Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, et al. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet. 2013;382:1329–40.
PubMedCrossRef
2.
Pande RL, Perlstein TS, Beckman JA, et al. Secondary prevention and mortality in peripheral artery disease: national health and nutrition examination study, 1999 to 2004. Circulation. 2011;124(1):17–23.
PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
3.
Joosten MM, Pai JK, Bertoia ML, et al. Associations between conventional cardiovascular risk factors and risk of peripheral artery disease in men. JAMA. 2012;308:1660–7.
PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
4.
Libby P, Aikawa M, Schönbeck U. Cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1529:299–309.
PubMedCrossRef
5.
Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature. 2002;420:868–74.
PubMedCrossRef
6.
Bhatnagar D, Soran H, Durrington PN. Hypercholesterolaemia and its management. BMJ. 2008;337:a993.
PubMedCrossRef
7.
European Association for cardiovascular prevention & rehabilitation et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the task force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2011;32:1769–818.
CrossRef
8.
Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R. Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease. Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circulation. 2000;102:1082–5.
PubMedCrossRef
9.
Luc G, Bard JM, Arveiler D, et al. Lipoprotein (a) as a predictor of coronary heart disease: the PRIME Study. Atherosclerosis. 2002;163:377–84.
PubMedCrossRef
10.
MacGregor AS, Price JF, Hau CM, Lee AJ, Carson MN, Fowkes FG. Role of systolic blood pressure and plasma triglycerides in diabetic peripheral arterial disease. The Edinburgh Artery Study. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:453–8.
PubMedCrossRef
11.
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult TreatmentPanel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227–39.
PubMedCrossRef
12.
Price JF, Mowbray PI, Lee AJ, et al. Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease: Edinburgh Artery Study. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:344–53.
PubMedCrossRef
13.
Joosten MM, Pai JK, Bertoia ML, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Mittleman MA, Mukamal KJ. Associations between conventional cardiovascular risk factors and risk of peripheral artery disease in men. JAMA. 2012;308:1660–7.
PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
14.
Price JF1, Mowbray PI, Lee AJ, et al. Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease: Edinburgh Artery Study. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:344–53.
PubMedCrossRef
15.
Smith GD, Shipley MJ, Rose G. Intermittent claudication, heart disease risk factors, and mortality. The Whitehall Study. Circulation. 1990;82:1925–31.
PubMedCrossRef
16.
Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, et al. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:685–91.
PubMedCrossRef
17.
Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Neil A, et al. UKPDS 59: hyperglycemia and other potentially modifiable risk factors for peripheral vascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:894–9.
PubMedCrossRef
18.
Creager MA, Lüscher TF, Cosentino F, et al. Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: part I. Circulation. 2003;108:1527–32.
PubMedCrossRef
19.
Lüscher TF, Creager MA, Beckman JA, et al. Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: part II. Circulation. 2003;108:1655–61.
PubMedCrossRef
20.
American Diabetes Association. Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3333–41.
CrossRef
21.
Al-Delaimy WK, Merchant AT, Rimm EB, et al. Effect of type 2 diabetes and its duration on the risk of peripheral arterial disease among men. Am J Med. 2004;116:236–40.
PubMedCrossRef
22.
Heikkinen M, Salmenpera M, Lepantalo A, et al. Diabetes care for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33:583–91.
PubMedCrossRef
23.
Kannel WB, McGee DL. Update on some epidemiologic features of intermittent claudication: the Framingham Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33:13–8.
PubMed
24.
Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2159–219.
PubMedCrossRef
25.
Meijer WT1, Hoes AW, Rutgers D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: The Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:185–92.
PubMedCrossRef
26.
Landray MJ, Thambyrajah J, McGlynn FJ, et al. Epidemiological evaluation of known and suspected cardiovascular risk factors in chronic renal impairment. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:537–46.
PubMedCrossRef
27.
Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA. 2001;285:2481–85.
PubMedCrossRef
28.
McDermott MM, Green D, Greenland P, et al. Relation of levels of hemostatic factors and inflammatory markers to the ankle brachial index. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:194–9.
PubMedCrossRef
29.
Wassel CL, Loomba R, Ix JH, et al. Family history of peripheral artery disease is associated with prevalence and severity of peripheral artery disease: the San Diego population study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:1386–92.
PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
30.
Valentine RJ, Guerra R, Stephan P, et al. Family history is a major determinant of subclinical peripheral arterial disease in young adults. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39:351–6.
PubMedCrossRef
31.
Allison MA, Ho E, Denenberg JO, et al. Ethnic-specific prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the United States. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32:328–33.
PubMedCrossRef
32.
Criqui MH, Vargas V, Denenberg JO, et al. Ethnicity and peripheral arterial disease: the San Diego Population Study. Circulation. 2005;112:2703–7.
PubMedCrossRef
33.
Hooi JD, Kester AD, Stoffers HE, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153:666–72.
PubMedCrossRef