Persönlichkeitsstörungsmerkmale im Kindes- und Jugendalter: Konzepte, methodische Ansätze und empirische Ergebnisse
Abstract
Zusammenfassung:Fragestellung: Die Frage des praktischen und theoretischen Gewinns durch die Diagnostik und Klassifikation von Persönlichkeitsstörungsmerkmalen im Kindes- und Jugendalter ist immer noch eine kontrovers diskutierte Thematik, deren Erforschung insbesondere im deutschsprachigen Raum vernachlässigt wird. Methodik: In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die vorliegenden Forschungsbefunde zur Frage der diagnostischen Validität im Querschnitt und zur Frage der Stabilität von Persönlichkeitsstörungsmerkmalen vom Kindes-, Jugend- bis ins Erwachsenenalter detailliert dargelegt. Ergebnisse: Neuere Forschungsergebnisse verweisen einerseits auf die Validität von Persönlichkeitsstörungsdiagnosen im Jugendalter, andererseits auf die Stabilität von Persönlichkeitstraits im Entwicklungsverlauf. Allerdings steht der Nachweis der Kontinuität von Persönlichkeitsstörungsmerkmalen selbst zwischen dem Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter noch aus. Dimensionalen Ansätzen wird bei der Erfassung von Persönlichkeitsstörungsmerkmalen, insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung entwicklungspsychologischer Überlegungen und ihrer diesbezüglich höheren Sensitivität, der Vorzug gegeben. Schlussfolgerung: Es bedarf longitudinaler Studien sowohl im Jugendalter als auch im Kindesalter, um die Kontinuität bzw. die Instabilität von dimensional zu erfassenden Persönlichkeitsprofilen und den Einfluss von kindlichen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen auf die Entstehung von Psychopathologie abschätzen zu können.
Summary:Objective: The practical and theoretical advantages of the diagnosis and classification of personality disorder traits in childhood and adolescence remain controversial topics, the investigation of which is particularly neglected in German-speaking countries. Method: This review reports in detail research findings on the diagnostic validity and on the stability of personality disorder dimensions from childhood and adolescence to adulthood. Results: On the one hand, the latest research findings refer to the validity of diagnoses of personality disorder in adolescence, and on the other, to the stability of personality traits over the course of development. Evidence of the continuity of personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood, however, is still lacking. Dimensional approaches are considered superior with regard to the assessment of personality disorder traits, particularly since they reflect development aspects, and also due to their higher sensitivity in this respect. Conclusions: Longitudinal studies during both childhood and adolescence are required in order to assess the continuity, or the instability, respectively, of dimensionally assessed personality profiles and the influence of infant personality factors on the development of psychopathology.
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