ABSTRACT

Objective:

To analyze the impact of a physiotherapy protocol in maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) by manovacuometry. AIS may change the respiratory dynamics and the performance of inspiratory and expiratory muscles, affecting ventilatory capacity.

Methods:

Patients with AIS aged 10 to 20 years old were randomly assigned to receive an aerobic exercise-training program or no treatment. They were evaluated for respiratory muscle strength before and after the treatment period by means of manovacuometry, thorax and spine radiographs. Physical therapy exercising protocol comprised three weekly sessions including stretching and aerobic exercises during four months.

Results:

Forty five patients received physical therapy and 45 patients received no treatment (control group). The mean maximum inspiratory pressure (Pi_max) was -52.13 cm H₂0 and the maximum expiratory pressure (Pe_max) was 62.38 cm H₂0. There was a significant increase of Pi_max and Pe_max (p=0,000) in the group receiving physical therapy. There were no drop-outs and no adverse events in this study. Respiratory muscle strength, scoliosis and kyphosis degrees were not statistically correlated.

Conclusion:

Exercising is beneficial to patients with AIS, who have shown significant increases in respiratory muscle strength after physical therapy. There was no correlation between respiratory pressure and spine deformity. Level of Evidence I, High quality randomized trial.

KEYWORDS:
SCOLIOSIS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; EXERCISE THERAPY

INTRODUCTION

The airflow limitation during physical activities is reported in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with moderate or severe spinal curvature (> 60°).¹1. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1527-37. However, even adolescents with smaller curvatures and who do not exhibit restrictive respiratory pattern when compared to individuals without vertebral deformities, measured by spirometry, have less ability to perform physical activities.²2. DiRocco PJ, Vaccaro P. Cardiopulmonary functioning in adolescent patients with mild idiopathic scoliosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(3 Pt 1):198-201.

In the biomechanical analysis of the interaction between the spine, sternum and ribs, there is evidence that the vertebral rotation causes change in anteroposterior and transverse diameter of the chest during inspiration.³3. Kotani T, Minami S, Takahashi K, Isobe K, Nakata Y, Takaso M, et al. An analysis of chest wall and diaphragm motionsin patients with idiopathic scoliosis using dynamic breathing MRI. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(3):298-302.^,44. Takahashi S, Suzuki N, Asazuma T, Kono K, Ono T, Toyama Y. Factors of thoracic cage deformity that affect pulmonary function in adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) . 2007;32(1):106-12. Since respiratory movements are given by the interaction of three muscle groups, the change in the expansion capacity results in loss, because it interferes in the dynamic compliance of the thoracic complex.⁵5. Koumbourlis AC. Scoliosis and the respiratory system. Paediatr Respir Rev.2006;7(2):152-60.

One way of analyzing respiratory muscle efficiency is by measuring the maximal respiratory pressures, namely the maximal inspiratory pressure (Pi_max) which indicates the strength of the inspiratory muscles and maximal expiratory pressure, (Pe_max), which indicates the strength of the expiratory muscles.⁶6. Black LF, Hyatt RE. Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sex. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969;99(5):696-702.

For the purpose of standardization, a consensus for conducting respiratory muscles strength tests was established in 2002,⁷7. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;15;166(4):518-624. recommending the manovacuometry test.⁸8. Windisch W, Hennings E, Sorichter S, Hamm H, Criée CP. Peak or plateau maximal inspiratory mouth pressure: which is best? Eur Respir J. 2004;23(5):708-13. Due to the possibility that measuring the maximum pressures may combine the muscular action of the rib cage and its elastic recoil,⁶6. Black LF, Hyatt RE. Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sex. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969;99(5):696-702. the evaluation is essential to patients with AIS, as these can present a mechanical disadvantage by the distortion imposed on the rib cage, which in turn is consequent to the spinal curvature.

