Planta Med 2020; 86(09): 619-630
DOI: 10.1055/a-1161-9189
Biological and Pharmacological Activity
Reviews
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Essential Oils as a Potential Treatment Option for Pediculosis

Kerdalidec Candy
1   Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
2   Unité des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ – IRD 190 – Inserm 1207 – IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
,
Mohammad Akhoundi
1   Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
,
Valérie Andriantsoanirina
1   Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
,
Rémy Durand
1   Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
,
Christiane Bruel
3   Agence régionale de santé (ARS), Île-de-France, Paris, France
,
Arezki Izri
1   Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
2   Unité des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ – IRD 190 – Inserm 1207 – IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 01 March 2020
revised 03 April 2020

accepted 11 April 2020

Publication Date:
04 May 2020 (online)

Abstract

Pediculosis is a prevalent ectoparasite infestation caused by lice. The head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) and body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus) are obligatory parasites whose only known hosts are humans. Pediculosis is probably the most common ectoparasitic infestation, affecting up to 80% of the population in several countries, and particularly prevalent in the infant population worldwide. Several treatment options, including shampoos and creams containing insecticides, have been introduced for the treatment of pediculosis. Recently, the use of synthetic chemicals to control human lice has raised concerns pertaining to human health and the environment. Therefore, increasing efforts have been undertaken to develop effective pediculicides with low environmental toxicity and minimal environmental residual activity. In this study, we focus on the essential oils derived from 22 plant genera, their constituents, and the major factors that play important roles in the effectiveness of these oils in the treatment of pediculosis. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the mentioned essential oils, and ultimately suggest those demonstrating the most effective in vitro pediculicidal activities. The genera such as Aloysia, Cinnamomum, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Lavandula, Melaleuca, Mentha, Myrcianthes, Origanum, Pimpinella, and Thymus appear to be more efficient against lice. These genera are rich in anethole, 1,8-cineole, cinnamaldehyde, p-cymene, eugenol, linalool, limonene, pulegone, terpinen-4-ol, and thymol compounds.

Supporting Information

 
  • References

  • 1 Chosidow O. Scabies and pediculosis. Lancet 2000; 355: 819-826
  • 2 Veracx A, Raoult D. Biology and genetics of human head and body lice. Trend Parasitol 2012; 28: 563-571
  • 3 Bachman JA, Brennan PF, Patrick TB, Cole M. A world wide web-based health resource. Survey of Missouri school nurses to determine priority health information resources for SchoolhealthLink. J Sch Nurs 2000; 16: 28-33
  • 4 Gratz NG. Human lice. Their prevalence, control and resistance to insecticides. Geneva WHO/CTD/WHOPES 1997; 957: 3-28
  • 5 Falagas ME, Matthaoui DK, Rafailidis PI, Panos G, Pappas G. Worldwide prevalence of head lice. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14: 1493-1494
  • 6 Raoult D, Roux V. The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 888-911
  • 7 Burgess IF. Current treatments for pediculosis capitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22: 131-136
  • 8 Durand R, Bouvresse S, Berdjanea Z, Izri A, Chosidow O, Clarkc JM. Insecticide resistance in head lice: clinical, parasitological and genetic aspects. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 338-344
