Figures
Abstract
Background
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection using magnifying endoscopy offers advantages over conventional invasive and noninvasive tests.
Objective
This meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of magnifying endoscopy in the prediction of H. pylori infection.
Methods
A literature search of the PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Science Direct and the Cochrane Library databases was performed. A random-effects model was used to calculate the diagnostic efficiency of magnifying endoscopy for H. pylori infection. A summary receiver operator characteristic curve was plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated.
Results
A total of 18 studies involving 1897 patients were included. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of magnifying endoscopy to predict H. pylori infection were 0.89 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–0.91] and 0.82 (95%CI 0.79–0.85), respectively, with an AUC of 0.9461. When targeting the gastric antrum, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.82 (95%CI 0.78–0.86) and 0.72 (95%CI 0.66–0.78), respectively. When targeting the gastric corpus, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.92 (95%CI 0.90–0.94) and 0.86 (95%CI 0.82–0.88), respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity using magnifying white light endoscopy were 0.90 (95%CI 0.87–0.91) and 0.81 (95%CI 0.77–0.84), respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity using magnifying chromoendoscopy were 0.87 (95%CI 0.83–0.91) and 0.85 (95%CI 0.80–0.88), respectively. The “pit plus vascular pattern” classification in the gastric corpus observed by magnifying endoscopy was able to accurately predict the status of H. pylori infection, as indicated by a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 0.96 (95%CI 0.94–0.97) and 0.91 (95%CI 0.87–0.93), respectively, with an AUC of 0.9872.
Citation: Qi Q, Guo C, Ji R, Li Z, Zuo X, Li Y (2016) Diagnostic Performance of Magnifying Endoscopy for Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0168201. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168201
Editor: Robert L. Schmidt, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, UNITED STATES
Received: January 21, 2016; Accepted: November 28, 2016; Published: December 19, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Qi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The study is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81330012). URL: www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal1/. The author YQL received this funding. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a well-described risk factor for gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma [1–3]. Several diagnostic tests for the presence of this bacterium have been widely used in clinical practice. However, each of these tests has certain disadvantages [4]. Noninvasive tests (e.g., serology, urea breath test, or stool test) are convenient and accurate. However, these tests do not provide real-time information on the gastric mucosa, which is clinically important, especially for patients with special indications, such as symptoms of dyspepsia, a family history of cancer, etc. For these patients, an endoscopic examination is necessary to directly describe the gastric diseases and identify more precancerous lesions in a timely manner. However, the invasive tests (e.g., histology, culture, or rapid urease test) used for H. pylori examination during the endoscopic examination require biopsy samples, which will lead to unnecessary injury and medical costs. Moreover, random biopsies are not always sufficiently accurate for the detection of H. pylori due to its focal distribution.
Previous studies conclude that it is not feasible to diagnose H. pylori-related gastritis based on conventional endoscopic findings. Features labeled as gastritis poorly correlate with histopathological results, and interobserver agreement is poor for the endoscopic features of gastritis [5–7]. Magnifying endoscopy allows for the clear visualization of the microsurface structure and microvascular architecture of the gastric mucosa. Recently, different features observed using magnifying endoscopy have been demonstrated to describe the presence of H. pylori. Prospective studies have been carried out to explore the usefulness of magnifying endoscopy for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. Almost all of these studies selected the gastric antrum or corpus as the observed site. However, the optimum site to observe for the endoscopic diagnosis of H. pylori infection has not yet been identified. Moreover, the optimum diagnostic classification is also needed to confirm among various endoscopic criteria.
Thus, the aim of our study was to perform a meta-analysis of published data to assess the diagnostic performance of magnifying endoscopy for H. pylori infection.
Materials and Methods
Search strategy
We systematically searched the PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Science Direct and the Cochrane Library databases to identify all relevant articles published until August 2015. The following search terms were used: “Helicobacter pylori”, “H. pylori”, “HP”, “gastritis” AND “magnifying”, “magnification”, “magnified”, “zoom”. The references in the available articles and reviews were also carefully examined to avoid missing studies. After scanning the titles and abstracts of articles selected from the initial search, we read the full texts of eligible articles. Two investigators independently searched the articles, and disagreements were resolved by discussion. Our meta-analysis was performed according to the PRISMA statement [8].