The question to be verified was whether the modification of the respiratory dynamics alters the inspiratory performance, generating ventilatory changes as compared to normal pattern, regarding metabolic needs. During exercise,⁹9. Lenke LG, White DK, Kemp JS, Bridwell KH, Blanke KM, Engsberg JR. Evaluation of ventilatory efficiency during exercise in patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) . 2002;27(18):2041-5.^,1010. Barrios C, Pérez-Encinas C, Maruenda JI, Laguía M. Significant ventilatory functional restriction in adolescents with mild or moderate scoliosis during maximal exercise tolerance test. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) . 2005;30(14):1610-5. for example, the lower muscular strength found in patients with AIS, which typically do not have adequate physical fitness, is associated to less periphery muscle mass.¹¹11. Kearon C, Viviani GR, Killian KJ. Factors influencing work capacity in adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1993;148(2):295-303.

Following the hypothesis that deconditioning could be the factor responsible for the muscle strength change of these patients, cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness provided by standard physical activities can benefit them ¹²12. Shneerson JM. Cardiac and respiratory responses to exercise in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Thorax. 1980;35(5):347-50. it was verified by our team, ¹³13. dos Santos Alves VL, Stirbulov R, Avanzi O. Impact of a physical rehabilitation program on the respiratory function of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Chest. 2006;130(2):500-5. which found improvement of respiratory function in patients with AIS submitted to aerobic training program.

The lack of studies in the literature on the behavior of the change in respiratory strength in patients with AIS and the benefit of an aerobic exercise program applied to these patients is the purpose of evaluating the impact of a physical therapy protocol on maximal expiratory and inspiratory strength applied to patients with AIS assessed by manovacuometry.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a prospective randomized study which evaluated patients with AIS and curvature ≥ 45°, with surgical indication, consecutively diagnosed at the Departments of Orthopaedics and Physical Therapy of a public university hospital from January 2008 to February 2009.

Patients were randomly divided into two groups: group I, the control group, consisting of patients with AIS, and group II of patients with AIS who underwent a physical therapy protocol. All patients signed an Informed Consent Form and the study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under number 301/08.

Patients with AIS with curvature ≥ 45 °, aged 10 to 20 years old, candidates for surgical correction of spinal deformity were included at the study that evaluated spinal deformity, as well as the angle of kyphosis by anteroposterior and profile radiographs.¹⁴14. Cobb JR. Outline for the study of scoliosis. Instr Course Lect 1948;5:261-75.

We excluded patients who had undergone previous surgery for spinal deformity correction, those with cognitive and musculoskeletal changes that might interfere in comprehension and performance of tests and those who claimed to perform standardized physical activity for more than 30 minutes three times a week. Patients were divided into groups by random selection of opaque envelopes sealed and numbered sequentially.

Evaluation of respiratory muscle strength

One day before and one day after the period of application of the exercise protocol, all patients were evaluated by using the manovacuometer (Comercial Médica ^(r) to measure Pi_max and Pe_max. Following consensus guidance of the respiratory muscle testing,⁷7. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;15;166(4):518-624. pressure measurements were performed with the patient seated, with the chest and feet flat, using a nose clip. The patient was instructed to hold the manovacuometer and tighten the mouthpiece firmly against the lips, preventing air leakage, making a maximum inspiration from the residual volume to measure Pi_max, and a maximum expiration from total lung capacity to determine Pe_max.⁷7. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;15;166(4):518-624.

In each evaluation, were performed three measures of Pi_max and Pe_max, under the supervision and direction of a physiotherapist with resting intervals of 30-60 sec between measurements. We considered the highest value recorded.

Physical therapy protocol

Patients in group II underwent a physical therapy protocol during four months, based on the proposals by Bouchard and Shepard¹⁵15. Bouchard C, Shepard RJ. Physical activity, fitness and health: the model and key conceps. In:Bouchard C, Shepard RJ, Stephens T, editors. Physical activity, fitness and health. International proceedings and statement. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics Publishers; 1994. p. 77-88. and Covey et al, ¹⁶16. Covey MK, Larson JL, Wirtz S. Reliability of submaximal exercise tests in patients with COPD. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(9):1257-64. with three weekly sessions with 60 min intervals followed by the physiotherapist and divided into three steps:

Each patient of group II was, therefore, submitted to 48 exercise sessions performed at the same physical therapy clinic, using deletar of the same equipment in all sessions and patients.

The control group patients were not subjected to any kind of physical exercise. They were instructed to perform their daily activities normally, and were submitted to a new assessment four months after the initial evaluation.