  • 9 Koch E, Clark JM, Cohen B, Meinking TL, Ryan WG, Stevenson A, Yetman R, Yoon KS. Management of head louse infestations in the United States – a literature review. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33: 466-472
  • 10 Sangaré AK, Doumbo OK, Raoult D. Management and treatment of human lice. Biomed Res Int 2016; 2016: 8962685
  • 11 Webber E, McConnell S. Lice update: management and treatment in the home. Home Healthc Now 2018; 36: 289-294
  • 12 Chosidow O, Chastang C, Brue C, Bouvet E, Izri M, Monteny N, Bastuji-Garin S, Rousset JJ, Revuz J. Controlled study of malathion and d-phenothrin lotions for Pediculus humanus var capitis-infested schoolchildren. Lancet 1994; 344: 1724-1727
  • 13 Downs AM, Stafford KA, Coles GC. Monoterpenoids and tetralin as pediculocides. Acta Derm Venereol 2000; 80: 69-70
  • 14 Kristensen M, Knorr M, Rasmussen AM, Jespersen JB. Survey of permethrin and malathion resistance in human head lice populations from Denmark. J Med Entomol 2006; 43: 533-538
  • 15 Burgess IF. The mode of action of dimeticone 4 % lotion against head lice, Pediculus capitis . BMC Pharmacol 2009; 9: 3
  • 16 Meinking TL, Villar ME, Vicaria M, Eyerdam DH, Paquet D, Mertz-Rivera K, Rivera HF, Hiriart J, Reyna S. The clinical trials supporting benzyl alcohol lotion 5 % (Ulesfia): a safe and effective topical treatment for head lice (pediculosis humanus capitis). Pediatric Dermatol 2010; 27: 19-24
  • 17 Chosidow O, Giraudeau B, Cottrell J, Izri A, Hofmann R, Mann SG, Burgess I. Oral ivermectin versus malathion lotion for difficult-to-treat head lice. NEJM 2010; 362: 896-905
  • 18 Sangaré AK, Rolain JM, Gaudart J, Weber P, Raoult D. Synergistic activity of antibiotics combined with ivermectin to kill body lice. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 47: 217-223
  • 19 Heukelbach J, Speare R, Canyon D. Natural products and their application to the control of head lice: An evidence-based review. Recent Trend Develop 2006; 1: 277-302
  • 20 Benelli G, Pavela R. Beyond mosquitoes–Essential oil toxicity and repellency against bloodsucking insects. Ind Crops Prod 2018; 117: 382-392
  • 21 Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils – a review. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46: 446-475
  • 22 Regnault-Roger C, Vincent C, Arnason JT. Essential oils in insect control: low-risk products in a high-stakes world. Ann Rev Entomol 2012; 57: 405-424
  • 23 Greive KA, Barnes TM. The efficacy of Australian essential oils for the treatment of head lice infestation in children: A randomised controlled trial. Australas J Dermatol 2018; 59: e99-e105
  • 24 Lesage-Meessen L, Bou M, Sigoillot JC, Faulds CB, Lomascolo A. Essential oils and distilled straws of lavender and lavandin: a review of current use and potential application in white biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99: 3375-3385
  • 25 Cavanagh HM, Wilkinson JM. Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytother Res 2002; 16: 301-308
  • 26 Valnet J. The Practice of Aromatherapy: A classic Compendium of Plant Medicines & their healing Properties. Rochester, NY: Healing Arts Press; 1990
  • 27 Lawless J. Encyclopaedia of essential Oils. London: Element; 1992
  • 28 Gonzalez-Audino P, Picollo MI, Gallardo A, Toloza A, Vassena C, Mougabure-Cueto G. Comparative toxicity of oxygenated monoterpenoids in experimental hydroalcoholic lotions to permethrin-resistant adult head lice. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303: 361-366
  • 29 Pohlit AM, Lopes NP, Gama RA, Tadei WP, Neto VF. Patent literature on mosquito repellent inventions which contain plant essential oils – a review. Planta Med 2011; 77: 598-617
  • 30 Nechita IS, Poirel MT, Cozma V, Zenner L. The repellent and persistent toxic effects of essential oils against the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae . Vet Parasitol 2015; 214: 348-352
