Psychocardiological assessment in the acute phase of the takotsubo syndrome

The study was designed as a prospective, multicenter cohort study and took place between June 2013 and September 2018. After obtaining all institutional research ethics board approvals and signed informed consent a total of 27 consecutive patients with the proven diagnosis of TTS were enrolled prospectively in this study.

Overall, 37 patients admitted to the participating centers were prospectively enrolled between June 2013 and September 2018. All participating patients underwent coronary angiography. Of the patients two had to be excluded, one due to significant stenosis of coronary arteries in coronary angiography and one due to retrospective inclusion, and another 8 patients had to be excluded due to the lack of essential data leading to remaining 27 patients with a proven diagnosis of TTS.

The main characteristics of patients were documented in each participating center according to a specific data form for acquisition of patients with TTS: including demographic and clinical parameters, 12-lead electrocardiograph (ECG) results on admission, evaluation of coronary arteries, determination of regional wall motion abnormalities (WMA) in the acute phase either with echocardiography or levocardiography, laboratory parameters and in-hospital complications and clinical outcome.

As TTS seems to be triggered by severe acute emotional or physical stress, detection of patients coping strategies, stress profile and underlying risk factors may give another insight into the underlying disorders of this disease.

A standardized questionnaire to gain more information about underlying risk factors, the stress profile, coping strategies and potential pathological mechanisms was administered within the acute phase of hospitalization due to the TTS. The study questionnaires included:

Only patients older than 18 years who have signed the informed consent were included in this study.

Patients with following criteria adapted to the Mayo Clinic criteria for TTS were analyzed:

Patients who were suspected to have another disease other than TTS, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with occluded or significantly narrowed epicardial coronary artery disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, pheochromocytoma as well as recent significant brain trauma or intracranial bleeding were excluded from this study.

This research was done without patient involvement. Patients were not invited to comment on the study design and were not consulted to develop patient relevant outcomes or interpret the results. Patients were not invited to contribute to the writing or editing of this document for readability or accuracy.

Continuous variables are presented as means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables are provided with percentages. Descriptive statistics were used for demographic variables and clinical characteristics. Types of TTS, patients’ characteristics and risk factors, patients’ stress profiles and stress events were examined. For detection of associations between qualitative variables a χ²-test was performed. For comparison between categorical and continuous variables the Student’s t‑test was done. A two-sided P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. All data manipulation and statistical analysis was performed using IBM® SPSS® statistics software for Macintosh, version 25.0 IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA.

The mean age was 68 years of age (from 42 to 85 years of age), all patients were female. Most patients had low educational status (51.9%) and were unmarried (25.9%). The main symptom leading to hospital admission was chest pain (n = 21; 77.8%) and/or dyspnea (n = 15; 55.6%) followed by nausea/vomiting (n = 4; 14.8%) or syncope in one patient. All patients showed slight to moderate elevation of the cardiac biomarkers. The initial diagnosis leading to coronary angiography was ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in 10 patients (37.0%), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) in 9 patients (33.3%), TTS in 4 patients (14.8%) and unstable angina pectoris (AP) in 2 patients (7.4%). ST-segment elevations were seen in 12 patients (44.4%) followed by T wave inversions (n = 7; 25.9%), pathological Q waves (n = 3; 11.1%) and ST-segment depression (n = 2; 7.4%) on admission. Concomitant cardiovascular risk factors were seen in 85.2% of patients (n = 23): arterial hypertension (n = 17; 63.0%), hyperlipidemia (n = 17; 63.0%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 7; 25.9%), active smoker (n = 4; 14.8%), history of smoking (n = 4; 14.8%) or positive family history of CAD (n = 4; 14.8%) (Table 1).

Cardiovascular complications were found in 33.3% of patients: 4 patients (14.8%) suffered from pulmonary edema, 2 patients (7.4%) from cardiac arrhythmias and 1 patient was in cardiogenic shock (Table 1). One patient died of the disease. Median length of hospital stay was 9.3 days (range from 2 to 29 days).