The number of patients in each treatment group followed the sample size calculation. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), version 13.1. Paired t-test and variance homogeneity were performed to observe the strength of both groups and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was applied to establish the correlation between the scoliosis angle, kyphosis and respiratory pressures. Statistical significance was established as p<0.05.

RESULTS

During the study period, 90 patients were included, 45 in the control group (I) and 45 in the study group (II). Table 1 shows the result of the evaluation of patients in both groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding age and spine angle measurement at the time of inclusion in the study, as well as the comparison between Pi_max and Pe_max (baseline).

Mean Pi_max at start of all patients was -36.04±7.11cm H₂O and the mean Pe_max was 43.91±4.53cm H₂O, ranging, respectively, between -15 and -50 and between 31 and 51.

Every patient in group II completed all planned physical therapy sessions. The measurement of respiratory pressures before the physiotherapy protocol in group II showed mean Pi_max -35.04±7.39 cm H2O and mean Pe_max 43.11±4.65 cm H2O, ranging from - 15 and -47, and 32 and 51, respectively. After completion of the physical therapy protocol, a new assessment was performed and showed a significant increase in the values of Pi_max and Pe_max in group II, with p = 0.000 for both variables, mean Pi_max was -52.13±8.33 cm H2O (SD =) and Pe_max was 62.38±6.74 cm H2O. (Figure 1) There was no difference between the mean values of patients in group I in the first and in the last assessment.

Correlations between respiratory muscle strength, scoliosis and kyphosis were weak in all groups and time points studied; there was no significant association in any analysis in group II (Table 2) and there were no linear relationships between the variables studied. (Figure 2)

DISCUSSION

The assessment of lung function by spirometry not always characterizes restrictive lung disease in AIS.¹⁰10. Barrios C, Pérez-Encinas C, Maruenda JI, Laguía M. Significant ventilatory functional restriction in adolescents with mild or moderate scoliosis during maximal exercise tolerance test. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) . 2005;30(14):1610-5. Therefore, the literature searches other changes to explain the lower functional capacity in these patients.¹

The ventilatory performance during physical activities depends not only on the lungs' mechanical properties, but also the interaction between complacency, elastance and muscle action.⁶6. Black LF, Hyatt RE. Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sex. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969;99(5):696-702. The relationship between pressure and strength is complex because the rib geometry is responsible for the conversion of strength into pressure, and this is directly dependent on the mechanical characteristics of the chest, abdominal compliance and interaction of respiratory muscles.⁷7. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;15;166(4):518-624.

Ninety adolescents with AIS were compared to 40 adolescents without any spinal deformity in a study by Alves dos Santos et al.,¹³13. dos Santos Alves VL, Stirbulov R, Avanzi O. Impact of a physical rehabilitation program on the respiratory function of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Chest. 2006;130(2):500-5. who observed a weak correlation between the scoliosis angle and muscle strength presented by the AIS group. These findings are corroborated by the present work, in which the strength measurements are not correlated with the angular value of the spinal deformity. This suggests that respiratory strength in patients with AIS may be reduced by physical deconditioning.¹1. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1527-37.^,22. DiRocco PJ, Vaccaro P. Cardiopulmonary functioning in adolescent patients with mild idiopathic scoliosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(3 Pt 1):198-201.

This possibility was already suggested by Kearon et al.,¹¹11. Kearon C, Viviani GR, Killian KJ. Factors influencing work capacity in adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1993;148(2):295-303. who observed that individuals with scoliosis showed reduced performance in aerobic exercises, with different physiological responses in varying degrees of deformity and lower muscle mass as compared to patients with AIS and individuals without spinal deformity undergoing incremental test on a cycle ergometer.

For patients with chronic lung disease, the effectiveness of physical therapy reabilitation in systemic manifestations has already been defined, including depletion of skeletal muscle mass.¹⁷17. Dourado VZ, Antunes LC, Tanni SE, de Paiva SA, Padovani CR, Godoy I. Relationship of upper-limb and thoracic muscle strength to 6-min walk distance in COPD patients. Chest. 2006;129(3):551-7. Thus, the implementation of rehabilitation protocols with aerobic exercises for patients with AIS should be encouraged, according to positive data found by many authors¹1. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1527-37.^,1313. dos Santos Alves VL, Stirbulov R, Avanzi O. Impact of a physical rehabilitation program on the respiratory function of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Chest. 2006;130(2):500-5.^,1818. Zaba R. [Effect of intensive movement rehabilitation and breathing exercise on respiratory parameters in children with idiopathic stage-I scoliosis]. Przegl Lek. 2003;60 Suppl 6:73-5. and endorsed by this study, which observed increased respiratory muscle strength after the training program.

