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Diet during pregnancy in relation to maternal weight gain and birth size

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 58, pages 231–237 (2004)Cite this article

Abstract

Objective: Maternal weight gain has been consistently linked to birth weight but, beyond maternal energy intake, no macronutrient has been associated with either of them. We have examined whether maternal energy-adjusted intake of macronutrients is associated with either maternal weight gain or birth-size parameters.

Design: Cohort study.

Setting: University hospital in Boston, USA.

Subjects: A total of 224 pregnant women coming for their first routine prenatal visit. The women were followed through delivery.

Interventions: None. Pregnant women's dietary intake during the second trimester was ascertained at the 27th week of pregnancy through a food frequency questionnaire.

Results: Intake of neither energy nor any of the energy-generating nutrients was significantly associated with birth size. In contrast, maternal weight gain by the end of the second trimester of pregnancy was significantly associated with energy intake (+0.9 kg/s.d. of intake; P∼0.006) as well as energy-adjusted intake of protein (+3.1 kg/s.d. of intake; P<10-4), lipids of animal origin (+2.6 kg/s.d. of intake; P<10−4) and carbohydrates (−5.2 kg/s.d. of intake; P<10−4).

Conclusions: Although maternal weight gain is strongly associated with birth size, the indicated nutritional associations with weight gain are not reflected in similar associations with birth-size parameters. The pattern is reminiscent of the sequence linking diet to coronary heart disease (CHD) through cholesterol: diet has been conclusively linked to blood cholesterol levels and cholesterol levels are conclusively linked to this disease, even though the association of diet with CHD has been inconclusive and controversial.

Sponsorship: This study was supported in part by Grant No. CA54220 from the National Institutes of Health

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece

    P Lagiou & D Trichopoulos

  2. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    P Lagiou, R M Tamimi, L A Mucci, H-O Adami, C-C Hsieh & D Trichopoulos

  3. Department of Medical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    H-O Adami

  4. University of Massachusetts Cancer Center, Worcester, MA, USA

    C-C Hsieh

Authors
  1. P Lagiou
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  2. R M Tamimi
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  3. L A Mucci
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  4. H-O Adami
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  5. C-C Hsieh
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  6. D Trichopoulos
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Contributions

Guarantor: D Trichopoulos.

Contributors: The study was executed by PL, RMT and LAM. The original international study was conceived by H-OA, DT and CcH, who also provided input in the analysis. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and the preparation of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to D Trichopoulos.

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Lagiou, P., Tamimi, R., Mucci, L. et al. Diet during pregnancy in relation to maternal weight gain and birth size. Eur J Clin Nutr 58, 231–237 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601771

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