  • 31 Dhakad AK, Pandey VV, Beg S, Rawat JM, Singh A. Biological, medicinal and toxicological significance of Eucalyptus leaf essential oil: a review. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98: 833-848
  • 32 Yang YC, Choi HY, Choi WS, Clark JM, Ahn YJ. Ovicidal and adulticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil terpenoids against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). J Agricul Food Chem 2004; 52: 2507-2511
  • 33 Choi HY, Yang YC, Lee SH, Clark JM, Ahn YJ. Efficacy of spray formulations containing binary mixtures of clove and eucalyptus oils against susceptible and pyrethroid/malathion-resistant head lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae). J Med Entomol 2010; 47: 387-391
  • 34 Toloza AC, Lucia A, Zerba E, Masuh H, Picollo MI. Interspecific hybridization of Eucalyptus as a potential tool to improve the bioactivity of essential oils against permethrin-resistant head lice from Argentina. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99: 7341-7347
  • 35 Carroll SP, Loye J. PMD, a registered botanical mosquito repellent with deet-like efficacy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2006; 22: 507-513
  • 36 Yang YC, Lee HS, Clark JM, Ahn YJ. Insecticidal activity of plant essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). J Med Entomol 2004; 41: 699-704
  • 37 Rao PV, Gan SH. Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014; 2014: 642942
  • 38 Veal L. The potential effectiveness of essential oils as a treatment for head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis . Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery 1996; 2: 97-101
  • 39 Yang YC, Lee HS, Lee SH, Clark JM, Ahn YJ. Ovicidal and adulticidal activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil compounds and related compounds against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculicidae). Int J Parasitol 2005; 35: 1595-1600
  • 40 Yones DA, Bakir HY, Bayoumi SA. Chemical composition and efficacy of some selected plant oils against Pediculus humanus capitis in vitro . Parasitol Res 2016; 115: 3209-3218
  • 41 Deletre E, Chandre F, Williams L, Duménil C, Menut C, Martin T. Electrophysiological and behavioral characterization of bioactive compounds of the Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon winterianus, Cuminum cyminum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oils against Anopheles gambiae and prospects for their use as bed net treatments. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8: 316
  • 42 Mimica-Dukic N, Bozin B. Mentha L. species (Lamiaceae) as promising sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14: 3141-3150
  • 43 El-Seedi HR, Khalil NS, Azeem M, Taher EA, Göransson U, Pålsson K, Borg-Karlson AK. Chemical composition and repellency of essential oils from four medicinal plants against Ixodes ricinus nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 2012; 49: 1067-1075
  • 44 Yang JY, Kim MG, Lee SE, Lee HS. Acaricidal activities against house dust mites of spearmint oil and its constituents. Planta Med 2014; 80: 165-170
  • 45 Buleandra M, Oprea E, Popa DE, David IG, Moldovan Z, Mihai I, Badea IA. Comparative chemical analysis of Mentha piperita and M. spicata and a fast assessment of commercial peppermint teas. Nat Prod Commun 2016; 11: 551-555
  • 46 Buchwald-Werner S, Naka I, Wilhelm M, Schütz E, Schoen C, Reule C. Effects of lemon verbena extract (Recoverben®) supplementation on muscle strength and recovery after exhaustive exercise: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15: 5
  • 47 Werdin González JO, Gutiérrez MM, Murray AP, Ferrero AA. Biological activity of essential oils from Aloysia polystachya and Aloysia citriodora (Verbenaceae) against the soybean pest Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Nat Prod Commun 2010; 5: 301-306
