast
Gesundheitspolitik
Praxis
Allerlei
Jobs
Fachgebiete
Allgemeinmedizin Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin Apotheke Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kinder & Jugendheilkunde Neurologie & Psychiatrie Orthopädie & Unfallchirurgie Pflege Urologie Zahnmedizin
Subfächer Innere Medizin
Diabetologie Gastroenterologie Infektiologie Kardiologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Pneumologie Rheumatologie
Fortbildungen
Überblick Fortbildungen DFP-Literaturstudium-Artikel DFP-Webcast Fortbildungen DFP-Podcasts
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
Erschienen in:

01.10.2015 | review

Smoking, inflammation and small cell lung cancer: recent developments

verfasst von: Gerhard Hamilton, Barbara Rath

Erschienen in: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift | Ausgabe 19-20/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Summary

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 15 % of all lung tumors and represents an invasive neuroendocrine malignancy with poor survival rates. This cancer is highly prevalent in smokers and characterized by inactivation of p53 and retinoblastoma. First in vitro expansion of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of SCLC patients allowed for investigation of the cell biology of tumor dissemination. In the suggested CTC SCLC model, the primary tumor attracts and educates tumor-promoting and immunosuppressive macrophages which in turn arm CTCs to spread and generate distal lesions. Preexisting inflammatory processes associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) seem to potentiate the subsequent activity of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and expression of chitinase-3-like 1/YKL-40 in SCLC CTCs seems to be associated with drug resistance. In conclusion, inflammation-associated generation of invasive and chemoresistant CTCs most likely explains the characteristic features of SCLC, namely early dissemination and rapid failure of chemotherapy.
Nächster Artikel Prophylactic long-acting granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSF) in gynecologic malignancies: an oncologic expert statement
Literatur
1.
Byers LA, Rudin CM. Small cell lung cancer: where do we go from here? Cancer. 2015;121(5):664–72. doi:10.1002/cncr.29098.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Pietanza MC, Byers LA, Minna JD, et al. Small cell lung cancer: will recent progress lead to improved outcomes? Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(10):2244–55. doi:10.1158/1078 – 0432.CCR-14-2958.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Jiménez Ruiz CA, Ramos Pinedo A, Cicero Guerrero A, et al. Characteristics of COPD smokers and effectiveness and safety of smoking cessation medications. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14(9):1035–9. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts001.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Pleasance ED, Stephens PJ, O’Meara S, et al. A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of tobacco exposure. Nature. 2010;463(7278):184–90. doi:10.1038/nature08629.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
5.
6.
Coleman MP, Allemani C. Cancer: the elephant in the room. Lancet. 2015;385(9973):1047–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60571-2.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Michels J, et al. Systems biology of cisplatin resistance: past, present and future. Cell Death Dis. 2014;5:e1257. doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.428.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
8.
Asai N, Ohkuni Y, Kaneko N, et al. Relapsed small cell lung cancer: treatment options and latest developments. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2014;6(2):69–82. doi:10.1177/1758834013517413.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
9.
Chan BA, Hughes BG. Targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: current standards and the promise of the future. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2015;4(1):36–54. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2218–6751.2014.05.01.PubMedCentralPubMed
10.
Rudin CM, Durinck S, Stawiski EW, et al. Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies SOX2 as a frequently amplified gene in small-cell lung cancer. Nat Genet. 2012;44(10):1111–6. doi:10.1038/ng.2405.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
11.
Pfeifer GP, Denissenko MF, Olivier M, et al. Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers. Oncogene. 2002;21(48):7435–51.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Pietanza MC, Ladanyi M. Bringing the genomic landscape of small-cell lung cancer into focus. Nat Genet. 2012;44(10):1074–5. doi:10.1038/ng.2415.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Ross JS, Wang K, Elkadi OR, et al. Next-generation sequencing reveals frequent consistent genomic alterations in small cell undifferentiated lung cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2014;67(9):772–6.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
14.
Rolfo C, Castiglia M, Hong D, et al. Liquid biopsies in lung cancer: the new ambrosia of researchers. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1846(2):539–46. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.10.001.PubMed
15.
Hamilton G, Burghuber O, Zeillinger R. Circulating tumor cells in small cell lung cancer: ex vivo expansion. Lung. 2015;193(3):451–2. doi:10.1007/s00408-015-9725-7.CrossRefPubMed
16.
17.
Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I, El-Bayoumy K. The less harmful cigarette: a controversial issue. A tribute to Ernst L. Wynder. Chem Res Toxicol. 2001;14(7):767–90.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Govindan R, Ding L, Griffith M, et al. Genomic landscape of non-small cell lung cancer in smokers and never-smokers. Cell. 2012;150(6):1121–34. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.024.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