Selection of studies
The inclusion criteria were as follows:
- Magnifying endoscopy was used for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection;
- The numbers of true-positive (TP), false-positive (FP), true-negative (TN) and false-negative (FN) cases were reported or could be calculated from the study to construct 2×2 tables;
- At least one of rapid urease test, urea breath test, H. pylori culture or histopathological examination was applied as the reference standard;
- Studies that were published as full articles in English language.
The exclusion criteria were as follows:
- Studies without a definite reference standard;
- Studies without complete data for constructing 2×2 tables with TP, FP, FN and TN;
- Studies that overlapped the studies selected;
- Studies that included patients with a history of H. pylori eradication therapy or using proton pump inhibitors;
- Review articles, case reports, editorials, expert opinions, comments, letters to the editor, and meeting abstracts.
Assessment of study quality
The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool was used to assess the quality and risk of bias of all included studies [9]. This tool consists of four key domains: patient selection, index test, reference standard and flow and timing. Each domain is assessed in terms of the risk of bias, and the first three are also assessed in terms of concerns regarding applicability. Both the risk of bias and the concerns regarding applicability are rated as ‘‘low”, ‘‘high” or ‘‘unclear”. Signaling questions were answered to help us make a judgment. If the study was judged as “low” on all domains, it would be judged as a “low risk of bias” or “low concern regarding applicability”. In contrast, it would be judged as having a “risk of bias” or having “concerns regarding applicability”, if the study was judged as “high” in one or more domains. The “unclear” was used when a judgment was difficult to make due to insufficient data. The assessment procedure was performed and crosschecked by two independent reviewers.
Data extraction
The following information was obtained from each study: the first author, year of publication, country, number of patients, age and sex ratio, endoscopy type, endoscopy mode, magnification factor, observed site and diagnostic classification. The numbers of TP, FP, TN and FN were also extracted, and 2×2 tables were constructed. All data were extracted independently by two investigators, and discrepancies were resolved by discussion.
Statistical analysis
Cochran’s Q and inconsistency (I2) were measured to estimate the heterogeneity of included studies. The Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated to test heterogeneity due to threshold effect. A random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis because the group of studies in our research is a random sample of all possible studies. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR-) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) as well as the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. A summary receiver operator characteristic (SROC) curve was plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. We performed subgroup analyses to assess the diagnostic performance of magnifying endoscopy according to different features in selected studies. Deeks’ funnel plot was used to assess the potential publication bias of included studies. Meta-DiSc (version 1.4) and Stata (version 12.1) were used to perform the meta-analysis. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Selection of studies
After the primary search, a total of 623 studies were identified. Fig 1 shows the selection process and reasons for exclusion. After reviewing the full text, articles were excluded due to the following reasons: unable to construct a 2×2 table (n = 1) [10], review of duplicate data (n = 1) [11] and the enrollment of patients with the history of H. pylori eradication treatment (n = 2) [12, 13]. Finally, 12 articles [14–25] were selected for the meta-analysis. After a careful review of the full articles, three, four and two separate studies were identified from the articles by Nakagawa S [16], Gonen C [21] and Qi QQ [23], respectively. These studies identified from one article were performed with different magnifying endoscopy modes, or observed different gastric sites. In total, 18 eligible studies were identified from the 12 included articles. All of these studies met the inclusion criteria. All included studies were prospective trials.
Finally, 18 studies were identified from the 12 articles.
The main characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1. In total, 1897 patients were enrolled, with a mean number of 105 patients per study. Data to evaluate the diagnostic performance of magnifying endoscopy for H. pylori infection were extracted from these studies.
The studies were carried out in Japan [14–16, 18, 22, 24], China [17, 23, 25], Turkey [21], the USA [20] and the UK [19]. In 5 studies [14, 16, 21, 25], the endoscopic features of the gastric autumn were investigated to diagnose H. pylori infection. Another 11 studies [15–17, 19, 21–24] selected the gastric body as the observed site, and most of these studies used the Z0-3 [15, 21], Type1-3 [19, 23] or normal along with Type1-3 [22] classifications as the endoscopic diagnostic criteria (n = 6). We herein describe these three classifications as a “pit plus vascular pattern” because all of them combined the appearance of gastric pits, collecting venules and subepithelial capillary network (SECN) into their classifications. The detailed information of all endoscopic classifications is listed in S1 Text. Moreover, 11 studies [14–17, 19, 21, 23, 24] used magnifying white light endoscopy (WLE) and another 7 studies used magnifying chromoendoscopy (indigo carmine [18, 21], NBI [20, 22, 25] and i-scan [23]). Most studies used Olympus endoscopes [14–17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25], and the remaining studies used Fujinon [18, 21] or Pentax [23] endoscopes.