  • 48 Benelli G, Pavela R, Canale A, Cianfaglione K, Ciaschetti G, Conti F, Nicoletti M, Senthil-Nathan S, Mehlhorn H, Maggi F. Acute larvicidal toxicity of five essential oils (Pinus nigra, Hyssopus officinalis, Satureja montana, Aloysia citrodora and Pelargonium graveolens) against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus: Synergistic and antagonistic effects. Parasitol Int 2017; 66: 166-171
  • 49 Garcia MCF, Soares DC, Santana RC, Saraiva EM, Siani AC, Ramos MFS, Danelli MDGM, Souto-Padron TC, Pinto-da-Silva LH. The in vitro antileishmanial activity of essential oil from Aloysia gratissima and guaiol, its major sesquiterpene against Leishmania amazonensis . Parasitol 2018; 21: 1-9
  • 50 Toloza AC, Zygadlo J, Biurrun F, Rotman A, Picollo MI. Bioactivity of Argentinean essential oils against permethrin-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis . J Insect Sci 2010; 10: 185
  • 51 Gutiérrez MM, Werdin-González JO, Stefanazzi N, Bras C, Ferrero AA. The potential application of plant essential oils to control Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). Parasitol Res 2016; 115: 633-641
  • 52 Williamson EM, Priestley CM, Burgess IF. An investigation and comparison of the bioactivity of selected essential oils on human lice and house dust mites. Fitoterapia 2007; 78: 521-525
  • 53 Fang F, Candy K, Melloul E, Bernigaud C, Chai L, Darmon C, Durand R, Botterel F, Chosidow O, Izri A, Huang W, Guillot J. In vitro activity of ten essential oils against Sarcoptes scabiei . Parasite Vectors 2016; 9: 594
  • 54 Downs AMR, Stafford KA, Ravenscroff JC, Coles GC. Widespread insecticide resistance in head lice to the over-the-counter pediculocides in England, and the emergence of carbaryl resistance. British J Dermatol 2002; 146: 88-93
  • 55 Di Campli E, Di Bartolomeo S, Delli Pizzi P, Di Giulio M, Grande R, Nostro A, Cellini L. Activity of tea tree oil and nerolidol alone or in combination against Pediculus capitis (head lice) and its eggs. Parasitol Res 2012; 111: 1985-1992
  • 56 Candy K, Nicolas P, Andriantsoanirin V, Izri A, Durand R. In vitro efficacy of five essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis . Parasitol Res 2018; 117: 603-609
  • 57 Orav A, Raal A, Arak E. Essential oil composition of Pimpinella anisum L. fruits from various European countries. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22: 227-232
  • 58 Khater HF, Hanafy A, Abdel-Mageed AD, Ramadan MY, El-Madawy RS. Control of the myiasis-producing fly, Lucilia sericata, with Egyptian essential oils. Int J Dermatol 2011; 50: 187-194
  • 59 Kimbaris AC, Koliopoulos G, Michaelakis A, Konstantopoulou MA. Bioactivity of Dianthus caryophyllus, Lepidium sativum, Pimpinella anisum, and Illicium verum essential oils and their major components against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens . Parasitol Res 2012; 111: 2403-2410
  • 60 Shojaii A, Abdollahi Fard M. Review of pharmacological properties and chemical constituents of Pimpinella anisum . ISRN Pharmacol 2012; 2012: 510795
  • 61 Chaieb K, Hajlaoui H, Zmantar T, Kahla-Nakbi AB, Rouabhia M, Mahdouani K, Bakhrouf A. The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytotherap Res 2007; 21: 501-506
  • 62 Yang YC, Lee SH, Lee WJ, Choi DH, Ahn YJ. Ovicidal and adulticidal effects of Eugenia caryophyllata bud and leaf oil compounds on Pediculus capitis . J Agricul Food Chemis 2003; 51: 4884-4888
  • 63 Pasay C, Mounsey K, Stevenson G, Davis R, Arlian L, Morgan M, Vyszenski-Moher D, Andrews K, McCarthy J. Acaricidal activity of eugenol based compounds against scabies mites. PLoS One 2010; 5: e12079
  • 64 Bras C, Gumilar F, Gandini N, Minetti A, Ferrero A. Evaluation of the acute dermal exposure of the ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaves of Schinus molle var. areira L. in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 137: 1450-1456