19.
20.
Lubin JH, Alavanja MC, Caporaso N, et al. Cigarette smoking and cancer risk: modeling total exposure and intensity. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(4):479–89.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Muttarak R, Steiber N, Gallus S. Smoking ban in Austria: a long overdue step but still a lot to be done. Lancet. 2015;385(9972):941–2.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Travis WD. Pathology and diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors: lung neuroendocrine. Thorac Surg Clin. 2014;24(3):257–66. doi:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2014.04.001.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Hensing T, Chawla A, Batra R, et al. A personalized treatment for lung cancer: molecular pathways, targeted therapies, and genomic characterization. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;799:85–117. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8778-45.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Barnes PJ. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med. 2014;35(1):71–86. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2013.10.004.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 2012;379(9823):1341–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Punturieri A, Szabo E, Croxton TL, et al. Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: needs and opportunities for integrated research. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(8):554–9. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp023.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
27.
Vlahos R, Bozinovski S. Role of alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Immunol. 2014;5:435. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00435.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
28.
Rovina N, Koutsoukou A, Koulouris NG. Inflammation and immune response in COPD: where do we stand? Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:413735. doi:10.1155/2013/413735.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
29.
Shaykhiev R, Krause A, Salit J, et al. Smoking-dependent reprogramming of alveolar macrophage polarization: implication for pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Immunol. 2009;183(4):2867–83. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900473.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
30.
Tamimi A, Serdarevic D, Hanania NA. The effects of cigarette smoke on airway inflammation in asthma and COPD: therapeutic implications. Respir Med. 2012;106(3):319–28. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2011.11.003.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Churg A, Dai J, Tai H, Xie C, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is central to acute cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and connective tissue breakdown. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(6):849–54.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Létuvé S, Kozhich A, Humbles A, et al. Lung chitinolytic activity and chitotriosidase are elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and contribute to lung inflammation. Am J Pathol. 2010;176(2):638–49. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.090455.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
33.
Gwyer Findlay E, Hussell T. Macrophage-mediated inflammation and disease: a focus on the lung. Mediators Inflamm. 2012;2012:140937. doi:10.1155/2012/140937.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
34.
Cho SJ, Weiden MD, Lee CG. Chitotriosidase in the pathogenesis of inflammation, interstitial lung diseases and COPD. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2015;7(1):14–21. doi:10.4168/aair.2015.7.1.14.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
35.
Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet. 2001;357:539–45.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Cancer and inflammation: implications for pharmacology and therapeutics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87:401–6.CrossRefPubMed
37.
38.
Samadi AK, Bilsland A, Georgakilas AG. A multi-targeted approach to suppress tumor-promoting inflammation. Semin Cancer Biol. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.006. (pii: S1044-579×(15)00021-8)
39.
40.
Walser T, Cui X, Yanagawa J, Lee JM, et al. Smoking and lung cancer: the role of inflammation. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(8):811–5. doi:10.1513/pats.200809-100TH.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
41.
Houghton AM, Mouded M, Shapiro SD. Common origins of lung cancer and COPD. Nat Med. 2008;14(10):1023–4. doi:10.1038/nm1008-1023.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Houghton AM. Mechanistic links between COPD and lung cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013;13(4):233–45. doi:10.1038/nrc3477.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Skillrud DM, Offord KP, Miller RD. Higher risk of lung cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A prospective, matched, controlled study. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105(4):503–7.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Young RP, Hopkins RJ. How the genetics of lung cancer may overlap with COPD. Respirology. 2011;16(7):1047–55. doi:10.1111/j.1440–1843.2011.02019.x.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Takiguchi Y, Sekine I, Iwasawa S, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for lung cancer. World J Clin Oncol. 2014;5(4):660–6. doi:10.5306/wjco.v5.i4.660.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
46.
