Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (RLNP) after esophagectomy is a common complication and associated with aspiration pneumonia. In this study, we assessed the risk of RLNP and the usefulness of immediate reconstruction of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) to prevent respiratory complications after esophagectomy. Seven hundred and eighty-two consecutive patients underwent an esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection, simultaneous gastric conduit reconstruction, and cervical anastomosis. Vocal cord function was observed using a flexible laryngoscope. Reconstruction between RLN and ipsilateral vagus nerve was performed during esophagectomy. RLNP was observed in 229 (29.3%) of the patients after esophagectomy: 198 unilateral and 31 bilateral cases. Of the 198 unilateral RLNP, vocal cord paralysis was observed predominantly on the left side (82.7%). RLNP was significantly associated with postoperative respiratory complications (P < 0.001) requiring a tracheotomy (P < 0.001) and mechanical ventilation (P < 0.001) and was also associated with esophagogastric anastomotic leakage (P = 0.015); consequently, the postoperative hospital stay was longer for patients with RLNP (P < 0.001). A longer operation time (P < 0.001) and advanced age (P = 0.038) were identified as significant independent predictors of RLNP. Resection of the RLN together with metastatic nodes was performed in 29 cases. The patients underwent RLN reconstruction (n = 11) had a significantly shorter postoperative hospital stay than those without RLN reconstruction (n = 18) (P = 0.019). In conclusion, RLNP was related to a poorer postoperative course among patients undergoing an esophagectomy. New surgical technologies are recommended for prevention of RLNP.