  • 65 Martins Mdo R, Arantes S, Candeias F, Tinoco MT, Cruz-Morais J. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological properties of Schinus molle L. essential oils. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 151: 485-492
  • 66 Descamps LR, Sánchez Chopa C, Ferrero AA. Activity of Schinus areira (Anacardiaceae) essential oils against the grain storage pest Tribolium castaneum . Nat Prod Commun 2011; 6: 887-891
  • 67 Toloza AC, Zygadlo J, Cueto GM, Biurrun F, Zerba E, Picollo MI. Fumigant and repellent properties of essential oils and component compounds against permethrin-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Argentina. J Med Entomol 2006; 43: 889-895
  • 68 Cestari IM, Sarti SI, Waib CM, Branco AC. Evaluation of the potential insecticide activity of Tagetes minuta (Asteraceae) essential oil against the head lice Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae). Neotrop Entomol 2004; 33: 805-807
  • 69 Perich MJ, Wells C, Bertsch W, Tredway KE. Toxicity of extracts from three Tagetes against adults and larvae of yellow fever mosquito and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 1994; 31: 833-837
  • 70 Politi FA, Nascimento JD, da Silva AA, Moro IJ, Garcia ML, Guido RV, Pietro RC, Godinho AF, Furlan M. Insecticidal activity of an essential oil of Tagetes patula L. (Asteraceae) on common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. and molecular docking of major compounds at the catalytic site of ClAChE1. Parasitol Res 2017; 116: 415-424
  • 71 Kimutai A, Ngeiywa M, Mulaa M, Njagi PG, Ingonga J, Nyamwamu LB, Ombati C, Ngumbi P. Repellent effects of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Tagetes minuta on the sandfly, Phlebotomus duboscqi . BMC Res Notes 2017; 10: 98
  • 72 Gakuubi MM, Wagacha JM, Dossaji SF, Wanzala W. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Tagetes minuta (Asteraceae) against selected plant pathogenic bacteria. Int J Microbiol 2016; 2016: 7352509
  • 73 Bais S, Gill NS, Rana N, Shandil S. A phytopharmacological review on a medicinal plant: Juniperus communis . Int Sch Res Notices 2014; 2014: 634723
  • 74 Parvizi MM, Handjani F, Moein M, Hatam G, Nimrouzi M, Hassanzadeh J, Hamidizadeh N, Khorrami HR, Zarshenas MM. Efficacy of cryotherapy plus topical Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb cream versus cryotherapy plus placebo in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: A triple-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. PLoS Neg Trop Dis 2017; 11: e0005957
  • 75 Kim JR, Perumalsamy H, Shin HM, Lee SG, Ahn YJ. Toxicity of Juniperus oxycedrus oil constituents and related compounds and the efficacy of oil spray formulations to Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). Exp Appl Acarol 2017; 73: 385-399
  • 76 Yang YC, Lee SH, Clark JM, Ahn YJ. Ovicidal and adulticidal activities of Origanum majorana essential oil constituents against insecticide-susceptible and pyrethroid/malathion-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). J Agricul Food Chemis 2009; 57: 2282-2287
  • 77 Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Hoti SL, Benelli G. Larvicidal potential of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol from the essential oil of Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae) against Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles subpictus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae). Res Vet Sci 2016; 104: 77-82
  • 78 Muturi EJ, Ramirez JL, Doll KM, Bowman MJ. Combined toxicity of three essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. J Med Entomol 2017; 54: 1684-1691
  • 79 Shang X, Wang Y, Zhou X, Guo X, Dong S, Wang D, Zhang J, Pan H, Zhang Y, Miao X. Acaricidal activity of oregano oil and its major component, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene against Psoroptes cuniculi in vitro and in vivo . Vet Parasitol 2016; 226: 93-96
  • 80 Park BS, Choi WS, Kim JH, Kim KH, Lee SE. Monoterpenes from thyme (Thymus vulgaris) as potential mosquito repellents. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2005; 21: 80-83
  • 81 Pavela R, Vrchotová N, Tríska J. Mosquitocidal activities of thyme oils (Thymus vulgaris L.) against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2009; 105: 1365-1370
  • 82 Ebadollahi A, Sendi JJ, Aliakbar A. Efficacy of Nanoencapsulated Thymus eriocalyx and Thymus kotschyanus Essential Oils by a Mesoporous Material MCM-41 Against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). J Econom Entomol 2017; 110: 2413-2420
  • 83 Gaire S, OʼConnell M, Holguin FO, Amatya A, Bundy S, Romero A. Insecticidal properties of essential oils and some of their constituents on the Turkestan cockroach (Blattodea: Blattidae). J Econom Entomol 2017; 110: 584-592
  • 84 Rawat S, Jugran AK, Bhatt ID, Rawal RS. Hedychium spicatum: a systematic review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and future prospectus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70: 687-712
  • 85 Sakhanokho HF, Sampson BJ, Tabanca N, Wedge DE, Demirci B, Baser KH, Bernier UR, Tsikolia M, Agramonte NM, Becnel JJ, Chen J, Rajasekaran K, Spiers JM. Chemical composition, antifungal and insecticidal activities of Hedychium essential oils. Molecule 2013; 18: 4308-4327
  • 86 Jadhav V, Kore A, Kadam VJ. In-vitro pediculicidal activity of Hedychium spicatum essential oil. Fitoterapia 2007; 78: 470-473
  • 87 Kim SI, Yi JH, Tak JH, Ahn YJ. Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Vet Parasitol 2004; 120: 297-304
  • 88 Abbasipour H, Mahmoudvand M, Rastegar F, Hosseinpour MH. Fumigant toxicity and oviposition deterrency of the essential oil from cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum, against three stored–product insects. J Insect Sci 2011; 11: 165
  • 89 Tyliszczak B, Drabczyk A, Kudłacik-Kramarczyk S, Grabowska B, Kędzierska M. Physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of hydrogels based on Beetosan® containing sage and bee pollen. Acta Biochim Pol 2017; 64: 709-712
  • 90 Llurba-Montesino N, Schmidt TJ. Salvia species as sources of natural products with antiprotozoal activity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19: E264
  • 91 Kayedi MH, Haghdoost AA, Salehnia A, Khamisabadi K. Evaluation of repellency effect of essential oils of Satureja khuzestanica (Carvacrol), Myrtus communis (Myrtle), Lavendula officinalis and Salvia sclarea using standard WHO repellency tests. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2013; 8: 60-68
  • 92 Bouyahya A, Et-Touys A, Bakri Y, Talbaui A, Fellah H, Abrini J, Dakka N. Chemical composition of Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils and their antileishmanial, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Microb Pathog 2017; 111: 41-49
  • 93 Waliwitiya R, Kennedy CJ, Lowenberger CA. Larvicidal and oviposition-altering activity of monoterpenoids, trans-anithole and rosemary oil to the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Pest Manag Sci 2009; 65: 241-248
  • 94 Kohn LK, Queiroga CL, Martini MC, Barata LE, Porto PS, Souza L, Arns CW. In vitro antiviral activity of Brazilian plants (Maytenus ilicifolia and Aniba rosaeodora) against bovine herpesvirus type 5 and avian metapneumovirus. Pharm Biol 2012; 50: 1269-1275
  • 95 Dos Santos ÉRQ, Maia CSF, Fontes Junior EA, Melo AS, Pinheiro BG, Maia JGS. Linalool-rich essential oils from the Amazon display antidepressant-type effect in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 212: 43-49
  • 96 Kong DG, Zhao Y, Li GH, Chen BJ, Wang XN, Zhou HL, Lou HX, Ren DM, Shen T. The genus Litsea in traditional Chinese medicine: an ethnomedical, phytochemical and pharmacological review. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 164: 256-264
  • 97 Lin B, Sun LN, Xin HL, Nian H, Song HT, Jiang YP, Wei ZQ, Qin LP, Han T. Anti-inflammatory constituents from the root of Litsea cubeba in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pharm Biol 2016; 54: 1741-1747
  • 98 Noosidum A, Prabaripai A, Chareonviriyaphap T, Chandrapatya A. Excito-repellency properties of essential oils from Melaleuca leucadendron L., Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon, and Litsea salicifolia (Nees) on Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes. J Vector Ecol 2008; 33: 305-312
  • 99 Seo SM, Kim J, Lee SG, Shin CH, Shin SC, Park IK. Fumigant antitermitic activity of plant essential oils and components from Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi), Allspice (Pimenta dioica), caraway (Carum carvi), dill (Anethum graveolens), Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), and Litsea (Litsea cubeba) oils against Japanese termite (Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe). J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57: 6596-6602
  • 100 Demo MS, Oliva MM, Zunino MP, Lopez ML, Zygadlo JA. Aromatic plants from Yungas. Part IV: Composition and antimicrobial activity of Myrcianthes pseudo-mato essential oil. Pharmaceutical Biol 2002; 40: 481-484
  • 101 Chavez Carvajal P, Coppo E, Di Lorenzo A, Gozzini D, Bracco F, Zanoni G, Nabavi SM, Marchese A, Arciola CR, Daglia M. Chemical characterization and in vitro antibacterial activity of Myrcianthes hallii (O. Berg) McVaugh (Myrtaceae), a traditional plant growing in Ecuador. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9: E454
  • 102 DellʼAgli M, Sanna C, Rubiolo P, Basilico N, Colombo E, Scaltrito MM, Ndiath MO, Maccarone L, Taramelli D, Bicchi C, Ballero M, Bosisio E. Anti-plasmodial and insecticidal activities of the essential oils of aromatic plants growing in the Mediterranean area. Malaria J 2012; 11: 219
  • 103 Traboulsi AF, Taoubi K, el-Haj S, Bessiere JM, Rammal S. Insecticidal properties of essential plant oils against the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae). Pest Management Sci 2002; 58: 491-495
  • 104 Oladimeji FA, Orafidiya OO, Ogunniyi TA, Adewunmi TA. Pediculocidal and scabicidal properties of Lippia multiflora essential oil. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 72: 305-311
  • 105 Valentin A, Pélissier Y, Benoit F, Marion C, Kone D, Mallie M, Bastide JM, Bessière JM. Composition and antimalarial activity in vitro of volatile components of Lippia multiflora. . Phytochemistry 1995; 40: 1439-1442
  • 106 Gonzalez-Audino P, Vassena C, Zerba E, Picollo M. Effectiveness of lotions based on essential oils from aromatic plants against permethrin resistant Pediculus humanus capitis . Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299: 389-392
  • 107 Gallardo A, Picollo MI, González-Audino P, Mougabure-Cueto G. Insecticidal activity of individual and mixed monoterpenoids of geranium essential oil against Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae). J Med Entomol 2012; 49: 332-335
  • 108 Lucia A, Toloza AC, Guzmán E, Ortega F, Rubio RG. Novel polymeric micelles for insect pest control: encapsulation of essential oil monoterpenes inside a triblock copolymer shell for head lice control. PeerJ 2017; 5: e3171
  • 109 Thompson JD, Chalchat JC, Michet A, Linhart YB, Ehlers B. Qualitative and quantitative variation in monoterpene co-occurrence and composition in the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris chemotypes. J Chem Ecol 2003; 29: 859-880
  • 110 Toloza AC, Zygadlo J, Biurrun F, Rotman A, Picollo MI. Bioactivity of Argentinean essential oils against permethrin-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis. . J Insect Sci 2010; 10: 185
  • 111 Abdel-Ghaffar F, Abdel-Aty M, Rizk I, Al-Quraishy S, Semmler M, Gestmann F, Hoff NP. Head lice in progress: what could/should be done-a report on an in vivo and in vitro field study. Parasitol Res 2016; 115: 4245-4249
