Abstract
Background: The management of acute agitation in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia is a multifaceted and dynamic task, which presents unique and complex challenges to healthcare providers.
Objective: To ascertain and describe which medications are best to use in patients with agitation, affected by bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.
Method: Selective review of current literature and guidelines referred to the treatment of agitation in individuals affected with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia
Results: When possible, the pharmacologic management of agitation should be preceded by a in-depth evaluation of the possible causes of the agitation. The use for of first and second-generation antipsychotic medications, of benzodiazepines and of the newer inhaled antipsychotic loxapine, is reviewed and commented.
Conclusion: The mainstay of medication treatment of acute agitation should be based on a thotough assessment cause. If agitation is due to delirium or to another physial condition, an attempt to address the underlying causes should be always considered. When agitation is primarily due to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, antipsychotics and/or benzodiazepines are usually the mainstay of treatment. Newer inhaled formulation of loxapine has shown ability to rapidly reduce the agitation in mild to moderate patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, with a decrease in agitation that was evident since the first assessment, 10 minutes after the first dose.
Keywords: Agitation, bipolar, schizophrenia, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, loxapine, intramuscular, oral, inhaled.
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title:Older and Newer Strategies for the Pharmacological Management of Agitation in Patients with Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia
Volume: 16 Issue: 8
Author(s): Giovanni Amodeo*, Andrea Fagiolini, Gabriele Sachs and Andreas Erfurth
Affiliation:
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena School of Medicine, Viale Bracci 1, Siena 53100,Italy
Keywords: Agitation, bipolar, schizophrenia, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, loxapine, intramuscular, oral, inhaled.
Abstract: Background: The management of acute agitation in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia is a multifaceted and dynamic task, which presents unique and complex challenges to healthcare providers.
Objective: To ascertain and describe which medications are best to use in patients with agitation, affected by bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.
Method: Selective review of current literature and guidelines referred to the treatment of agitation in individuals affected with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia
Results: When possible, the pharmacologic management of agitation should be preceded by a in-depth evaluation of the possible causes of the agitation. The use for of first and second-generation antipsychotic medications, of benzodiazepines and of the newer inhaled antipsychotic loxapine, is reviewed and commented.
Conclusion: The mainstay of medication treatment of acute agitation should be based on a thotough assessment cause. If agitation is due to delirium or to another physial condition, an attempt to address the underlying causes should be always considered. When agitation is primarily due to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, antipsychotics and/or benzodiazepines are usually the mainstay of treatment. Newer inhaled formulation of loxapine has shown ability to rapidly reduce the agitation in mild to moderate patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, with a decrease in agitation that was evident since the first assessment, 10 minutes after the first dose.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Amodeo Giovanni*, Fagiolini Andrea, Sachs Gabriele and Erfurth Andreas, Older and Newer Strategies for the Pharmacological Management of Agitation in Patients with Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2017; 16 (8) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527316666170919115507
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527316666170919115507 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system infectious diseases
Infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) can be divided into bacterial, tuberculous, viral, fungal, parasitic infections, etc. Early etiological treatment is often the most crucial means to reduce the mortality rate of patients with central nervous system infections, reduce complications and sequelae, and improve prognosis. The initial clinical ...read more
Techniques of Drug Repurposing: Delivering a new life to Herbs & Drugs
Of late, with the adaptation of innovative approaches and integration of advancements made towards medical sciences as well as the availability of a wide range of tools; several therapeutic challenges are being translated into viable clinical solutions, with a high degree of efficacy, safety, and selectivity. With a better understanding ...read more
Trends and perspectives in the rational management of CNS disorders
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases enforce a significant global health burden, driving ongoing efforts to improve our understanding and effectiveness of therapy. This issue investigates current advances in the discipline, focusing on the understanding as well as therapeutic handling of various CNS diseases. The issue covers a variety of diseases, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Nitric Oxide and Dietary Factors: Part V Summary/Conclusion and References
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Neuroleptics and Migraine
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The Role of Renal Nerve Ablation for the Management of Resistant Hypertension and other Disease Conditions: Benefits and Concerns
Current Vascular Pharmacology Bothrops Moojeni Venom Peptides Containing Bradykinin Potentiating Peptides Sequences
Protein & Peptide Letters Noradrenaline in Parkinsons Disease: From Disease Progression to Current Therapeutics
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Impact of Various Blood Pressure Measurements on Cardiovascular Outcomes
Current Vascular Pharmacology Phytoconstituents of <i>Lantana camara</i> L.: Rekindling Hope in the Cancer Treatment
Current Bioactive Compounds Comparison between Two Calcium Antagonists: Blood Pressure Reduction and Renal Effects in Hypertensive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) General or Local Anesthesia for TAVI? A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Current Status and Future of Antifungal Therapy for Systemic Mycoses
Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery Characterization of a New Impurity in Metaraminol Bitartrate for Injection by 2D HPLC-Q/TOF-MS, Chemical Synthesis and NMR
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis The ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas Axis and Cardioprotection
Current Cardiology Reviews A Review of the Treatment of Psoriasis with Infliximab
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials Seaweed Proteins as a Source of Bioactive Peptides
Current Pharmaceutical Design Review of Endocrine Manifestations of Antiphospholid Syndrome
Current Rheumatology Reviews Drug Delivery to CNS: Challenges and Opportunities with Emphasis on Biomaterials Based Drug Delivery Strategies
Current Pharmaceutical Design Various Screening Methods for Anti- Asthmatic Activity
Current Traditional Medicine Vasorelaxant and Antihypertensive Effects of <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L. in Rats: An In vitro and In vivo Approach
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ in Vascular Biology
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Platelet Aggregation and Exogenous Factors From Animal Sources
Current Drug Targets - Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders