You are here

Article Text

Article menu

Download PDFPDF

XML
Diagnostics
Research
Association between red cell distribution width and acute pancreatitis: a cross-sectional study
  1. Jinmei Yao,
  2. Guocai Lv
  1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
  1. Correspondence to Guocai Lv; Lvguocai_zyyy{at}126.com

Abstract

Objective We investigated whether red cell distribution width (RDW) was associated with mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP).

Design A cross-sectional study.

Setting Patients with AP were recruited in the emergency department and healthy individuals were recruited in healthcare centre in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University.

Participants A total of 106 patients with AP and 204 healthy individuals were enrolled.

Primary and secondary outcome measures Haematology and biochemistry results of the first test after admission were collected. The significance of the differences in RDW values among healthy individuals, non-survivors of patients with AP, and survivors of patients with AP was determined using one-way analysis of variance. Patients with AP were divided into three groups according to RDW tertiles. All patients with AP were followed up for at least 3 months. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to evaluate RDW values to predict mortality of patients with AP.

Results The RDW values were non-survivors of patients with AP>healthy individuals>survivors of patients with AP. Patients with AP with the highest RDW tertiles had the lowest levels of Ca, total protein, albumin, haemoglobin, white and red blood cell count, but the highest mortality. The area under the ROC curve of RDW was 0.846 (95% CI 0.727 to 0.964, p<0.001). With a cut-off value of 14.2 for RDW, sensitivity and specificity of RDW to predict mortality were 75.0% and 89.8%, and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed an increase in probability of death with high RDW values.

Conclusions There is significant association between RDW and mortality of patients with AP.

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 3.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004721

Statistics from Altmetric.com

    Request Permissions

    If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.

    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • Red cell distribution width (RDW) was significantly higher in severe acute pancreatitis than in mild acute pancreatitis and healthy individuals.

    • RDW was significantly higher in non-survivors of AP than in healthy individuals and survivors of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP).

    • RDW was significantly associated with mortality of patients with AP.

    • Sensitivity and specificity of RDW to predict mortality were 75.0% and 89.8%.

    • This was a cross-sectional and small sample study.

    Introduction

    Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a widely used laboratory parameter for the quantification of the extent of erythrocyte anisocytosis, which is calculated by dividing SD of red blood cells (RBCs) volume by mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and multiplying by 100 to express the results as percentages, and reflects the variability of the size of the circulating erythrocytes.1 RDW is a traditional marker of excluding iron deficiency anaemia in case serum ferritin does not accurately indicate the total iron store, and plays a role in the differential diagnosis of anaemia.2 Recent studies have reported that RDW as a strong and independent prognostic marker has been used in many pathophysiological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and progressive inflammatory status, and even cancer.3–11

    Acute pancreatitis (AP), classified into mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is a common surgical acute abdomen.12 AP is often complicated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure, and the mortality rate in patients with AP is about 5–10%, in SAP about 10–30% in China.12 ,13 Early predictive scores of SAP included Ranson and APACHE II scores, the testing parameters in the two scores are expensive, operation trival, and not conducive to clinical implementation.14 ,15 The study of Wang et al16 indicated some inexpensive and operation easy predictive factors had been used to predict the mortality of AP. RDW value has scarcely been investigated as a potential biomarker of AP. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether RDW was associated with the mortality of patients with AP.

    Materials and methods

    Patients

    The study included 106 patients with AP admitted to the emergency department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University between 30 May 2011 and 30 May 2013, and 212 healthy individuals without chronic disease and abnormal physical examination matched for age, sex and race. Eight healthy individuals were excluded due to the absence of serum biochemistry and/or blood cell count. Patients with AP were included in the study according to the guidelines of diagnosis and treatment of AP established by the Branch of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medical Association in 2003.12 The diagnosis of AP was as follows: (1) prolonged abdominal pain characteristic of AP; (2) elevated serum amylase (Amy) and/or lipase levels by at least threefold that of normal range and (3) characteristic findings of AP on abdominal ultrasonography and/or CT scan. MAP is characterised by the absence of organ failure and the absence of local or systemic complications.12 SAP is characterised by persistent single or multiple organ failure, and usually accompanied by one or more local complications.12

    Assays

    Demographic data, aetiology of pancreatitis, hospitalisation time, laboratory serum biochemistry and complete blood cell count measures were recorded on admission. We collected samples from the 106 patients with onset of AP within 24 h for haematology and biochemistry detection on admission. White cell count (WCC), RBC count, platelet (PLT) count, RDW, haemoglobin (Hgb) level, MCV and mean platelet volume (MPV) were determined using the XE-2100 automated haematology analyser (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) with Sysmex reagents (Sysmex). The normal reference range for RDW in the laboratory of our hospital is 11.6–15%. Serum Amy, creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), total calcium (Ca), total bilirubin (TB), glucose (Glu), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities levels were determined with a Hitachi 7600 (Hitachi High-Technologies, Tokyo, Japan) using Roche reagents (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA).

    Statistical analyses

    RBC, PLT, RDW, Hgb, MCV, MPV, TP, Alb, Glu, Ca and LDH values were normally distributed and reported as the mean±SD. WCC, Cr, BUN, TB, ALT, AST, Amy and AP hospital stay were not normally distributed and were therefore reported as the median (range). The significance of the differences in the haematology and biochemistry results between AP and healthy control groups, patients with SAP and MAP or non-survivors and survivors of patients with AP were determined using a Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test where appropriate. The significance of differences in the haematology and biochemistry results among healthy individuals, SAP and MAP, and among non-survivors of healthy individuals, non-survivors of patients with AP and survivors of patients with AP were determined using one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis H test where appropriate. The significance of difference in gender was compared using χ2 test. The participants were categorised into one of three subgroups depending on their RDW tertiles. To compare the variables between these subgroups, analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis H test were used where appropriate. Pearson partial correlation coefficients were computed to present the association between RDW values and other variables. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the values for RDW to predict mortality. The survival curve for the mortality of patients with AP was drawn by Kaplan-Meier analysis according to the cut-off value, and the log-rank test was used to test for differences in survival between the groups. Difference of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was tested using the z test. The probability cut-off points for the optimal combination of sensitivity and specificity were determined by the Youden index. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS V.16.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). All statistical tests were two-tailed with p values <0.05 considered as significant.

    Results

    Characteristics of study population

    Clinical characteristics of MAP, SAP and healthy individuals are summarised in table 1. There was no difference in the gender, serum BUN and PLT count among MAP, SAP and healthy individuals, and there were significant differences in age, serum Cr, TB, ALT, AST, Ca, Amy, TP, Alb, LDH, Glu levels, WCC, RBC count, Hgb, MCV, MPV and RDW at the first test after admission. The RDW was 12.6±0.59 and significantly lower in patients with MAP than in healthy individuals (13.42±0.85%, p<0.001); however, the RDW was 14.4±1.06 and significantly higher in patients with SAP than in healthy individuals (13.42±0.85%, p<0.001).

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Clinical characteristics of patients with AP and healthy individuals

    Association of RDW and 3-month mortality in AP

    All patients with AP were divided into three groups according to RDW tertiles (group 1: RDW >13.3%, group 2: RDW 12.6–13.3% and group 3: RDW <12.6%), the clinical characteristics of AP according to RDW tertiles are shown in table 2. AP with RDW >13.3% had lower levels of Ca, TP, Alb, Hgb, WCC and RBC count, but higher mortality (6/8). The median hospital stay was 14 days (range 2–75 days); eight patients died during the 3-month follow-up period. The Pearson correlations indicated the correlations between RDW and the age, and biochemical and hematological parameters. In all patients with AP, RDW correlated inversely with Alb (r=−0.254, p=0.009), Ca (r=−0.226, p=0.021), RBC (r=−0.295, p=0.002) and Hgb (r=−0.407, p<0.001), and directly with age (r=0.236, p=0.015) and LDH (r=0.301, p=0.030).

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Clinical characteristics among patients with AP according to RDW tertiles

    The non-survivors of AP had lower levels of Ca, TP and Alb, and higher age, BUN, Cr, LDH, WCC and RDW (table 3). The RDW values were significantly different among healthy individuals, non-survivors, and survivors of patients with AP (figure 1). We found that the RDW values were non-survivors>healthy individuals>survivors. To evaluate the values for RDW to predict mortality, ROC curve was drawn (figure 2). The AUC of RDW was 0.846 (95% CI 0.727 to 0.964, p<0.001). We further analysed the PPV and NPV of high RDW, with a cut-off value of 14.2 for RDW. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (+LR) and negative likelihood ratio (−LR), PPV and NPV of RDW to predict mortality were 75%, 89.8%, 7.35%, 0.28%, 37.5% and 97.8%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed an increase in probability of death with high RDW values (log-rank p<0.001; figure 3).

    View this table:
    Table 3

    Significant laboratory parameters in survivors and non-survivors of AP

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Red cell distribution width (RDW) values of healthy individuals, non-survivors and survivors of patients with acute pancreatitis. RDW values are significantly different among three groups (one-way analysis of variance, p<0.001).

    Figure 2
    Figure 2

    Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for mortality prediction.

    Figure 3
    Figure 3

    The survival curve for the mortality of patients with acute pancreatitis (RDW, red cell distribution width).

    Discussion

    RDW is a quantitative measure of variability in the size of circulating erythrocytes with higher values reflecting greater heterogeneity in cell sizes.17 The high level of RDW is a novel prognostic marker that may reflect an underlying inflammatory state.18 AP is an inflammatory disease, and its mechanism is still not completely understood and early pathophysiological events escape clinical observation.19 Early deaths (within the first week) due to severe AP is generally caused by massive inflammatory responses, which result in multiple organ failure, and late deaths (after 1–3 weeks) is caused by multiple organ dysfunction with infections and sepsis.19 ,20 Recent studies found that RDW for predicting mortality were used in cardiovascular diseases, acute dyspnoea and pulmonary diseases.3–5

    In our study, patients with MAP had significantly lower RDW values compared with healthy individuals, mainly because 80 MAP had lower RDW values in 106 patients with AP compared with healthy participants. The mechanisms that underly this outcome is unclear. Narci et al21 found a significantly lower RDW level in patients with acute appendicitis compared with those in the control group, and RDW was not correlated with CRP and WCC. They only considered that RDW level in acute conditions may be lower than that in chronic inflammatory diseases, but did not clearly explain the mechanisms why acute appendicitis patients had lower RDW than the healthy group. The reasons why survivors of patients with AP had lower RDW than the healthy participants may be that RBC of most survivors was damaged and bone marrow did not secrete new RBC into the peripheral circulation in early inflammatory phase. In our study, there was no difference in the serum BUN, Hgb levels and PLT count between the MAP and healthy individuals (table 1). Possibly because MAP in 106 patients with AP had the BUN, Hgb levels, RBC and PLT count close to healthy individuals; however, the eight non-survivors of AP had significantly higher BUN compared with survivors, and had lower levels PLT count, and higher Hgb and RBC count although there was no significant difference (table 3). We also found that among AP groups according to RDW tertiles, group 1 with the highest RDW values had highest mortality (figure 1); the non-survivors of patients with AP had highest RDW values compared with healthy individuals and survivors of patients with AP (figure 1), thus patients with AP with high RDW had a high mortality. ROC curve analysis indicated that sensitivity and specificity of RDW to predict mortality were 75% and 89.8%. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that a high RDW value had a high probability of death. Thus, we speculated that RDW values were an important factor that influences the disease progression and associated with increased mortality in patients with AP. As far as we know, only one study by S¸enol et al22 described that RDW on admission was a predictor of mortality in Turks with AP.

    The mechanisms underlying the association between RDW and mortality in AP are unclear. Some studies indicated that RDW may also be related with inflammation, and not only with anaemia.3–5 Moreover, RDW has been found to be strongly associated with inflammatory markers (eg, CRP or erythrocyte sedimentation rate) in a large cohort of unselected outpatients.18 Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and alterations in iron metabolism together with inflammatory states may decrease endothelial nitric oxide production, which is known to stimulate the proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells, and be implicated in the development of anaemia and change of RDW.18 ,23 However, after adjustment for CRP, Zhang et al24 found that RDW was independently associated with in-hospital mortality (OR 1.1, p=0.002). On the basis of a multiethnic population, Veeranna et al25 also found that RDW (HR 1.26, p<0.001) may be considered a stronger biomarker for coronary heart disease mortality than CRP (HR 1.18, p=0.077), after further analysis of mortality prediction in categorised CRP subgroups, RDW remained a significant predictor in the CRP subgroups (≤ and >3 mg/L).

    A few limitations warrant consideration. First, we did not investigate the causes of elevated RDW values in non-survivors of patients with AP. Second, our study was a small sample size and single-centre study. Therefore, future large-size and multicentre studies are required to further clarify whether RDW is a predictor in patients with AP.

    In conclusion, our results indicated that the RDW values were non-survivors of patients with AP>healthy individuals>survivors of patients with AP; patients with AP with the highest RDW tertiles had the highest mortality and the non-survivors of AP had higher RDW values when compared with survivors, and a cut-off value of 14.2 for RDW to predict mortality.

    References

    1. ↵
      1. England JM,
      2. Down MC
      . Red-cell-volume distribution curves and the measurement of anisocytosis. Lancet 1974;1:701–3.
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    2. ↵
      1. Demir A,
      2. Yarali N,
      3. Fisgin T,
      4. et al
      . Most reliable indices in differentiation between thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia. Pediatr Int 2002;44:612–16.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    3. ↵
      1. Makhoul BF,
      2. Khourieh A,
      3. Kaplan M,
      4. et al
      . Relation between changes in red cell distribution width and clinical outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2013;167:1412–16.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    4. ↵
      1. Hong N,
      2. Oh J,
      3. Kang SM,
      4. et al
      . Red blood cell distribution width predicts early mortality in patients with acute dyspnea. Clin Chim Acta 2012;413:992–7.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    5. ↵
      1. Braun E,
      2. Domany E,
      3. Kenig Y,
      4. et al
      . Elevated red cell distribution width predicts poor outcome in young patients with community acquired pneumonia. Crit Care 2011;15:R194.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    6. ↵
      1. Dabbah S,
      2. Hammerman H,
      3. Markiewicz W,
      4. et al
      . Relation between red cell distribution width and clinical outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2010;105:312–17.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    7. ↵
      1. Ani C,
      2. Ovbiagele B
      . Elevated red blood cell distribution width predicts mortality in persons with known stroke. J Neurol Sci 2009;277:103–8.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    8. ↵
      1. Hampole CV,
      2. Mehrotra AK,
      3. Thenappan T,
      4. et al
      . Usefulness of red cell distribution width as a prognostic marker in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:868–72.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    9. ↵
      1. Baynes RD,
      2. Bothwell TH,
      3. Bezwoda WR,
      4. et al
      . Hematologic and iron-related measurements in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Pathol 1987;87:196–200.
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    10. ↵
      1. Agarwal S
      . Red cell distribution width, inflammatory markers and cardiorespiratory fitness: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Indian Heart J 2012;64:380–7.
      OpenUrlPubMed
    11. ↵
      1. Seretis C,
      2. Seretis F,
      3. Lagoudianakis E,
      4. et al
      . Is red cell distribution width a novel biomarker of breast cancer activity? Data from a pilot study. J Clin Med Res 2013;5:121–6.
      OpenUrlPubMed
    12. ↵
      Branch of digestive diseases of Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acutepancreatitis (draft). Zhonghua Neike Zazhi 2004;43:236–8.
      OpenUrl
    13. ↵
      1. Li ZZ,
      2. Liu CHA
      . The research progress of dangerous degree of acute pancreatitis related evaluation index. Guoji Jianyan Yixue Zaizhi 2011;32:1207–9.
      OpenUrl
    14. ↵
      1. Carroll JK,
      2. Herrick B,
      3. Gipson T,
      4. et al
      . Acute pancreatitis: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2007;75:1513–20.
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    15. ↵
      1. Kahl S,
      2. Mayer JM
      . Update on experimental acute pancreatitis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2012;58:355–63.
      OpenUrlPubMed
    16. ↵
      1. Wang X,
      2. Cui Z,
      3. Zhang J,
      4. et al
      . Early predictive factors of in hospital mortality in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2010;39:114–15.
      OpenUrlPubMed
    17. ↵
      1. Patel KV,
      2. Semba RD,
      3. Ferrucci L,
      4. et al
      . Red cell distribution width and mortality in older adults: a meta-analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010;65:258–65.
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    18. ↵
      1. Lippi G,
      2. Targher G,
      3. Montagnana M,
      4. et al
      . Relation between red blood cell distribution width and inflammatory biomarkers in a large cohort of unselected outpatients. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009;133:628–32.
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    19. ↵
      1. Maléth J,
      2. Rakonczay Z Jr.,
      3. Venglovecz V,
      4. et al
      . Central role of mitochondrial injury in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013;207:226–35.
      OpenUrl
    20. ↵
      1. Chen CC,
      2. Wang SS,
      3. Lee FY
      . Action of antiproteases on the inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis. JOP 2007;8(4 Suppl):488–94.
      OpenUrlPubMed
    21. ↵
      1. Narci H,
      2. Turk E,
      3. Karagulle E,
      4. et al
      . The role of red cell distribution width in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: a retrospective case-controlled study. World J Emerg Surg 2013;8:46.
      OpenUrl
    22. ↵
      1. S¸enol K,
      2. Saylam B,
      3. Kocaay F,
      4. et al
      . Red cell distribution width as a predictor of mortality in acute pancreatitis. Am J Emerg Med 2013;31:687–9.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    23. ↵
      1. Nangaku M,
      2. Eckardt KU
      . Pathogenesis of renal anemia. Semin Nephrol 2006;26:261–8.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    24. ↵
      1. Zhang Z,
      2. Xu X,
      3. Ni H,
      4. et al
      . Red cell distribution width is associated with hospital mortality in unselected critically ill patients. Thorac Dis 2013;5:730–6.
      OpenUrl
    25. ↵
      1. Veeranna V,
      2. Zalawadiya SK,
      3. Panaich S,
      4. et al
      . Comparative analysis of red cell distribution width and high sensitivity C-reactive protein for coronary heart disease mortality prediction in multi-ethnic population: findings from the 1999–2004 NHANES. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:5156–61.
      OpenUrl

    Footnotes

    • Contributors All authors contributed to the study conception/design. JY contributed to the data collection. GL conducted the data analysis, critically revised the article and reviewed the draft of the article.

    • Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

    • Competing interests None.

    • Patient consent Obtained.

    • Ethics approval This study was approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data sharing statement No additional data are available.