Quality assessment
The quality of eligible studies according to the QUADAS-2 criteria was evaluated as shown in Table 2 and is graphically displayed in Figs 2 and 3. Generally, the included studies met most of the quality criteria. However, some studies did not clearly indicate whether consecutive or random patients were enrolled. Moreover, blind assessment between endoscopic diagnoses and reference standards was not explicitly stated in some studies. These factors may introduce bias.
Diagnostic performance of magnifying endoscopy for H. pylori infection
A random-effects model was used in our meta-analysis of the included 18 studies and the results are shown in Fig 4 and Table 3. The pooled sensitivity of magnifying endoscopy to predict H. pylori infection was 0.89 (95%CI 0.87–0.91), and the pooled specificity was 0.82 (95%CI 0.79–0.85). The LR+, LR- and DOR were 5.16 (95%CI 3.32–8.02), 0.11 (95%CI 0.07–0.18) and 59.58 (95%CI 30.63–115.88), respectively. The area under the SROC curve was 0.9461 (SE = 0.0147), indicating a high level of diagnostic accuracy of magnifying endoscopy for H. pylori infection.
(A), pooled sensitivity; (B), pooled specificity; (C), summary receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosis by magnifying endoscopy. CI, confidence interval; AUC, area under the curve; SE, standard error.
Subgroup analyses were performed according to different study features, and all related results are presented in Table 3. In 5 studies, the gastric antrum was observed to predict the status of H. pylori infection. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.82 (95%CI 0.78–0.86) and 0.72 (95%CI 0.66–0.78), respectively. The DOR was 14.72 (95%CI 8.86–24.47). The AUC was 0.8611. Another 11 studies evaluated the features of the gastric corpus as indicators of H. pylori infection. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.92 (95%CI 0.90–0.94) and 0.86 (95%CI 0.82–0.88), respectively. The DOR was 127.38 (95%CI 48.29–336.05). The AUC was 0.9702, suggesting a much higher diagnostic accuracy compared with studies of the gastric antrum.
Furthermore, in studies selecting the gastric corpus as the observed site, the most commonly used diagnostic criteria were the “pit plus vascular pattern” classification as described above. A meta-analysis of these 6 studies showed that the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.96 (95%CI 0.94–0.97) and 0.91 (95%CI 0.87–0.93), respectively. The LR+, LR- and DOR were 9.56 (95%CI 4.72–19.34), 0.05 (95%CI 0.03–0.08) and 203.69 (95%CI 77.11–538.02), respectively. The AUC was 0.9872 (SE = 0.0056), indicating that typical features of gastric corpus observed by magnifying endoscopy were able to accurately predict the status of H. pylori infection. (Fig 5)
(A), pooled sensitivity; (B), pooled specificity; (C), summary receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosis by magnifying endoscopy. CI, confidence interval; AUC, area under the curve; SE, standard error.
We also performed an analysis according to the different endoscopic modes used in the studies. The pooled sensitivity and specificity obtained from the analysis of studies using magnifying WLE mode were 0.90 (95%CI 0.87–0.91) and 0.81 (95%CI 0.77–0.84), respectively. The AUC was 0.9576. Similar diagnostic performance of magnifying chromoendoscopy (indigo carmine, NBI and i-scan) was found compared with magnifying WLE, with a sensitivity, specificity and AUC of 0.87 (95%CI 0.83–0.91), 0.85 (95%CI 0.80–0.88) and 0.9238, respectively.
Heterogeneity test
A high heterogeneity was observed among all studies, with an I2 value of 67.10% for the DOR. The Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.225 (P = 0.370), suggesting no heterogeneity caused by threshold effect. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify the potential source of heterogeneity and we principally assessed the effect of observed sites and endoscopic modes. All subgroup analyses showed high heterogeneity, with an I2>50% for the DOR, except for the antrum subgroup (I2 = 0.00). In addition, an analysis of studies using the “pit plus vascular pattern” classification in the corpus showed reduced heterogeneity compared with overall studies, with the I2 for the DOR decreased from 67.10% to 29.70%. (Table 3)
Publication bias estimate
Deek’ funnel plot was used to assess the potential publication bias of the studies in our meta-analysis. Fig 6 shows a symmetrical funnel shape (P = 0.83), indicating that there was no striking publication bias in this study.