The apical type of TTS was documented in most patients (n = 16; 59.3%) followed by the combined type of TTS (n = 8; 29.6%), the midventricular type of TTS (n = 2; 7.4%) and the inverse type of TTS in one patient as assessed by acute echocardiography (n = 13) or levocardiography (n = 14). Hypokinesia of the affected left ventricular segments was seen in 6 patients (22.2%), akinesia in 20 patients (74.1%) and dyskinesia in 1 patient. Abnormal systolic function could be seen in 20 patients (74.1%): half of them showed a moderately (left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from 35 to 39%) to severely reduced (LVEF < 35%) left ventricular function, moderately reduced in 9 patients (33.3%) and severely reduced in 5 patients (18.5%). Of the patients 6 (22.2%) showed a mildly reduced (LVEF from 40 to 54%) left ventricular function. A normal systolic function (LVEF from 55 to 70%) was documented in 6 patients (22.2%). Mean systolic PAP was 38 mm Hg (range from 28 to 54 mm Hg), 5 patients (18.5%) showed right ventricular involvement in the acute phase of the disease which could only be seen in patients with apical dysfunction of the left ventricle (apical or combined type of TTS). Mitral valve pathologies could be seen in 10 patients (37.0%), aortic valve pathologies in 5 patients (18.5%) and tricuspid valve pathologies in 5 patients (18.5%). Moreover, in one patient with an apical type of TTS left ventricular outflow tract obstruction could be seen with midventricular obstruction and a thrombus formation.

An endogenous (emotional) stress event was found in 17 patients (63.0%), an exogenous (physical) stress event in 5 patients (18.5%) and a combined stress event in 2 patients (7.4%). Moreover, in three patients (11.1%) no trigger event could be found. The self-reported impact of emotional stress or physiological factors on the disease was reported as 58.8% (SD 31.1%; range 5–100%) (Table 2). Patients with an emotional stress event presented significantly more often with symptoms of chest pain compared to patients with physical or combined stress events (p = 0.007). The self-reported support from the patients’ surrounding was documented as 67.8% (SD 30.6%; range 5–100%). Somatic disorders were found in half of the patients (55.6%), whereas depressive disorders were found in 25.9% of patients. Panic disorders and anxiety symptoms showed a low prevalence in our patient cohort, 7.4% and 11.1%, respectively (Fig. 1). Furthermore, three patients were documented with mild stress symptoms. Somatic or depressive disorders did not significantly differ depending on the type of stress event, type of TTS, educational level or level of illness threat or age. TTS patients with depressive disorders showed a higher percentage of additional anxiety disorders, but not statistically significant (p = 0.075).

The mean level of resilience was at a moderate level (69 points; range from 23 to 89 points). Low levels of resilience were documented in 29.6% of all patients, moderate levels in 11.1% of patients and high levels were documented in 37.0% of all patients (Table 2). No differences in resilience levels were found with respect to the type of TTS, the presence of somatic or depressive disorders or with respect to the educational levels or age.

The mean of total illness perception score was at a moderate level (mean 39.27; SD 10.82, range from 19 to 61). Moderate to high levels of illness threatening were found in 48.1% of patients (Table 2). Interestingly, the levels of illness threatening did not differ among patients with and without cardiovascular complications. In all 8 dimensions of illness perception moderate levels were obtained, whereas the levels in dimension of treatment control (mean 6.38; SD 2.65; range from 1 to 9) and coherence (mean 6.31; SD 2.89; range from 2 to 10) were documented highest. Perceptions of identity and time were documented lowest. No differences in the dimensions of illness perception were found with respect to the type of TTS, the presence of somatic disorders or the educational level. Patients with depressive disorder reported significantly higher perceptions of emotional representation (p = 0.023). Patients with high levels of resilience reported higher perceptions of identity compared to patients with low levels of resilience (3.9 vs. 7.0), but were not statistically significant.

Patients with TTS present in the acute phase with a high prevalence of somatic disorders and relatively high prevalence of depressive disorders. Moderate to low resilience scores in TTS patients are on the one hand additional trigger factors for the development of the TTS and on the other hand potential prognostic factors for the recovery from this syndrome. Low resilience scores may result in a retrospection of the TTS as a threatening adverse life event, which can additionally be seen in moderate to high levels of illness threatening in these patients. As these data are based on questionnaires a multidisciplinary assessment of TTS patients with structured interviews by qualified psychologists addressing the involvement of emotional events in TTS patients with more accuracy has been initiated and is still ongoing.