Original ArticlesNot All Sounds Have Negative Effects on Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
Section snippets
Materials and Methods
Written informed consent was obtained from all parents of the children undergoing cardiac surgery. Consent was given after a detailed description of the study was discussed with the parents and their children. The study was approved by the research ethics board of Assiut University hospitals.
Fifty patients aged 4 to 12 years were allocated randomly into 2 equal groups (control group and music group) by using computer-generated random numbers contained in an opaque sealed envelope. Patients with
Statistical Analysis
Data were computerized and analyzed using the SPSS (SPSS 16.0 software, Chicago, IL) computer program. The normality of the data was assessed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Data are presented as mean±SD or numbers and percentages when appropriate. Comparison between groups was by Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test when appropriate. Fischer's exact test of χ2 test was used to assess group differences for categoric variables; p < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Patients’ general characteristics and different intraoperative times were summarized in Table 1; there were no statistically significant differences between groups. There also were no statistically significant differences between the control and music groups regarding mean blood pressure, heart rate, SPO2, and temperature (Table 2). There were statistically significant differences in plasma cortisol levels between groups at sternotomy, at cross-clamping, at rewarming, and at extubation; not at
Discussion
Music is used to regulate mood and arousal in everyday life and to promote physical and psychological health and well-being in clinical settings.17 Adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine frequently are used markers of surgical stress.18
This study found that there was no statistically significant difference between groups in preoperative plasma cortisol level, which indicated that during the preoperative period the patients were not exposed to any intervention to
Conclusion
Listening to pleasant music by children undergoing repair for congenital heart disease reduced occurrence of surgery-associated stress responses: plasma cortisol level, blood glucose level, postoperative pain, child post-traumatic stress disorder, and negative postoperative behavior changes.
References (37)
The stress response to trauma and surgery.
(2000)- et al.
Posttraumatic stress disorder in children after cardiac surgery
J Pediatr
(2004) - et al.
Psychiatric and psychosocial outcome of cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
A prospective 12-month follow-up study Gen Hosp Psychiatry
(2005) - et al.
Impact of music therapy interventions (listening, composition, Orff-based) on the physiological and psychosocial behaviors of hospitalized children: A feasibility study
J Pediatr Nurs
(2013) - et al.
The neurochemistry of music
Trends Cogn Sci
(2013) - et al.
Perioperative metabolic changes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery
Nutrition
(2010) - et al.
The cortisol awakening response—Applications and implications for sleep medicine
Sleep Med Rev
(2014) - et al.
The psychoneuroimmunological effects of music: A systematic review and a new model
Brain Behav Immun
(2014) The anxiety-and pain-reducing effects of music interventions: A systematic review
AORN J
(2008)- et al.
Sedative music reduces anxiety and pain during chair rest after open-heart surgery
Pain
(2004)
Prevention of chronic postoperative pain: cellular, molecular, and clinical insights for mechanism-based treatment approaches
Prog Neurobiol
Effects of music therapy on physiological and psychological outcomes for patients undergoing cardiac surgery
J Cardiovasc Nurs
Prevention and intervention strategies to alleviate preoperative anxiety in children: A critical review
Behav Modif
Understanding the physiological effects of unrelieved pain
Nurs Times
Effect of music on postoperative pain and physiologic parameters of patients after open heart surgery
Pain Manag Nurs
The therapeutic effects of music in children following cardiac surgery
J Pediatr (Rio J)
Soothing music can increase oxytocin levels during bed rest after open-heart surgery: A randomised control trial
J Clin Nurs
Brief report: Prediction of children’s preoperative anxiety by mothers and fathers
J Pediatr Psychol
Cited by (17)
Pediatric staff and their perceptions of music therapy services
2023, Journal of Pediatric NursingEffectiveness of music during cardiac catheterization on children's pain, fear, anxiety and vital signs: A randomized, blind controlled trial
2022, Journal of Pediatric NursingCitation Excerpt :There is no study in the literature examining the fear scores of children who are treated with music during pediatric cardiac catheterization. However, Abd-Elshafy et al. (2015) stated in their study that children who listened to music during cardiac surgery were more comfortable in the postoperative period (Abd-Elshafy et al., 2015). Another important finding of our study is that children who listen to the music of their choice or classical music during pediatric cardiac catheterization experience less anxiety.
Impact of Music Therapy on Preoperative Anxiety and Degree of Cooperation With Anesthesia Induction in Children With Simple Congenital Heart Disease
2021, Journal of Perianesthesia NursingCitation Excerpt :Bradt et al25 and Petot et al26 showed that MT can be used to manage patients' anxiety and address patients' emotional, spiritual, and psychological needs. Having children listen to enjoyable music before undergoing repair for CHD resulted in less stress and more relaxation.8 Music was found to serve as an adjunctive or alternative intervention to pharmacotherapy for the alleviation of anxiety and stress in patients undergoing elective invasive cardiac catheterization.27
Effects of Nonpharmacologic Distraction Methods on Children's Postoperative Pain—A Nonmatched Case-Control Study
2020, Journal of Perianesthesia NursingThe biological impact of listening to music in clinical and nonclinical settings: A systematic review
2018, Progress in Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :Tabrizi et al. (2012) and Nilsson et al. (2005) did not find significant changes in response to classical music and new age music, respectively. However, Abd-elshafy et al. (2015), Calcaterra et al. (2014), and Kar et al. (2015) (none of which showed a high risk of bias) did find a smaller increase in response to music than the control condition in relation to self-selected, classical, and world music, suggesting lower levels of stress. Inflammatory proteins were explored in six studies (four clinical and two nonclinical), but with limited results.
Integrative Medicine and Cardiovascular Disorders
2017, Primary Care - Clinics in Office PracticeCitation Excerpt :Several prospective randomized studies have demonstrated benefits of music therapy (and associated relaxation activities) leading to decreases in pain and anxiety, and overall satisfaction of care.80–84 In 1 pediatric study, the use of music was associated with significant differences intraoperative metrics, as well as pain score, sedation score, occurrence of child post-traumatic stress disorder, and occurrence of negative postoperative behavior.85 Several notable large-scale randomized prospective studies also looked at the role of intercessory prayer in cardiac surgery, revealing no benefit in outcomes.81,86,87