P = 0.83 indicates a symmetrical funnel shape and suggests that publication bias is absent.
Discussion
Our present meta-analysis included all available studies to evaluate the diagnostic performance of magnifying endoscopy in predicting H. pylori infection. We confirmed that endoscopy with magnification was able to accurately indicate the status of H. pylori infection, in both magnifying WLE or chromoendoscopy mode. Furthermore, the diagnostic efficiency was better when targeting the gastric corpus than the antrum, and a “pit plus vascular pattern” classification in the corpus was the optimum diagnostic criteria. Our results provide significant information to both clinicians and patients. Magnifying endoscopy is an accurate alternative method for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection, with a diagnostic efficiency similar to that of traditional methods (e.g., invasive and noninvasive tests).
H. pylori infection is commonly accepted as a predisposing factor for the development of gastric diseases [2, 26]. Therefore, its timely and accurate diagnosis is necessary in clinical practice. In addition to traditional invasive and noninvasive tests, endoscopy has also been used as a diagnostic tool for H. pylori infection for many years. However, the features observed by conventional endoscopy are insufficiently accurate for the diagnosis of H. pylori gastritis [6, 27]. Magnifying endoscopy has been developed to clearly visualize the superficial gastric mucosal and capillary patterns. A number of studies that describe the special features of normal H. pylori-negative and abnormal H. pylori-positive gastric mucosa using this type of endoscopy have been published. Our meta-analysis of these studies provides strong evidence for the endoscopic diagnosis of H. pylori infection with magnification function, with an AUC of 0.9461 for all included studies.
To obtain more detailed information on the gastric mucosa, chromoendoscopy was applied using either topically sprayed dyes (e.g., indigo carmine, methylene blue, or acetic acid), or electronic staining (e.g., NBI and i-scan). Both chromoendoscopy methods are useful in the detection and diagnosis of gastric lesions. However, limitations exist as spraying dyes is time-consuming [28, 29], and performance of electronic staining need more experience for endoscopists [30]. In our analysis, 11 studies used magnifying WLE [14–17, 19, 21, 23, 24] and the remaining 7 studies used magnifying chromoendoscopy [18, 20–23, 25]. In our previous study, the diagnostic accuracy of i-scan was better than that of WLE [23]. However, meta-analysis of studies that separately used these different modes yielded a pooled sensitivity, specificity and AUC of 0.90 (95%CI 0.87–0.91), 0.81 (95%CI 0.77–0.84) and 0.9576, respectively, for magnifying WLE, and 0.87 (95%CI 0.83–0.91), 0.85 (95%CI 0.80–0.88), and 0.9238, respectively, for magnifying chromoendoscopy. These results suggest that the diagnostic potential of the two magnifying endoscopy modes is similar for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. This finding may be explained by the fact that WLE mode is generally integrated with high resolution endoscopy, which could describes the gastric pit and vascular pattern in sufficient detail for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. Therefore, the WLE mode seems to be the better choice for the endoscopic diagnosis of H. pylori infection because it features a shorter examination time, lower cost and requires less experience. However, this conclusion needs to be supported by further well-designed clinical trials due to the high heterogeneity among the included studies.
The magnifying endoscopic appearances are a reflection of the histological features of the structure of the gastric mucosa. The normal mucosa in the corpus is comprised of regular small round pits, which are surrounded by a honeycomb-type network of SECN intermingled with regularly arranged collecting venules [20]. In contrast, the antral glands are more tortuous and branched than glands in the corpus, with coil-shaped SECN [31, 32]. In H. pylori-induced gastritis, edema as well as the destruction and regeneration of vessels caused by inflammation enlarges the pits and makes the capillaries and venules irregular or invisible. However, collecting venules are located in deeper layers in the gastric antrum and cannot be visualized by magnifying endoscopy [19, 20]. Therefore, the appearance of collecting venules cannot be used as a typical feature to judge the status of H. pylori in the antrum. This characteristic might explain the higher diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic criteria in the gastric corpus compared with the antrum in our present meta-analysis. Because the pooled sensitivity [0.92 (95%CI 0.90–0.94) vs. 0.82 (95%CI 0.78–0.86)], specificity [0.86 (95%CI 0.82–0.88) vs. 0.72 (95%CI 0.66–0.78)] and AUC (0.9702 vs. 0.8611) were higher in the gastric corpus than in the antrum, we conclude that the gastric corpus is a better observed site for the diagnosis of H. pylori using magnifying endoscopy. Moreover, the endoscopic appearance of the gastric mucosa in response to alcohol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and autoimmune dysfunction is similar to that due to H. pylori infection, which hinders the distinguishing of these conditions only based on magnifying endoscopy. However, these conditions caused by other etiological factors are relatively uncommon compared with H. pylori infection, and a detailed medical history could help to distinguish them from H. pylori infection.
