Pulmonary hematomas are collections of blood within the alveolar and interstitial spaces¹. Usually, they are resolved within two to four weeks. However, if secondary infection accompanies a hematoma, it can progress into an abscess requiring drainage².

Non-penetrating injury of the thorax, by either direct blunt trauma or indirect forces, is generally known to be the major cause of pulmonary hematoma. There have been a few reports of spontaneous pulmonary hematoma as a complication of anticoagulant therapy or a rare complication of subclavian vein catheterization^3,4. One study reported a total of 38 cases of pulmonary hematoma, and all of these cases occurred after thoracic injury⁵. To the best of our knowledge, no case of pulmonary hematoma has manifested without any underlying causes. Here, we report a case of spontaneous pulmonary hematoma where the patient did not have any identifiable underlying causes. Pulmonary hematoma was finally diagnosed after histopathological review of the surgically removed mass.

A 57-year-old male patient was admitted to our center because of a cystic mass in the right upper lung field that was discovered incidentally by chest X-ray during a routine health checkup. He was a current smoker with more than 30 pack years of cigarette exposure. He had been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 20 years previously and had been using an inhaled corticosteroid and bronchodilator. The patient has been working at the convenience store, and had no history of trauma or use of any anticoagulants. He had no chest pain, fever, cough, or sputum. There were no other episodes of hemoptysis. His physical examination showed decreased lung sounds in both lung fields without wheezes or crackles. There was no palpable lymph node enlargement. Routine laboratory studies including a platelet count and coagulation profiles yielded normal results, except a slightly increased C-reactive protein (CRP) level (7.13 mg/dL). Pulmonary function tests showed a severe obstructive pattern, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) was 1.38 L (36% of predicted volume); the forced vital capacity (FVC) was 4.08 L (85% of predicted capacity); and the ratio of FEV₁ to FVC was 34%. The diffusing capacity was 15.7 mL/mm Hg/min (61% of predictive capacity). Several sputum analyses were negative for malignancy, bacterial infection, and tuberculosis. There was no evidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Chest X-ray showed a clearly defined homogeneous round opacity without calcification in the right lower lung field (Figure 1). Computed tomography (CT) scanning of the chest revealed a huge round cystic mass across the upper and lower lobes of the right lung, which measured 9×7.9 cm at its maximum diameter (Figure 2).

Single port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery approach using 5-mm scope through a 3.0 cm skin incision was performed under general anesthesia and one lung intubation. After dissection of the pleural adhesions present, a thick yellowish cystic mass with a well-defined margin of 9×8×8 cm in size was found along the major fissure between the right upper and lower lobes (Figure 3). Fine needle aspiration collected a dark brownish colored viscous fluid. The mass was resected completely. Pathological examination revealed a large amount of dense fibrous tissue with blood clots, compatible with pulmonary hematoma (Figure 4), with no evidence of malignant cell infiltration. After postoperative care, the patient was discharged without any complications. A follow-up chest X-ray after 2 months showed no recurrence, and there was no evidence of recurrence 1 year after the follow-up period.

Trauma is known to be the leading cause of pulmonary hematoma, and spontaneous cases are rare^5,6. Anticoagulation therapy, thrombocytopenia, and congenital disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have been reported to be causes of spontaneous pulmonary hematoma, but the number of cases is extremely small^3,4,7,8. In the current case, pulmonary hematoma developed without any preexisting causes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a spontaneous pulmonary hematoma with no underlying conditions.

Generally, pulmonary hematoma is understood to occur by vessel rupture and consequent hemorrhage into the lung parenchyma due to physical trauma to the chest^7,9. Several researchers have proposed another pathological mechanism of hematoma, which involves its occurrence in preexisting cysts via angionecrosis and erosion of the cystic wall^4,10.

We suppose that these pathomechanisms may be applicable to explain the formation of pulmonary hematoma in present case. As the patient had underlying COPD, the elevation of CRP levels detected suggests the possibility of infection leading to necrosis of the walls of preexisting emphysematous bullae and angionecrosis although bullae were not prominent in the area surrounding the hematoma upon CT. Alternatively, as though the patients did not aware, a minor trauma to the chest may be the leading cause of pulmonary hematoma through blood vessels rupture.

While the incidence of hematoma is low, it can be difficult to differentiate malignancy from hematoma in imaging results. When a pulmonary cystic mass is observed, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of a hematoma, even if no underlying symptoms exist.