Elsevier

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volume 201, 1 September 2016, Pages 171-178
Journal of Affective Disorders

Late-life depression symptom dimensions and cognitive functioning in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA)

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.027Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
open access

Highlights

  • Better inductive reasoning was associated with lower severity of depressed affect.

  • Better inductive reasoning was associated with lower severity of somatic symptoms.

  • Faster processing speed was associated with lower severity of somatic symptoms.

  • DIF due to age and gender was statistically significant but of small magnitude.

  • No DIF due to level of cognitive functioning was found.

Abstract

Background

Depression often co-occurs in late-life in the context of declining cognitive functions, but it is not clear whether specific depression symptom dimensions are differentially associated with cognitive abilities.

Methods

The study sample comprised 3107 community-dwelling older adults from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). We applied a Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model to examine the association between cognitive abilities and latent dimensions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), while accounting for differential item functioning (DIF) due to age, gender and cognitive function levels.

Results

A factor structure consisting of somatic symptoms, positive affect, depressed affect, and interpersonal difficulties fitted the data well. Higher levels of inductive reasoning were significantly associated with lower levels of depressed affect and somatic symptoms, whereas faster processing speed was significantly associated with lower levels of somatic symptoms. DIF due to age and gender was found, but the magnitude of the effects was small and did not alter substantive conclusions.

Limitations

Due to the cross-sectional context of this investigation, the direction of influence between depression symptom levels and cognitive function levels cannot be established. Furthermore, findings are relevant to non-clinical populations, and they do not clarify whether certain DIF effects may be found only at high or low levels of depression.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest differential associations between late-life depression dimensions and cognitive abilities in old age, and point towards potential etiological mechanisms that may underline these associations. These findings carry implications for the prognosis of cognitive outcomes in depressed older adults.

Abbreviations

CES-D
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
CFA
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
CFI
Comparative Fit Index
DIF
Differential Item Functioning
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
GDS
Geriatric Depression Scale
LASA
Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
MDD
Major Depressive Disorder
MIMIC
Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes
RCPM
Raven Colored Progressive Matrices
RMSEA
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation
TLI
Tucker Lewis Index
WLSMV
Weighted Least Squares Mean and Variance-Adjusted

Keywords

Late-life depression
Depression symptom dimensions
Cognitive aging
Cognitive abilities
Differential item functioning

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