Prophylaxe und Therapie des postoperativen Vorhofflimmerns bei thoraxchirurgischen Eingriffen

 

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Zusammenfassung

Postoperatives Vorhofflimmern (VHF) tritt bei 12–44 % aller Patienten nach thoraxchirurgischen Eingriffen auf und ist mit einer erhöhten Komplikationsrate und Mortalität assoziiert. Die US-amerikanische Gesellschaft für Thoraxchirurgie hat 2011 eine Leitlinie zur Prophylaxe und Therapie des perioperativen VHF herausgegeben. Eine ausreichend hohe Evidenz besteht für die Fortführung einer zuvor bestehenden β-Blocker-Therapie trotz der bekannten negativ inotropen Wirkung. Als Alternative bei nicht etablierter β-Blocker-Therapie ist der Kalziumantagonist Diltiazem oder auch Amiodaron bei nicht pneumonektomierten Patienten Mittel der Wahl. Zur Frequenzkontrolle des postoperativ neu aufgetretenen VHF können bei hämodynamischer Stabilität selektive β₁-Blocker, Kalziumantagonisten und ggf. Magnesium wie auch Digoxin eingesetzt werden. Amiodaron, β₁-Blocker und Flecainid können unter Beachtung der Nebenwirkungen und Kontraindikationen zur medikamentösen Rhythmuskontrolle bei hämodynamischer Stabilität eingesetzt werden, bei hämodynamischer Instabilität empfiehlt sich eine elektrische Kardioversion. Bei Persistenz des VHFs > 48 Stunden wird eine Antikoagulation abhängig von klinischer Gesamtkonstellation und vom CHADS2-Score empfohlen. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit diskutiert die aktuelle Evidenz für die einzelnen Medikamente und Maßnahmen.

Abstract

Following thoracic surgery atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently occurs in 12 to 44 % of cases postoperatively and is related to an increased morbidity and mortality. In 2011, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons of the United States published guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative AF. High evidence levels are provided for continuing β-blocker treatment despite its known negative inotropic effects. Alternatively, the calcium channel blocker diltiazem, or amiodarone for patients without pneumonectomy are recommended for prophylactic therapy. For rate control of AF occurring post surgery, not only selective β1-blockers, calcium channel blockers, but also magnesium or digoxin are suitable in haemodynamically stable patients. Amiodarone, β₁-blockers and flecainide are preferred for rhythm control in case of haemodynamic stability in regard to possible side effects and contraindications. In contrast, electrical cardioversion is indicated in those patients with haemodynamic instability. Persistent AF of > 48 hours is a target for anticoagulation treatment depending on the individual aspects of the patient and in accordance to the CHADS2 score. The present review article further discusses the evidence for the recommended medical therapy and treatment strategies.

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