  • 112 Burgess IF, Silverston P. Head lice. BMJ Clin Evid 2015; 1: 1703
  • 113 Feldmeier H. Treatment of pediculosis capitis: a critical appraisal of the current literature. Am J Clin Dermatol 2014; 15: 401-412
  • 114 Toloza AC, Vassena C, Picollo MI. Ovicidal and adulticidal effects of monoterpenoids against permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis . Med Vet Entomol 2008; 22: 335-339
  • 115 Barker SC, Altman PM. A randomised, assessor blind, parallel group comparative efficacy trial of three products for the treatment of head lice in children-melaleuca oil and lavender oil, pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide, and a “suffocation” product. BMC Dermatol 2010; 10: 6
  • 116 Barker SC, Altman PM. An ex vivo, assessor blind, randomized, parallel group, comparative efficacy trial of the ovicidal activity of three pediculicides after a single application–melaleuca oil and lavender oil, eucalyptus oil and lemon tea tree oil, and a “suffocation” pediculicide. BMC Dermatol 2011; 11: 14
  • 117 Burgess IF, Brunton ER, Burgess NA. Clinical trial showing superiority of a coconut and anise spray over permethrin 0.43 % lotion for head louse infestation. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169: 55-62
  • 118 Enan E. Insecticidal activity of essential oils: octopaminergic sites of action. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 130: 325-337
  • 119 Enan EE. Molecular and pharmacological analysis of an octopamine receptor from American cockroach and fruit fly in response to plant essential oils. Arch Insect Bioch Physiol 2005; 59: 161-171
  • 120 Priestley CM, Williamson EM, Wafford KA, Sattelle DB. Thymol, a constituent of thyme essential oil, is a positive allosteric modulator of human GABA(A) receptors and a homo-oligomeric GABA receptor from Drosophila melanogaster . British J Pharmacol 2003; 140: 1363-1372
  • 121 Picollo MI, Toloza AC, Mougabure-Cueto G, Zygadlo J, Zerba E. Anticholinesterase and pediculicidal activities of monoterpenoids. Fitoterapia 2008; 79: 271-278
  • 122 Mumcuoglu KY, Magdassi S, Miller J, Ben-Ishai F, Zentner G, Helbin V, Friger M, Kahana F, Ingber A. Repellency of citronella for head lice: double-blind randomized trial of efficacy and safety. Isr Med Assoc J 2004; 6: 756-759
  • 123 Radulović NS, Genčić MS, Stojanović NM, Randjelović PJ, Stojanović-Radić ZZ, Stojiljković NI. Toxic essential oils. Part V: Behaviour modulating and toxic properties of thujones and thujone-containing essential oils of Salvia officinalis L., Artemisia absinthium L., Thuja occidentalis L. and Tanacetum vulgare L. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105: 355-369
  • 124 Gordon P, Khojasteh SC. A decades-long investigation of acute metabolism-based hepatotoxicity by herbal constituents: a case study of pennyroyal oil. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47: 12-20
  • 125 Greive KA, Barnes TM. The efficacy of Australian essential oils for the treatment of head lice infestation in children: A randomised controlled trial. Australian J Dermatol 2017; 59: e99-e105
  • 126 Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. NEJM 2007; 356: 479-485
  • 127 Mathew T, Kamath V, Kumar RS, Srinivas M, Hareesh P, Jadav R, Swamy S. Eucalyptus oil inhalation-induced seizure: A novel, underrecognized, preventable cause of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia Open 2017; 2: 350-354
  • 128 Halicioglu O, Astarcioglu G, Yaprak I, Aydinlioglu H. Toxicity of Salvia officinalis in a newborn and a child: an alarming report. Pediatr Neurol 2011; 45: 259-260
  • 129 Skalli S, Chebat A, Badrane N, Bencheikh RS. Side effects of cade oil in Morocco: an analysis of reports in the Moroccan herbal products database from 2004 to 2012. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 64: 81-85