Milara J, Cortijo J. Tobacco, inflammation, and respiratory tract cancer. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(26):3901–38.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Adcock IM, Caramori G, Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer: new molecular insights. Respiration. 2011;81(4):265–84. doi:10.1159/000324601.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Cilli A, Ozkaynak C, Onur R, et al. Lung cancer detection with low-dose spiral computed tomography in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Acta Radiol. 2007;48(4):405–11.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Heuvers ME, Wisnivesky J, Stricker BH, et al. Generalizability of results from the National Lung Screening Trial. Eur J Epidemiol. 2012;27(9):669–72. doi:10.1007/s10654-012-9720-8.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Sekine Y, Hata A, Koh E, et al. Lung carcinogenesis from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: characteristics of lung cancer from COPD and contribution of signal transducers and lung stem cells in the inflammatory microenvironment. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;62(7):415–21. doi:10.1007/s11748-014-0386-x.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Tang X, Liu D, Shishodia S, et al. NF-kappaB is frequently expressed in lung cancer and preneoplastic lesions. Cancer. 2006;107(11):2637–46.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Li Z, Guo Y, Jiang H, et al. Differential regulation of MMPs by E2F1, Sp1 and NF-kappa B controls the small cell lung cancer invasive phenotype. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:276. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-276.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
53.
Siveen KS, Sikka S, Surana R, et al. Targeting the STAT3 signaling pathway in cancer: role of synthetic and natural inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1845(2):136–54. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.12.005.PubMed
54.
Vendramini-Costa DB, Carvalho JE. Molecular link mechanisms between inflammation and cancer. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(26):3831–52.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Chen YT, Feng B, Chen LB. Update of research on drug resistance in small cell lung cancer chemotherapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(8):3577–81.CrossRefPubMed
56.
López-González A, Diz P, et al. The role of anthracyclines in small cell lung cancer. Ann Transl Med. 2013;1(1):5. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305–5839.2013.01.05.PubMedCentralPubMed
57.
Murray N. Treatment of small cell lung cancer: the state of the art. Lung Cancer. 1997;17(1):S75–S89.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Rossi A, Maio M D, Chiodini P, et al. Carboplatin- or cisplatin-based chemotherapy in first-line treatment of small-cell lung cancer: the COCIS meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(14):1692–8. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.40.4905.CrossRefPubMed
59.
O’Brien ME, Ciuleanu TE, et al. Phase III trial comparing supportive care alone with supportive care with oral topotecan in patients with relapsed small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(34):5441–7.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Reck M, Bondarenko I, Luft A, et al. Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line therapy in extensive-disease-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase 2 trial. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(1):75–83. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds213.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Spigel DR, Socinski MA. Rationale for chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and checkpoint blockade in SCLC: beyond traditional treatment approaches. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8(5):587–98. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e318286cf88.PubMed
62.
Sgambato A, Casaluce F, Maione P, et al. Medical treatment of small cell lung cancer: state of the art and new development. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013;14(15):2019–31. doi:10.1517/14656566.2013.823401.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Kalemkerian GP. Advances in pharmacotherapy of small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15(16):2385–96. doi:10.1517/14656566.2014.957180.CrossRefPubMed
64.
William WN Jr, Glisson BS. Novel strategies for the treatment of small-cell lung carcinoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011;8(10):611–9. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.90.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Verhelst K, Verstrepen L, Carpentier I, et al. IkB kinase e (IKKe): a therapeutic target in inflammation and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013;85(7):873–80. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.007.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Erstad DJ, Cusack JC Jr. Targeting the NF-κB pathway in cancer therapy.  Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2013;22(4):705-46. doi: 10.1016/j.soc.2013.06.011.
67.
Spitzner M, Ebner R, Wolff HA, et al. STAT3: a novel molecular mediator of resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Cancers (Basel). 2014;6(4):1986–2011. doi:10.3390/cancers6041986.CrossRef
68.
Yu H, Pardoll D, Jove R. STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9(11):798–809. doi:10.1038/nrc2734.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Kennedy BC, Showers CR, Anderson DE, et al. Tumor-associated macrophages in glioma: friend or foe? J Oncol. 2013;2013:486912. doi:10.1155/2013/486912.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
70.