The account of lower peripheral muscle mass found in AIS is important because the level of body mass has a clear relationship to lean body mass and, therefore, with the metabolically active tissue capable of producing work. Similarly, the increase of inspiratory muscle strength is probably related to a higher residual ability to support metabolic and ventilatory demands of physical training.¹⁸18. Zaba R. [Effect of intensive movement rehabilitation and breathing exercise on respiratory parameters in children with idiopathic stage-I scoliosis]. Przegl Lek. 2003;60 Suppl 6:73-5.

In 2003, Zaba¹⁸18. Zaba R. [Effect of intensive movement rehabilitation and breathing exercise on respiratory parameters in children with idiopathic stage-I scoliosis]. Przegl Lek. 2003;60 Suppl 6:73-5. studied respiratory function and limitation to perform exercise in 70 patients with AIS, as compared to 22 adolescents without spinal changes, and he did not observe any significant increase of lung volume in both groups after the completion of a rehabilitation program. In AIS patients, he found increased voluntary ventilation, given the improvement in respiratory muscle strength, which was also found in our study

It is known that aerobic exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increases the concentration of oxidative mitochondrial enzymes, the capillarity of the trained muscles, the aerobic threshold, and maximum VO₂, reducing the recovery time of creatine phosphate. Therefore, it allows better capacity in carrying out the exercise,¹⁹19. Smyth RJ, Chapman KR, Wright TA, Crawford JS, Rebuck AS. Pulmonary function in adolescents with mild idiopathic scoliosis. Thorax . 1984;39(12):901-4. demonstrating that the aerobic activity in these patients is more effective than the specific training of the respiratory muscles.⁹9. Lenke LG, White DK, Kemp JS, Bridwell KH, Blanke KM, Engsberg JR. Evaluation of ventilatory efficiency during exercise in patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) . 2002;27(18):2041-5.

According to Smyth et al.,¹⁹19. Smyth RJ, Chapman KR, Wright TA, Crawford JS, Rebuck AS. Pulmonary function in adolescents with mild idiopathic scoliosis. Thorax . 1984;39(12):901-4. when training provides control of breathing pattern, increased strength and inspiratory muscle endurance can translate into clinical improvement of the respiratory system functional status of patients with chronic lung disease, as it was observed in this study with AIS patients.

The increase of the maximum respiratory muscle strength can be explained according to Helbling et al., ²⁰20. Helbling D, Boutellier U, Spengler CM. Modulation of the ventilatory increase at the onset of exercise in humans. Respir Physiol. 1997;109(3):219-29. by the cardiorespiratory adaptation to training intensity, which promotes the recruitment and better function of oxidative muscle fibers, unlike the statement by Lacasse et al., ²¹21. Lacasse Y, Maltais F, Goldstein RS. Pulmonary rehabilitation: an integralpart of the long-term management of COPD. Swiss Med Wkly. 2004;134(41-42):601-5. who claimed that physical activity improves peripheral and respiratory muscles without specific training of the muscles, although the literature is emphatic on the need for standardizing physical training.¹⁵15. Bouchard C, Shepard RJ. Physical activity, fitness and health: the model and key conceps. In:Bouchard C, Shepard RJ, Stephens T, editors. Physical activity, fitness and health. International proceedings and statement. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics Publishers; 1994. p. 77-88.

16. Covey MK, Larson JL, Wirtz S. Reliability of submaximal exercise tests in patients with COPD. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(9):1257-64.^-1717. Dourado VZ, Antunes LC, Tanni SE, de Paiva SA, Padovani CR, Godoy I. Relationship of upper-limb and thoracic muscle strength to 6-min walk distance in COPD patients. Chest. 2006;129(3):551-7.

CONCLUSION

The therapy protocol benefited patients with AIS, which had a significant improvement of their respiratory muscle strength, as compared to patients with AIS who did not undergo the exercise protocol.

REFERENCES

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