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Dietary protein considerations for muscle protein synthesis and muscle mass preservation in older adults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 September 2020

Eunice T. Olaniyan Open the ORCID record for Eunice T. Olaniyan [Opens in a new window] ,
Fiona O’Halloran Open the ORCID record for Fiona O’Halloran [Opens in a new window]  and
Aoife L. McCarthy Open the ORCID record for Aoife L. McCarthy [Opens in a new window]
Eunice T. Olaniyan*
Affiliation:
Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Republic of Ireland
Fiona O’Halloran
Affiliation:
Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Republic of Ireland
Aoife L. McCarthy
Affiliation:
Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Republic of Ireland
*
*Corresponding author: E. T. Olaniyan, email eunice.olaniyan@mycit.ie
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Abstract

Amino acid bioavailability is critical for muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and preservation of skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Ageing is associated with reduced responsiveness of MPS to essential amino acids (EAA). Further, the older adult population experiences anabolic resistance, leading to increased frailty, functional decline and depleted muscle mass preservation, which facilitates the need for increased protein intake to increase their SMM. This review focuses on the role of proteins in muscle mass preservation and examines the contribution of EAA and protein intake patterns to MPS. Leucine is the most widely studied amino acid for its role as a potent stimulator of MPS, though due to inadequate data little is yet known about the role of other EAA. Reaching a conclusion on the best pattern of protein intake has proven difficult due to conflicting studies. A mixture of animal and plant proteins can contribute to increased MPS and potentially attenuate muscle wasting conditions; however, there is limited research on the biological impact of protein blends in older adults. While there is some evidence to suggest that liquid protein foods with higher than the RDA of protein may be the best strategy for achieving high MPS rates in older adults, clinical trials are warranted to confirm an association between food form and SMM preservation. Further research is warranted before adequate recommendations and strategies for optimising SMM in the elderly population can be proposed.

Keywords

Muscle protein synthesisElderlyEssential amino acidsAgeingDietary protein
Type
Review Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , June 2021 , pp. 147 - 157
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society

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