Original studyPsychometric Properties of the German “Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale” (PAINAD-G) in Nursing Home Residents
Section snippets
Design and Procedure
The psychometric evaluation of the German version (PAINAD-G) was part of a research project aimed at the development and validation of an instrument to assess quality of life in individuals suffering from dementia (H.I.L.DE.).29 The study was approved by the local research ethics committee. Taking the assumed verbal restrictions of the individuals into account, quality of life outcomes were assessed without reference to verbal reports. Therefore, all the instruments in the study relied on
Participants
Eight nursing homes in different parts of Germany participated in the H.I.L.DE study. The total sample size included 149 residents meeting the inclusion criteria. Not all of them participated in the behavioral observations. Nurses provided complete data for 99 individuals. With the exception of the AES scale, the exclusion analysis showed no significant difference between the 50 individuals not incorporated into the behavioral assessment and the PAINAD-G group (Table 1). According to the
Discussion
The study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the German version of the PAINAD observation scale. It included a large sample of noncommunicative residents with predominantly severe dementia. According to our data, the scale is 1-dimensional and displays good internal consistency with Cronbach’s α = 0.85, which is remarkable given the fact that the scale consists of only 5 items. Deletion of the item “consolability” would contribute to a minor increase in internal consistency. For the
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Cited by (75)
Reliability and Feasibility of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale–Korean Version (PAINAD-K)
2021, Pain Management NursingCitation Excerpt :Feedback provided by the two observers indicated difficulties in determining the necessity for consolation. Based on a previous study (Schuler et al., 2007), they decided to change the instructions, and the distraction of reassurance was only given in cases of conspicuous behavior in the previous categories so it could be applied easily in LTC hospitals. Then, they determined that there were no problems with the use of the tool, and the PAINAD-K was finalized.
E-Learning course for nurses on pain assessment in patients unable to self-report
2020, Nurse Education in PracticeCitation Excerpt :A different meta-review did not go so far as to recommend a single instrument, but the PAINAD was among the best candidates for use in pain assessment (Lichtner et al., 2014). Although Warden et al. (2003) did not specify the level and length of training required, subsequent studies have suggested that professionals need 15 min to 2 h to learn how to use it, and raters generally agreed on its ease of use (Leong et al., 2006; Zwakhalen et al., 2006; Schuler et al., 2007; Costardi et al., 2007; DeWaters et al., 2008; Lin et al., 2010; Jordan et al., 2011; García-Soler et al., 2014; Pinto et al., 2015). This study utilized a one group pre-test posttest design to evaluate knowledge on pain and pain assessment in nurses trained on the PAINAD-Sp_Hosp scale.
Validation of the Spanish Version of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD-Sp) in Hospitalized Patients with Neurologic Disorders and Oncologic Patients Unable to Self-Report Their Pain
2019, Pain Management NursingCitation Excerpt :No previous validation study of the PAINAD scale has included CFA. To date they have included only exploratory factor analyses, examining the main components in the original scale and in the Chinese, German, and Portuguese adaptations (Basler et al., 2006; Lin et al., 2010; Pinto et al., 2015; Schuler et al., 2007; Warden et al., 2003). The percentage of variance explained in all of these ranged from 46.5% to 63.5%, with a unifactorial scale.
Pragmatic evaluation of an observational pain assessment scale in the emergency department: The Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale
2018, Australasian Emergency CareCitation Excerpt :These facial characteristics in the ED setting may be features of distress and not necessarily a response to pain. This contrasts with the findings of studies conducted in residential nursing homes in which the facial item has been reported to be clinically useful but the reliability of the breathing item questioned.37–39 A notable finding in our study was that the PAINAD pain intensity level of our cohort differed from other cohorts with similar injury characteristics.
This study was supported by a grant provided by Mundipharma, Limburg, Germany. The sponsor did not play a role for all authors in the design, methods, subject recruitment, data collection or analysis, or interpretation of the paper.