Brantley EC, Benveniste EN. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3: a molecular hub for signaling pathways in gliomas. Mol Cancer Res. 2008;6(5):675–84. doi:10.1158/1541 – 7786.MCR-07-2180.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Yu H, Lee H, Herrmann A, Buettner R, et al. Revisiting STAT3 signalling in cancer: new and unexpected biological functions. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14(11):736–46. doi:10.1038/nrc3818.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Li Y, Du H, Qin Y, et al. Activation of the signal transducers and activators of the transcription 3 pathway in alveolar epithelial cells induces inflammation and adenocarcinomas in mouse lung. Cancer Res. 2007;67(18):8494–503.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Buchert M, Burns CJ, Ernst M. Targeting JAK kinase in solid tumors: emerging opportunities and challenges. Oncogene. 2015. doi:10.1038/onc.2015.150.
74.
Singh SK, Bhardwaj R, Wilczynska KM, et al. A complex of nuclear factor I-X3 and STAT3 regulates astrocyte and glioma migration through the secreted glycoprotein YKL-40. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(46):39893–903. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.257451.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
75.
Heitzer E, Ulz P, Geigl JB. Circulating tumor DNA as a liquid biopsy for cancer. Clin Chem. 2015;61(1):112–23. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2014.222679.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Board RE, Williams VS, Knight L, et al. Isolation and extraction of circulating tumor DNA from patients with small cell lung cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1137:98–107. doi:10.1196/annals.1448.020.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Cayrefourcq L, Mazard T, Joosse S, et al. Establishment and characterization of a cell line from human circulating colon cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2015;75:892–901. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2613.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Yu M, Bardia A, Aceto N, et al. Cancer therapy. Ex vivo culture of circulating breast tumor cells for individualized testing of drug susceptibility. Science. 2014;345:216–20. doi:10.1126/science.1253533.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
79.
Hamilton G, Rath B, Burghuber O. Chitinase-3-like-1/YKL-40 as marker of circulating tumor cells. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2015;4(3):287-91. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2218–6751.2015.04.04.PubMed
80.
Hodgkinson CL, Morrow CJ, Li Y, et al. Tumorigenicity and genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells in small-cell lung cancer. Nat Med. 2014;20:897–903. doi:10.1038/nm.3600.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Libreros S, Garcia-Areas R, Iragavarapu-Charyulu V. CHI3L1 plays a role in cancer through enhanced production of pro-inflammatory/pro-tumorigenic and angiogenic factors. Immunol Res. 2013;57:99–105. doi:10.1007/s12026-013-8459-y.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
82.
Junker N, Johansen JS, Andersen CB, et al. Expression of YKL-40 by peritumoral macrophages in human small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2005;48(2):223–31.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Iwamoto FM, Hormigo A. Unveiling YKL-40, from serum marker to target therapy in glioblastoma. Front Oncol. 2014;4:90. doi:10.3389/fonc.2014.00090.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
84.
Ji RC. Macrophages are important mediators of either tumor- or inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2012;69(6):897–914. doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0848-6.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Sarvi S, Mackinnon AC, Avlonitis N, et al. CD133 + cancer stem-like cells in small cell lung cancer are highly tumorigenic and chemoresistant but sensitive to a novel neuropeptide antagonist. Cancer Res. 2014;74(5):1554–65. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1541.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Hamilton G, Olszewski U. Chemotherapy-induced enrichment of cancer stem cells in lung cancer. J Bioanal Biomed. 2013;S9:003. doi:10.4172/1948-593X.S9-003.
87.
Davis A, Tinker AV, Friedlander M. “Platinum resistant” ovarian cancer: what is it, who to treat and how to measure benefit? Gynecol Oncol. 2014;133(3):624–31. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.02.038.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Sherry MM, Reeves A, Wu JK, et al. STAT3 is required for proliferation and maintenance of multipotency in glioblastoma stem cells. Stem Cells. 2009;27(10):2383–92. doi:10.1002/stem.185.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
89.
Allavena P, Mantovani A. Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on cancer: tumour-associated macrophages: undisputed stars of the inflammatory tumour microenvironment. Clin Exp Immunol. 2012;167(2):195–205. doi:10.1111/j.1365–2249.2011.04515.x.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Smoking, inflammation and small cell lung cancer: recent developments
verfasst von
Gerhard Hamilton
Barbara Rath
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2015
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift / Ausgabe 19-20/2015
Print ISSN: 0043-5341
Elektronische ISSN: 1563-258X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-015-0381-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 19-20/2015

EARLIER: an observational study to evaluate the use of cinacalcet in incident hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism in daily clinical practice

  • original article

Prophylactic long-acting granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSF) in gynecologic malignancies: an oncologic expert statement

  • review

The role for surgeryin high-risk prostate cancer

  • main topic

Das retrocavale extraadrenale Phäochromozytom als Zufallsbefund

  • Fallbericht

Bowen’s disease of the nail apparatus: a series of 8 patients and a literature review

  • brief report

Medical leech therapy in plastic reconstructive surgery

  • review