Moreover, several different endoscopic criteria were used in these clinical trials, even in the gastric corpus. The most popular criteria are Z0-3 [15, 21], Type1-3 [19, 23] or normal along with Type1-3 [22] classifications. All these criteria classified the mucosa of the gastric corpus into 3 or 4 types based on the appearance of gastric pits, SECN and collecting venules. We collectively describe all these 3 classifications as a “pit plus vascular pattern” in this present study. In summary, the typical pattern used to predict an H. pylori negative gastric mucosa is featured as honeycomb−type SECN with regularly arrangement of collecting venules and regular, round pits. In the H. pylori positive gastric mucosa, the collecting venules become invisible and gastric pits are enlarged, with SECN irregular or disappeared. Based on this classification, the pooled sensitivity, specificity and AUC were as high as 0.96 (95%CI 0.94–0.97), 0.91 (95%CI 0.87–0.93) and 0.9872, respectively. These values almost match the sensitivity and specificity of any diagnostic tests in use for the diagnosis of H. pylori including urea breath test, rapid urease test, serology and histologic examination [33]. Furthermore, compared with overall studies, the I2 for DOR of studies using a “pit plus vascular pattern” classification significantly decreased from 67.10% to 29.70%, indicating a much lower heterogeneity. All these results suggest that the infection of H. pylori could be accurately predicted using a “pit plus vascular pattern” classification in the gastric corpus observed by magnifying endoscopy.
There are several limitations in our study. First, some studies were identified from the same article. These studies examined the same population but employed different modes or observed different sites. We included all of these studies in our analysis, which might influence the independence of included studies. However, excluding any one of these studies is inappropriate due to possible selection bias. In addition, we repeated all related analyses and found no obvious changes in the pooled diagnostic results after removing any one or all of these studies. Second, all studies used conventional diagnostic tests (rapid urease test, urea breath test, H. pylori culture or histopathological examination, etc.) as the reference standard for H. pylori infection. However, in some studies, H. pylori infection was confirmed only if two or more test results were positive, whereas in other studies just one test was referred. Although this factor might introduce bias, we could believe that prediction of H. pylori infection using magnifying endoscopy is at least as accurate as one of the currently invasive and noninvasive tests. Moreover, urea breath test will be positive for subjects with antral gastritis and without H. pylori in the corpus, while it is difficult for the detection of H. pylori in the corpus when target gastric corpus using magnifying endoscopy. However, in this case the gastric antrum should be observed because subjects with antral gastritis have featured appearance in antrum under magnifying endoscopy, which could help to predict the status of H. pylori infection. Third, heterogeneity existed across the 18 included studies. Although the I2 for DOR significantly decreased to 0% and 29.7% in the subgroup analysis of the gastric antrum and “pit plus vascular pattern” classification, heterogeneity persisted in other subgroup analyses. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm our findings. Finally, we only calculated the pooled diagnostic efficiency of the “pit plus vascular pattern” classification in the subgroup analysis. Other classifications were not analyzed due to a lack of sufficient related studies. Further studies using these classifications should be carried out to address this problem.
In conclusion, magnifying endoscopy displays high diagnostic potential in the prediction of H. pylori infection. The “pit plus vascular pattern” classification in the gastric corpus is an optimum endoscopic criterion for H. pylori infection in clinical practice.
Supporting Information
S1 Text. The details of different diagnostic classifications is listed.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168201.s002
(DOCX)
Author Contributions
- Conceptualization: QQQ YQL.
- Formal analysis: QQQ CGG RJ.
- Funding acquisition: YQL.
- Investigation: QQQ CGG RJ.
- Methodology: QQQ CGG RJ.
- Supervision: YQL.
- Visualization: QQQ.
- Writing – original draft: QQQ.
- Writing – review & editing: ZL XLZ YQL.
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